
Class. 



Book 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



R] SOURCES 



■;..,' ;,a 



IOWA 



RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 



Her Agricultural, Horticultural, Stock-Raising, Dairying, Commercial, 

Manufacturing and Mining Interests, Railroads, 

State Institutions, etc., etc. 



A REFERENCE WORK, CONTAINING 

VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR THOSE SEEKING 

NEW HOMES, 



OR THE BEST 



Pields for Investment of Capital, 



WITH A COMPLETE 



POST-OFFICE AND NEWSPAPER DIRECTORY 

OF THE STATE. 



NDORSEMENT OF THE STATE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 



PUBLISHI D WITH THE V'V /-, *" * ' 

)p WASI 



By J. P. BUSHNELL, 
COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION FOR IOWA. 



DfS MOINES, IOWA : 

J. P. BUSHNELL & CO., PUBLISHERS. 

1885. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, 

By J. P. BUSHNELL & CO., 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



CONTENTS 



Admission into the Union 25 

Agricultural Statistics, by Hon. JohnR. 

Shaffer 52 

Agriculture 49 

Bee- Seeping, by O. Clute 67 

Building Stone 72 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 142 

Business and Commercial Interests. . . 76 

Climate and Health 45 

Climate of Iowa, by Prof. Gustavus 

Hinrichs 46 

•Coal Fields of Iowa 72 

Coal Mining 74 

Congressional Land Grants 166 

Congressional Representation from 

1846 to 1885 35 

College for the Blind 131 

•County Government 153 

County Officers 162 

Dairying 64 

Dairy Interests in Iowa, by Col. R. M. 
Littler 64 

Dairy Products in 1884 65 

Dedication of the New Capitol — Ad- 
dress by Hon. John A. Kasson 115 

District and Circuit Courts 182 

Educational Interests 96 

ExemptioQsfrom Execution 156 

Exteot of Iowa Coal Fields — By Hon. 
Parker C. Wilson 74 

Farm Products of Iowa 51 

Fish Commission 144 

First Constitutional Convention 26 

First General Assembly of the State.. 27 
Flags carried by Iowa Regiments in 
the War of the Rebellion 147 

Forestry . 55 

.Forest Trees— Varieties Recommended 
by tne Stnte Horticultural Society. . 56 



Fruits Recommended by the State Hor- ^ 
ticultural Society 52 

Geographical Situation 39 

Historical Sketch 23 

Historical Sketch of the State Library. 

By Mrs. S. B. Maxwell 122 

Horticulture 52 

Hospitals for Insane 135 

Improved Stock Breeders' Association. Ill 
Inducements for Immigration to Iowa, 

by John R. Shaffer 168 

Inducements to Immigrants 164 

Institution for the Deaf and Dumb . . .132 
Institution for Feeble Minded Children 

133 

Introduction 15 

Iowa's Advantages for Stock Raising, 

by Hon. C F. Clarkson 59 

Iowa as a Dairy State. By Henry Wal- 
lace Q6 

Iowa at the Centennial, by Hon. C. 

C. Nourse 21 

Iowa Coral Marble 72 

Iowa Dairymen, by Hon. James Wil- 
son 66 

Iowa Finances. By Hon. D W. Smith, 108 

Iowa— Her Present Condition. 17 

Iowa in the Rebellion 146 

Iowa in the Tenth Federal Census 37 

Iowa Insurance Business. By Hon. J. 

L. Brown 109 

Iowa National Guards 149 

Iowa Newspaper Directory 170 

Iowa of to-day, by Gov. B. R. Sher- 
man 21 

Iowa Post Office Directory 177 

Iowa Regiments in the War of the Re- 
bellion 148 

Labor Statistics, by Hon. E. R. Hutch- 
ins 83 



14 



CONTENTS. 



Limitation of Actions 155 

Location of the Capital 25 

Manufacturing 77 

Mineral Wealth 72 

Money in Stock Raising on a 160-Acre 

Farm, by Hon. L. S. Coffin 61 

Municipal Government 154 

]S"ew Capitol 112 

^Newspapers of Iowa 102 

Number and Value of Stock in 1884, 
by Hon. John R. Shaffer. 59 

'Officers of State Institutions 159 

Penitentiaries 138 

Persons in Iowa Subject to Military 

Duty 149 

Pharmacy Commission 144 

Physical Features of Iowa, by Hon. A. 

R. Fulton 39 

Population by Counties in 1880 , 19 

Population from 1836 to 1880 19 

Poultry Raising 71 

Railroad Accidents to Persons 90 

Railroad and County Map of Iowa — 
Outside back cover. 

Railroad Commission 141 

Railroads in Iowa 92 

Railroad System of Iowa 89 

Railroad Tonnage Classified 90 

.Removal of the Capital to Des Moines. 28 

Rights of Married Women 155 

River Transportation 95 

School Government 154 

School-houses in Iowa by Counties 100 

School System of Iowa, by Hon. J. W. 

Akers 98 

Second Constitutional Convention 27 

Semi-Centennial of the Settlement of 

Iowa. Remarks of Hon. J. H. Craig 22 
;Social, Moral and Religious Influences, 

by Rev. G. F. Magoun 103 

^Societies and Orders 105 



Soldier's Orphan's Home. 132 

State Agricultural College 128 

State Agricultural Society Ill 

State and other Educational Institu- 
tions , .101 

State Board of Health « . 143 

State Commissions 16i 

State Government 150 

State Historical Society Ill 

State Horticultural Society Ill 

State Institutions 110 

State Normal School 130 

State Officers, Boards and Commis- 
sions 156 

State Officers from 1846 to 1885 30 

State Reform School 140 

State University 126 

Statistics of Manufacturing By Coun- 
ties 80 

Statistics of Manufacturing Industries. .82 

Stock-Raising 58 

Successful Dairying, By Hon L.'S. Cof- 
fin 65 

Supreme Court of Iowa from 1847 to 
1885 38 

Temperance 105 

Temperance Legislation and Constitu- 
tional Amendment 106 

Temperance Proclamation by the Gov- 
ernor 107 

Territorial Officers 29 

The Farm and Future Activities, By 

Hon. James Wilson. 85 

The Future Iowa, By Hon. C. F. Clark- 
son 169 

Third Constitutional Convention 28 

Township Government 154 

Transportation Facilities 89 

Twentieth General Assembly 157 

Vital Statistics, by L. F. Andrews... 48 



INTRODUCTION. 



It has been our purpose in preparing 
this report of the resources of our grand 
and growing State, to embody in it such 
information as "will convey to all who may 
desire a new home, or a location for some 
valuable industry in the West, a correct 
idea of the inducements which Iowa 
offers to those who may desire to locate 
within her borders. In giving this in- 
formation of the various departments of 
productive industry, setting forth their 
respective interests, it has been our aim to 
impart a better knowledge of our superior 
advantages. The historical portion, while 
an epitome, is the most accurate that could 
be obtained by careful research, and in 
arrangement, it dispenses with the neces- 
sity of perusing many pages to learn what 
is here contained in a few. The statistical 
portions of this work are all derived from 
the latest and most reliable official sources. 
We take especial pleasure in acknowledg. 
ing our indebtedness to our State Officers^ 
State Agricultural Society, Horticultural 
Society, Historical Society, Stock Breed, 
ers' Association, and the Superintendents 
of our State Institutions, for their assist- 
ance in turnishing valuable information ; 
to the press of the State and many pub- 
lishers for valuable information relative 
to various resources and industries of 
Iowa, and also to prominent citizens for 
articles on the different interests of the 
State. The work, showing as it does the 
resources and advantages, is a valuable 
handbook for travelers, home-seekers and 
capitalists, supplying the information 
desired. 

The acknowledged need of a complete, 
concise and reliable reference work of our 



State, as evinced by numerous inquiries-., 
has induced us to undertake the task of 
securing the information necessary for 
a practical work of this character. There 
have appeared at different times, publica- 
tions representing the various interests of 
our State, yet her superior agricultural 
and mineral wealth, commercial and man- 
ufacturing facilities, industrial progress, 
natural advantages and inexhaustible re, 
sources, have never been fully represented,, 
while we have, we think, given a complete 
and authentic, though succinct, represen- 
tation, not only of these general interests 
but showing the increase in population, 
wealth and industry, by facts and figures,, 
without exaggeration. Volumes might 
be written on the State of Iowa, if we 
should speak of the thrift and enterprise 
of her cities and towns, but our intention 
has been to give such general information 
as will influence the home-seeker and cap- 
italist to locate in Iowa, as we recount her 
agricultural and mineral wealth, inex- 
haustible coal mines, excellent water 
power, and the wonderful natural and ac- 
quired advantages for the prosecution of 
all kinds of industrial pursuits, her beau- 
tiful lakes and rivers, and an intelligent 
people ever ready to welcome the enter- 
prising, honest and industrious, with or 
without much capital. The' inducements 
offered, as well as the pre-eminent advan- 
tages set forth, are sufficient to influence 
the agriculturist, stock-dealer, mechanic 
or capitalist to become citizens of our 
beautiful State. From the important in- 
formation contained in the publication, we 
believe it the best reference work of the 
State ever published, and that it will be 



16 



INTRODUCTION. 



valuable not only to strangers, but to many 
of our own citizens engaged in the various 
branches of business, trades and profess- 
ions. We trust it will find its way into 
the hands of many who will, at least, visit 
this grand commonwealth, unsurpassed in 
agricultural and mineral wealth ; in facil- 
ities for transportation, and for wholesale 
and jobbing interests, unexcelled by any 
State in the Union, her channels of trade 
being almost limitless in capacity, radiat 
ing in every direction, reaching a vast 
territory naturally tributary, assuring us 
that in the near future Iowa will rank as 
one of the foremost States, commercially. 
The facts and conclusions which are 
Drought out in this publication will, it is 
hoped, prove of great interest to all who 
desire to know Iowa as it is. 

The editor has availed himself of every 
means within his reach to show the ad- 
vantages of our great and growing State, 
with a comprehensive view of Iowa and 
her vast resources, that all may realize the 
mateiial wealth Nature has so lavishly be- 
stowed, and that the attractions of this 
State, which have exerted such an influ- 
ence in the past, may still lead thousands 
of home-seekers, capitalists, and mechan- 
ics to make their home in Iowa, that we 
may develop enterprise in the mechanic 
arts, in manufacturing the natural pro- 
ducts of our State, that the balance of 
trade may not be against us. 

We have not endeavored to exaggerate, 
but have given the facts, which are suffi- 
cient to convince any one who may read 
this information, which we have aimed to 
make comprehensive, though concise, and 
we hope that our readers, before deciding 
where they will locate, will investigate 
the superior advantages which our State 
affords. 



We have not relied wholly upon our 
own personal observation, but have sought 
the best available authority in every de- 
partment, and have had the assistance of 
prominent writers in different parts ot the 
State, who have contributed valuable in- 
formation on the various subjects. In 
such a work absolute accuracy is impossi- 
ble, but from the care taken it is believed 
that but few errors will be found, and it is- 
hopecl that the publication will be credit- 
able alike to the publishers and the State. 
The geographical position, early settle- 
ment, and early history of Iowa has been 
written many times, but in this work we 
represent more especially the present ad- 
vantages and future prospects, and induce- 
ments to immigration, presenting new 
fields of labor, and many resources com- 
paratively unknown, or at least undevel- 
oped. 

When we call to mind the fact that the 
present greatness of Iowa is all the growth 
of less than forty years, we may well an- 
ticipate the grandeur that awaits her in 
the near future — that she is provided with 
all the means necessary for the more rapid 
development of her inexhaustible re- 
sources. In her healthful climate, product 
ivesoil, railroad, and water transportation 
facilities, and her intelligent, enterpris- 
ing people, we have the best guaranty that 
her future progress will be unprecedented. 

To all wishingto live in a healthy climate 
with good society, good schools, and other 
advantages which Iowa affords, who desire 
to be honest, temperate, and industrious, 
we extend a cordial invitation to come 
and settle in our State. 

J. P. BUSHNELL. 



Iowa Resources and Industries. 



STATE OF IOWA— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW— HER 
ELEMENTS OF WEALTH— AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS— COMMER- 
CIAL AND MANUFACFURING INTERESTS— TRANSPORTA- 
TION FACILITIES— INDUCEMENTS TO IMMIGRA- 
TION, ETC., ETC. 



IOWA. 

HER PRESENT CONDITION — SUPERIOR AD- 
VANTAGES — COMPARATIVE RANK IN THE 
UNION — POPULATION — HER RAPID PRO- 
GRESS — FUTURE PROSPECTS — REMARKS 
OF GOV. B. R. SHERMAN, HON. C. C. 
NOURSE, AND HON. J. H. CRAIG. 

The fact that Iowa is situated near the 
geographical center of the United States, 
between the two great rivers of the conti- 
nent, and on the line of the great trans- 
continental railways, presages for her a 
future in the development of her re- 
sources, which, it does not require the 
prevision of a prophet to see, will at no 
distant day place her in an eminent posi- 
tion among the States of our Union, which 
nature, assisted by the energ} r , thrift, and 
enterprise of her citizens, has so abund- 
antly flitted her to occupy. She has al- 
ready advanced to a position which is a 
matter of pride and satisfaction to her cit- 
izens, yet her wonderful agricultural re- 
sources, as well as her natural advantages, 
inexhaustible coal mines, industrial pro- 
gress, transportation facilities, business, 
commercial and manufacturing, and many 
other important interests, have not been 
fully understood. 

The pioneer work has been done in 
most parts of the State, and railroads, 
public buildings, churches, school houses, 
etc , are provided, so that the citizens of 
Iowa now erijoy all the comforts, conven- 



iences, and advantages obtained in the 
older States, and Iowa offers to-day pro- 
portionately greater inducements to capi- 
tal, enterprise, and labor. Incalculable 
wealth lies hidden in the inexhaustible coal 
mines furnishing motive power, and the 
unused water-power forming natural mill- 
sites in almost every county in our State, 
for manufacturing industries. Iowa, for 
agricultural and manufacturing resources 
has no superior among all the States, 
while her channels of trade radiate in all 
directions. ! 

The attractions of Iowa are exerting a 
powerful influence over capitalists of 
other States, but, if she would continue 
to be great in agriculture, she must de- 
velop a counter-balancing enterprise in 
the mechanic arts, and apply closely to 
the manufacture of every natural product 
of the State. We must see to it that the 
balance of trade is not against us, and that 
our surplus capital is not sent abroad to 
supply our wants from the industry of 
other States. We should keep within our 
borders the vast wealth accruing from our 
agriculture instead of pouring it in a broad 
stream into the lap of other and maufac. 
turing States. We can and should manu- 
facture at home, all those articles neces 
sary to carry on every kind and depart, 
ment of labor for which there is so great 
and so continuous a demand, and for 
which we pay so large profits and heavy 
freights. Next to the fertility of its soil, 



18 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



its excellent climate, and the energy of its 
industrial classes, the prosperity of this 
State is due to wise legislation by which 
its financial credit has been maintained, 
internal improvements encouraged, public 
instruction rapidly advanced, and immi- 
gration and capital attracted. Thirty- 
eight years have passed since Iowa was 
admitted as a State, and during that time 
wonderful changes have taken place. 
Then, savage beasts and savage men con- 
tended for the supremacy in this fair do- 
main, but both have retreated before the 
white man, and to-day civilization has left 
its mark in numberless school houses and 
churches, and in the prosperity and hap- 
piness which everywhere abounds. Of 
Iowa, whose name is a synonym for pros- 
perity, and whose high rank in the sister- 
hood of States, in respect of moral and 
material greatness, is so well known, it 
seems almost unnecessary to speak at 
length, and yet her possibilities and ad. 
vantages are but partially understood. 
Aside from the experiences of the civil 
war, in which the State furoished her full 
quota of men — and no braver men were 
sent to the front— the history of Iowa is 
that of one uninterrupted march of pro- 
gress in the paths of peace, and she has 
risen from the condition of a territory to 
one of the principal States of the Repub- 
lic, in population, wealth, intelligence, 
and moral greatness. With these elements 
of greatness inherent in it, it is not sur 
prising that Iowa is making strides which 
must soon place her where she will be 
recognized as one of the foremost in man- 
ufacturing and other industrial pursuits, 
as well as in agriculture. 

In the order of admission into the Union, 
Iowa stands twenty-ninth; in number of 
square miles, she is fourteenth; in popu- 
lation, tenth; while in acres of tillable 
land her place is first. She leads every 
other State in the amount of corn raised, 
while she is second in number of hogs 
raised, second in cattle, second in wheat, 
fifth in oats, fifth in barley, fifth in flax, 
and fifth in hay, fifth in milch cows, fifth 
in number of bogs packed, fifth in value 



of farm implements, sixth in value of farm 
products, fourth in extent of coal area, 
and fifth in the number of banks and 
newspapers. In religious, educational, 
charitable, and benevolent institutions 
Iowa stands among the foremost. In re- 
gard to healthfulness her rank is fourth 
while in point of the intelligence of her 
people she is first, having a less percent- 
age of illiteracy in comparison with her 
population than any other State. Her 
criminal statistics are also worthy of no- 
tice. Twenty-one States have more per. 
sons in prison, and thirty-two States more 
female prisoners than Iowa. In the ratio 
of prisoners to population only one has a 
less proportion, and in the ratio of female 
prisoners to female population Iowa's is 
the smallest in the Union. In the number 
of post-offices she is seventh, and in the 
amount of postal receipts sixth, being one 
the eight Northern States which contrib- 
ute two-thirds of the entire national rev- 
enue. 

.The followiDg, showing the per capita 
yield of crops, is taken from the "Histori- 
cal and Comparative Census" of Iowa in 
1880: 

"In the proportions of production to 
population, Iowa stands first in corn, in 
oats, and in the aggregate of all grains and 
of all food. The Iowa crops of 1879 show 
some amazing figures in this particular. 
The yield of Indian corn equaled a pro- 
duction of nine thousand four hundred 
and eighty pounds for every inhabitant of 
the State, that of wheat eleven hundred 
and fifty-six pounds (this had been higher), 
that of oats nine hundred and ninety-seven 
pounds, and of all cereals eleven thousand 
eight hundred and nine pounds. Three 
hundred and seventy-one pounds of pota- 
toes per inhabitant measured the crop of 
that esculent. The production of these 
elements of food therefore reached the 
enormous aggregate of twelve thousand 
one hundred and eighty pounds, or six 
tons and one hundred and eighty pounds, 
raised in Iowa, in 1879, for every man 
woman and child found in the State in 
June, 1880. The yield per capita through- 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



19 



out the United States in pounds was as 
follows: Indian corn, 1,959; wheat, 550; 
oats, 263; barley, 93; rye, 3D; buckwheat, 
4; rice, 2; Irish potatoes, 203; sweet po- 
tatoes, 30; total of cereals, 2,798 pounds; 
aggregate of cereals and potatoes, 3,131 
pounds, or one ton and eleven hundred 
and thirty- one pounds for each inhabitant. 
Thus the State of Iowa produced nearly 
four times as much of these elements of 
human food, proportionately, as did the 
country at large. It is believed this ag- 
gregate of production, in proportion to 
population, is without a parallel anywhere, 
or at anytime." 

Fifty years ago there were no roads but 
Indian trails across the prairies, now there 
are upwards of 7,500 miles of railroads ; 
then, no towns but Indian villages, with 
here and there a trading post; now the 
cities of Des Moines, Dubuque, Daven- 
port, Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Coun- 
cil Bluffs each contain twice the popula- 
tion of the entire territory at the time of 
the first enumeration. 

The growth of the territory and state in 
population is shown by the following fig- 
ures : 

YEAR. POPULATION. 

1836 10.531 

1838 2^859 

1S40 43,112 

1844 75,152 

1S46 102,388 

1S47 116,454 

1849 • 154,573 

1850 192,214 

1S51 205,335 

1852 229,929 

1854 ... 3 -'4 401 

1856 517,875 

1859 641628 

1860 674,913 

1863 701,093 

1865 • • • • 756,427 

1867 , 902.317 

1869 1.045,025 

18^0 1,194,020 

1873 1,251.342 

1875 1,350,553 

1850 1,624,615 

POPULATION BY COUNTIES LN 1880. 

COUNTIES. POPULATION 

Adair 11,667 

Adams 11 838 

Allamakee 19,791 

Appanoose 16,636 

Audubon 7.41B 

Benton 2 1,889 

Black Hawk 23.913 

Boone 28,838 

Bremer 14,681 

Buchanan 18,546 



COUNTIES. POPULATION. 

Buena Vista ; 7,537 

Butler 14,233 

Calhoun 5,595 

Carroll 12,351 

Cass -. 16,943 

Cedar 18,936 

Cerro Gordo 11.461 

Cherokee 8.240 

Chickasaw 14.534 

Clarke 11,513 

Clay 4,248 

Clayton 28.829 

Clinton c 36,763 

Crawford 12.413 

Dallas 18,746 

Davis 16,468 

Decatur , 15,336 

Delaware 17,950 

Les Moines 33,099 

Dickinson 1,901 

Dubuque 42,996 

Emmet 1,550 

Favette 22.258 

Floyd 14,677 

Franklin 10.249 

Fremont 17,652 

GreeDe 12,727 

Grundv 12,639 

Guthrie ,.. 14.394 

Hamilton 11,252 

Hancock 3 453 

Hardin 17,807 

Harrison 16,649 

Henry 20,986 

Howard.... 10,837 

Humboldt 5,341 

Ida 4,382 

Iowa 19,221 

Jackson 23.771 

Jasper ..25,963 

Jefferson 17,469 

Johnson 25,429 

Jone« 21,052 

Keokuk .21,258 

Kossuth 6178 

Lee ... 34 859 

Linn ...37 237 

Louisa. 13 142 

Lucas 14,530 

Lyon 1,968 

Madison * 17,224 

Mahaska 25.202 

Marion 25,111 

Marshall 23,752 

Mills 14.137 

Mitchell 14,363 

Monona 9,055 

Monroe 13,719 

Montgomery 15,895 

Muscatine 23,170 

O'Brien 4155 

Osceola 2,21i> 

Page , 19,667 

Palo Alto 4,131 

Plymouth 8.566 

Pocahontas — 3,713 

Poik 42,395 

Pottawattamie 39,850 

Poweshiek 18,936 

Ringgold 12.085 

Sac 8^74 

Scott 41,266 

Shelby 12,696 

bioux 5.426 

Story 16J906 

Tama 21,585 

Taylor 15,633 

Union 14,980 

Van Buren 17.043 

Wapello 25 285 

Warren 19,578 

Washington 20 374 

Wayne 16,12? 



20 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



COUNTIES. POPULATION. 

Webster 15,951 

Winnebago 4 917 

Winneshiek 23 938 

Woodbury 14,996 

Worth 7,y53 

Wright 5,062 

Total 1,624,615 

The statistics of the agricultural pro- 
ductions of the State for 1884 are given in 
connection with the article on Agricul- 
ture. 

The value of property in the State at 
present is estimated $1,500,000,000. These 
figures are wonderful, telling of a marvel- 
ous progress in the short space of fifty 
years, and this vast wealth is generally 
diffused among the people, so that we 
have but few persons possessed of im- 
mense fortunes, and comparatively few 
homes the abode of poverty and want. 
Material wealtb alone does not constitute 
the true grandeur and greatness of a State, 
nor does it consist of fertile fields with 
abundant harvests or manufactured pro- 
ducts, but in the institutions which she 
founds and encourages, and in the moral 
and intellectual training of her sons and 
daughters. In those early days there were 
no school houses or church edifices ; to-day 
there are in the State, 11,844 school houses, 
valued at about $10,000,000; 13,624 public 
schools, 530 of which are graded, and 
equal to the best in the Union, with an 
enrollment of 424,057 pupils, maintained 
by voluntary taxation, and the income 
from che school fund of the State, which 
in 1880 reached the sum of $4,843,098, for 
the support of these schools. There are 
to day in Iowa 3,500 churches, with some 
3,000 ministers, teaching the great funda- 
mental principles on which must rest the 
security and permanence of all free gov- 
ernments, namely, accountability to God, 
and righteousness of life. These churches 
are independent of and separate from the 
State, yet without the restraining influ- 
ences of Christianity the experiment of 
self-government must prove a failure, for 
that faith teaches us to see the hand of 
God in our country's history, working out 
the beneficent results which w« enjoy to- 
day. Iowa has ever shown her loyalty to 



the Union, and twenty thousand of her 
bravest sons died to keep the lofty trust, 
and save the priceless heritage of such a 
land as this. She was pledged to love and 
obedience from the first, for the union of 
these States is to us the only hope of 
peace, freedom, and prosperity. 

Iowa has been most fortunate in having 
wise and trustworthy State officials and 
judicious legislators, and her prosperity is 
largely due to the wise legislation by 
which she has been governed, and it is 
worthy of note, that her affairs have been 
so prudently and economically adminis- 
tered that to-day Iowa has no State debt. 
Much attention is given to the manage- 
ment of our State educational, charitable^ 
and reformatory institutions, which are 
among the finest in the United States, and 
whose prosperity reflects great credit upon 
the governors and executive councils, and 
under their supervision the State has ex- 
pended millions of dollars in the erection 
of buildings, beside making liberal appro- 
priations for their support, and this she 
has accomplished without borrowing a 
dollar, and at a rate of taxation as low as 
in any State in the Union. 

The intelligence of her people, the 
thrifty, industrious, enterprising spirit of 
her business men, the genial hospitality 
of her citizens, her healthful climate, fer- 
tile soil, beautiful landssapes, wonderful 
agricultural and mineral resources and 
her unsurpassed natural advantages have 
called for thmore encomiums, as her fame 
has gone abroad, than any other Western 
State. The possibilities of the future in 
the development of her latent or undevel- 
oped wealth will yet astonish the world, 
more, by her rapid strides in commerce 
and manufacturing in the years to come, 
than the wonderful and marvelous changes 
that have been wrought in the past. Less 
than one hundred years ago our beautiful 
forests and magnificent rolling prairies 
were an unbroken solitude, while but fifty 
years since the winding trail led from one 
trading post to another, where some ad- 
venturer had established himself far in 
advance of civilization, for the purpose of 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



21 



traffic with the native tribes. In the I 
course of time, our broad acres, blooming 
in all their loveliness, wild and unculti- ■ 
vated, having awaited, through the lapse 
of ages, the coming of the husbandman, 
were found by the white f> an. Since then 
upwards of a million and a half of intelli- 
gent, energetic people have found their 
way to Iowa, our beautiful lands have 
been brought under cultivation, our rivers 
spanned by bridges, cities and towns have 
sprung up in every quarter, and the State 
is intersected by railroads, second to none 
in the world in their equipment, now 
about seven thousand five hundred miles 
of rail, which minister to the comfort of 
the traveler, while the sound of the me- 
chanic's hammer, and the rattle of ma- 
chinery, answers to the rumbling of the 
wheels of the iron horse. 

Labor has had its triumphs, for our peo- 
ple have time for relaxation, recreation, 
and mental improvement, while the tables 
of the industrious are laden with plenty, 
and the people rejoice in a feeling of com- 
petence and independence. These results 
have been accomplished by industry. 
economy and enterprise, for such are the 
characteristics of our citizens, but while 
they have acquired to such a degree that 
our surplus products crowd the ware- 
houses, and tax the transportation compa- 
nies in moving them to the markets of the 
world, we have not forgotten the social 
and domestic relations, or the moral and 
intellectual influences, as evinced by the 
majestic church spire pointing its sugges- 
tive finger heavenward in every commu- 
nity, and the colleges and public schools 
which abound throughout the State, for 
the education of all classes, and to which 
we owe so much in the scale of unexcelled 
prosperity, wealth and influence. 

In regard to our beautiful State, we 
quote from our Governor, B. R. Sherman : 

"The Iowa of to-day is a very empire, 
the joy of every citizen, and containing 
within itself all the essential elements of 
political and personal greatness, which 
needs only the watchful and liberal care 
of the State to make it the realization of 



the hope of the most sanguine or its pen 
pie. Our growth in population and devel- 
opment, in resources and possibilities, has 

been without parallel, and it is not too 
much to say that our people have been 
exceptional in prosperity, as unrivalled in 
business energies. Our prairies, so lately 
a wilderness, are teeming with a popula- 
tion unusually intelligent and industrious, 
being constantly added to from the over- 
crowded East; and in the near future the 
many thousands of untilled acres, fertile 
beyond description, and only awaiting the 
touch of the husbandman, shall be made 
to laugh in abundant harvests, alike the 
joy and profit of the hardy pic neer. The 
products of our soil, yielded in such won- 
derful abundance, are sent to the utter- 
most parts of the globe to make glad the 
inhabitants of earth, and our very name 
'' has finally become the synonym for super- 
iority and plenteousness. and the enter- 
prise of the people has accomplished 
results none the less astonishing to our- 
selves than a marvel to the nation." 

Hon. C. C. ZSTourse. who delivered the 
address for Iowa at the Centennial of our 
National Independence, closed his remarks 
as follows : 

" Iowa is capable of sustaining a people 
equal to the present population of the en- 
tire Nation. We are increasing at a ratio 
that will, if continued, give us such a pop. 
ulation in the coming century. What may 
be the result of such a vast accumulation 
1 of people, and of the necessary increase of 
I wealth and luxury attending it, we cannot 
know. Our responsibilities are great, 
even as our blessings and privileges. We 
can only do our duty in our day and gen- 
eration, and leave the future f o Him who 
doeth all things well, with the earnest 
supplication that to us and our children 
and our children's children, this goodly 
land may be an inheritance forever. 

,l Iowa hails with joy this centennial of 
our Nation's birth. She renews her vows 
of devotion to our common country, and 
looks with hope to the future. The insti- 
tution of slavery, that once rested as a 
shadow upon our land, that was fast pro- 



22 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



during a diverse civilization dangerous to 
our unity and nationality, has been forever 
abolished. 

"This centennial exhibition of our Na- 
tional greatness and material progress, 
must re-awaken in the mind and heart of 
every Amerioan, emotions of profound 
love for his country, and of patriotic pride 
in her success. Surely no American would 
consent that such a civilization as is evi- 
denced here should perish in the throes 
of civil war. If there be anything in the 
history of Iowa and its wonderful devel- 
opment to excite a just pride, the other, 
and especially the older States of the 
Union, may justly claim to share in it. 
Such as we are, the emigration from the 
other States made us. Our free soil, free- 
labor, free schools, free speech, free press, 
free worship, free men, and free women, 
were their free gift and contribution. 
Iowa is the thirty-year-old child of the 
Republic that celebrates the first centen- 
nial of its birth, Our State is simply the 
offspring of a civilization that has found 
its highest expression in building up sov- 
ereign States. Iowa was not a colony 
planted by the oppressions of the parent 
government, and that threw off her alle- 
giance as soon as she gained strength to 
assert her independence ; but she was 'he 
outgrowth of the natural vitality and en- 
terprise of the Nation, begotten in obedi- 
ence to the divine command to multiply 
and replenish — born a sovereign by the 
will and desire of the parent, and baptized 
at the font of liberty as a voluntary conse- 
cration of her political life. Not a sover- 
eigc in that absolute sense that would make 
the Federal Government an impossibility, 
but sovereign within her sphere and over 
the objects and purposes of her jurisdic- 
tion, with such further limitations only 
upon her powers as renders an abuse of 
them impossible, to the end that the per- 
sonal liberty and private rights of the 
citizen should be more secure. 

" This wonderful exhibition of mechani- 
cal skill, of cunning workmanship and of 
the fruits of the earth, is but the evidence 
of the existence and character of the peo- 



ple that have produced them. The great 
ultimate fact that America would demon- 
strate is the existence of a people capable 
of attaining and preserving a superior 
civilization, with a government self-im- 
posed, self-administered and self-perpetu- 
ated. In this, her centennial year, Amer- 
ica can exhibit nothing to the world of 
mankind more wonderful or more glori- 
ous than her new States — young empires, 
born of her own enterprise and tutored at 
her own political hearthstone. Well may 
she say to the monarchies of the world, 
who look for evidences of her regal gran- 
deur and state : ' Behold, these are my 
jewels.' And may she never blush to add : 
' This one in the center of the diadem is 
ealled Iowa.' " 

In the closing remarks of Hon. J. H. 
Craig, of Keokuk, orator at the celebration 
of the semi-centennial of Iowa, held at 
Burlington in June, 1883, he says : 

" 1 have already reminded you that the 
first white man whose eyes ever beheld 
these shores, which the Indians call the 
' Beautiful Land,' was a Christian mission- 
ary. That was a blessed omen, but it is a 
better omen still that three thousand 
Christian ministers have found a place in 
Iowa within the semi-centennial of its 
first settlement. The power of that Chris 
tian faith which they teach is the might- 
iest force that ever influenced the condi- 
tion and affairs of men. The fairest forms 
of our modern civilization — its beneficent, 
benevolent and free institutions, and our 
American system of civil liberty, are its 
offspring. The heralds of the cross, who 
are leading on the victorious armies of our 
God, are moving in the vanguard of the 
triumphal march of the world's progress. 
That faith teaches us to see the hand of 
God in our country's history, working out 
the beneficent results which we enjoy to- 
day. We are all citizens of Iowa, grateful 
to God for such a State, with deeper grati- 
tude and loftier pride — with an exultation 
above the proud Roman boast, we all stand 
here to-day, American citizens, under the 
shadow and protection of the Constitution 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



23 



and flag of the Union. That Union is the 
great republic of the world ; the empire 
of a hemisphere ; the latest born, but queen 
of the nations; baptized in blood and fire, 
the heir of earth's best heritage of free- 
dom, and a patrimony of the fairest, rich- 
est lands beneath the sun. Iowa's place 
is in the heart of the Union. We stand 
to-day in the center of the Mississippi 
valley. It stretches from the tropics to 
the Northern lakes, and from the Eastern 
to the Western mountain range. The sun 
shines on no other scene so fair. It is a 
vast landscape of lakes and rivers — of 
fertile lands and wooded hills and moun- 
tain slopes, where stores of inexhaustible 
wealth are buried in the earth, and 

''Plenty sits upon the clouds, and drops 
Her bounties into the laps of men." 

Here ■ life is young ' and men are strong, 
and human hands and brains are building 
up free and mighty States. Everywhere, 
by lake and river, mountain, plain and 
sea, cities which have been 'born in a 
day,' temples of industry, temples of 
learning, temples of charity and temples 
of religion, and the happy homes of a free 
people stand in the sunlight. Tha Genius 
of prophecy looks upon the scene, as 
Baalam from the mountain top looked on 
the tents of Israel, aad exclaims: Here 
— unless the folly and wickedness of men 
can reverse the decrees of God — here is 
the destined seat of empire. 

"When fifty years have passed and Iowa's 
centennial is come, will that grand vision 
have faded from the eyes of men, or will 
it stand revealed a glorious reality? Let 
the sons still follow in the steps of their 
fathers. Let the motto, ' In God we trust,' 
engraven on our National coin in the dark- 
est hour of the Nation's greatest trial, be 
still engraven on our hearts. Let our con- 
stitution and laws still ordain, 'Liberty 
for all, and justice to every man.' Then 
these States, — with more gigantic strides 
in the future than in the past, — in peace> 
liberty, righteousness, fraternity and 
union, will move on in the path of Nation- 
al power, progress and glory ; outstripping 
the swiftest visions of prophecy, and hold- 



ing up before the nations the fairest ex- 
ample of republican progress and Chris- 
tian civilization that the world has ever 
seen." 



HISTORICAL SKETCH. 



DISCOVERY OF IOWA — EARLY SETTLE- 
MENTS — INDIAN WARS — TERRITORIAL 
HISTORY — ADMISSION TO THE UNION — 
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS— TERRI- 
TORIAL AND STATE OFFICERS, ETC. 

In a work of this character, proposing 
to represent the resources of Iowa, a brief 
history of the State may not be deemed 
inappropriate. The history of Iowa has 
never been fully written, but sketches of 
her early history have from time to time 
appeared in various publications. Ban- 
croft, who has carefully preserved with 
historic fidelity, the facts relating to the 
tribes and original discoverers of the 
great Northwest, devotes but a few chap- 
ters to the territory now called Iowa. The 
aboriginal owners of this lovely region, 
in their appreciation of its beauty, fertility 
and location, bestowed upon it the very 
appropriate name of Iowa, signifying in 
their language, " The beautiful land." 
The first Europeans who trod the 
soil of Iowa were two zealous French 
Jesuits, of Canada, James Marquette and 
Louis Joliet, who had heard from the 
tribes of the Northwest, assembled in 
council, of the noble river on the banks of 
which they dwelt. Marquette and Joliet 
were stationed at the mission of St. Marys, 
the oldest settlement in the present State 
of Michigan. Marquette formed the pur- 
pose of discovering this great river, and 
the Indians, whe had gathered in large 
numbers to witness his departure, endeav- 
ored to dissuade him from his perilous 
journey, representing to him that the In- 
dians of the Mississippi Valley were cruel, 
and would resent the intrusion of strangers 
upon their domain. But he was not to be 
diverted from his purpose, and on May 
13th, 1073, with Joliet and five French 
Canadian boatmen, he left the mission, 
and proceeding westward to the Wiscon- 



24 



IOWA RESOURCES AIJD INDUSTRIES. 



sin, they descended that river to the Mis- 
sissippi, and on the 25th of June landed a 
little above the mouth of what is now the 
Des Moines River, where they remained 
six days with a part of the Illinois nation, 
and on their departure Marquette received 
from them the calumet, the emblem of 
peace and a safeguard among the nations. 
The first settlement of the whites in Iowa 
was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, 
who purchased from the Indians the land 
where the city of Dubuque now stands, 
and engaged in mining and trading at that 
place, where he died in 1810. 

Although Marquette and Joliet in their 
exploration of the Mississippi River 
looked over the luxuriant border of Iowa 
as early as in 1673, yet the French and 
Spaniards left this country to the undis- 
turbed possession of the aborigines. 
Even the enterprise of Julien Dubuque was 
not inaugurated until more than a century 
later, and it was yet nearly fifty years 
afterward before the whites manifested 
any special interest in it, the first perma- 
nent settlement being made in 1833. 

When the United States came into pos- 
session of the Mississippi Valley, by the 
" Louisiana Purchase," the territory now 
comprising the State of Iowa was in the 
possession of the Sacs, Foxes and Iowas, 
with the savage and warlike Sioux Indi- 
ans in the northern and western portion 
of the territory. After a long contest with 
these tribes, under the leadership of the 
renowned Black Hawk, known in history 
as the " Black Hawk War," the treaty by 
which the whites at last obtained posses- 
sion of Iowa was concluded at Rock 
Island September 21st, 1832, and ratified 
February 13th, 1833, to take effect June 
1st, 1833, when the Indians left the ceded 
territory known as the Black Hawk Pur- 
chase, thus opening the way for its settle- 
ment by the white man. 

The territory embraced within the lim- 
its of the State of Iowa was, as is well 
known, a part of the immense empire 
which France sold to the United States in 
1803, and which had been previously for a 
time a part of the possessions of the 



crown of Spain, to which it was conveyed 
by France in the year 1763. 

On the 31st of October, 1803, an act of 
Congress was approved, authorizing the 
President to take possession of the newly 
acquired territory and provide for it a 
tempo rary government, and another act 
approved March 26th, 1804, authorized the 
division of the " Louisiana Purchase," as 
it was then called, into two separate terri- 
tories. All that portion south of the 33d 
parallel of north latitude, was called the 
" Territory of Orleans," and that north of 
the said parallel was known as the "Dis- 
trict of Louisiana," and was placed under 
the jurisdiction of what was then known 
as "Indiana Territory." 

On the 4th day of July, 1805, another 
change occurred, the district of Louisiana 
becoming on that clay the " Territory of 
Louisiana." The legislative power was 
vested in the governor and three judges, 
to be appointed by the President and Sen- 
ate, the former for three years, the latter 
for four. This government continued un- 
til the 7th day of December, 1812, when 
the territory of Louisiana became the 
territory of M issouri. 

In 1819, a portion of this territory was 
organized as " Arkansas Territory," and 
in 1821 the State of Missouri was admitted, 
being a part of the former *' Territory of 
Missouri." 

The admission of Missouri carried 
with it the abolition of the territory of 
Missouri. All that part of the latter, not 
included within the limits of the State of 
Missouri, was therefore left without civil 
government, and remained in that condi- 
tion until June 28, 1834, when the portion 
east of the Missouri and White Earth 
Rivers, which limits included all of the 
present Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, 
and most of the territory of Dakota, be- 
came a part of the territory of Michigan. 

In July, 1836, the territory embracing 
the present States of Iowa, Minnesota and 
Wisconsin was detached from Michigan, 
and organized with a separate territorial 
government under the name of " Wiscon- 
sin Territory." 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



25 



By virtue of an act of Congress, ap- 
proved .June 12, 1833, on the 5d of July 
of the same year, the " Territory of Iowa" 
■was constituted. It embraced the present 
State of Iowa, and the greater portion of 
what is now the State of Minnesota. 
Robert Lucas, who had been one of the 
early Governors of Ohio, was appointed 
the first Territorial Governor, and William 
B. Conway, Secretary. The latter died 
during his term of office, in November, 
1S39, and James Clarke was appointed to 
the vacancy. The first Legislative Assem- 
bly convened at Burlington, November 12, 
183S. That place continued as the seat of 
the Territorial Government until the 
Fourth Legislative Assembly, which con- 
vened at Iowa City, December 6, 1841. 
The latter place continued as the capital 
of the territory and State, until the per- 
manent location at Des Moines, in 1857. 

On the 17th of January, 1846, the Legis- 
lative Assembly passed an act providing 
directly for an election, in April fol- 
lowing, of delegates to a constitutional 
convention. The convention thus pro- 
vided for met at Iowa City ©n the 4th 
day of May following, and formed a 
constitution with the present boundaries 
of the State, which had meantime been 
proposed by Congress. This constitution 
was adopted by the people August 3, 
1846, by 9,492 affirmative votes against 
9,036 negative votes. Governor Clarke, 
by proclamation, called an election of 
State officers for October 26, 1846. On 
that day, Ansel Briggs, of the county of 
Jackson, was elected Governor, Elisha 
Cutler, jr., Secretary of State, Joseph T. 
Fales, Auditor of Public Accounts, and 
Morgan Reno, Treasurer. These officers 
entered upon their respective duties De- 
cember following. 

On the 28th day of December, A. D. 
1846, Iowa was admitted to the Union as 
the twenty-ninth State. 

It is a matter of some interest to glance 
at the various changes of ownership and 
jurisdiction through which it has passed. 

It belonged to France, with other ter- 



ritory now belonging to our national do- 
main. 

In 1763 with other territory, it was 
ceded to Spain. 

October 1, 1800, it was ceded, with other 
territory, from Spain back to France. 

April 30, 1803, it was ceded, with other 
territory, by France to the United States. 

October 31, 1803, a temporary govern- 
ment was authorized by Congress for the 
newly acquired territory. 

October 1, 1804, it was included in the 
" District of Louisiana," and placed under 
the jurisdiction of the Territorial Govern, 
ment of Indiana. 

July 4, 1805, it was included as a part of 
the " Territory of Louisiana," then organ- 
ized with a separate territorial govern- 
ment. 

June 4, 1812, it was embraced in what 
was then made the "Territory of Mis- 
souri." 

June 28, 1834, it became part of the 
" Territory of Michigan." 

July 3, 1836, it was included as a part 
of the newly organized "Territory of 
Wisconsin.'* 

June 12, 1838, it was included in and 
constituted a part of the newly organized 
" Territory of Iowa." 

December 28, 1846, it was admitted into 
the Union as a State. 

Among the first important matters de- 
manding attention at the first session of 
the Iowa Territorial Legislature, was the 
location of the seat of government and 
provision for the erection of public build- 
ings, for which congress had appropria- 
ted $20,000. Governor Lucas, in his mes- 
sage, had recommended the appointment 
of Commissioners, with a view to making 
a central location. The extent of the fu- 
ture State of Iowa was not known or 
thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty 
miles wide, bordering on the Mississippi 
river, was the Indian title extinguished, 
and a central location meant some central 
point in the Black Hawk Purchase, and 
on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act 
was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, 
of Dubuque county; John Ronalds, of 



26 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Louisa county, and Robert Ralston, of 
Des Moines county, Commissioners, to se- 
lect a site for a permanent seat of govern- 
ment within the limits of Johnson coun- 
ty. 

Johnson county had been created by act 
of the Territorial Legislature of Wiscon- 
sin, approved December 21, 1837, and or- 
ganized by act passed at the special sess- 
ion at Burlington in June, 1838, the organ- 
ization to date from July 4th, following, 
and was, from north to south, in the geo- 
graphical center of this purchase and as 
near the east and west geographical 
center of the future State of Iowa 
as then could be made, as the bound- 
ary line "between the lands of the United 
States and the Indians, established by the 
treaty of October 21, 1837, was immedi- 
ately west of the county limits. 

The commissioners, after selecting the 
site, were directed to lay out 640 acres in- 
to a town, to be called Iowa City, and to 
proceed to sell lots and erect public build- 
ings thereon, Congress having granted a 
section of land to be selected by the Ter- 
ritory for this purpose. The commission- 
ers met at Napoleon, Johnson county, 
May 1, 1839, selected for a site section 10, 
in township 79 north, ot range 6 west of 
the Fifth Principal Meridian, and imme- 
diately surveyed it and laid off the town. 
The first sale of lots took place August 
16, 1839. The site selected for the public 
buildings was a little west of the geo- 
graphical center of the section, where a 
square of ten acres on the elevated grounds 
overlooking the river was reserved for 
this purpose. The capitol was located in 
the center of the square. 

On Monday, December 6,1841, the fourth 
Legislative Assembly met, at the new cap- 
itol, Iowa City, but the capitol building 
could not be used, and the Legislature oc- 
cupied a temporary frame house, that had 
been erected for that purpose, during the 
session of 1841-2. 

By an act of the Territorial Legislature 
of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844, the 
question of the formation of a State Con- 
stitution and providing for the election of 



Delegates to a convention to be convened 
for that purpose was submitted to the- 
people, to be voted upon at their township 
elections in April following. The vote 
was largely in favor of the measure, and 
the Delegates elected assembled in con- 
vention at Iowa City, on the 7th of Octo- 
ber, 1844. On the first day of November 
following, the convention completed its 
work and adopted the first State Constitu- 
tion. The members of this convention 
were as follows : 

Lee county— Charles Stanley, Alexan- 
der Kerr, David Galland, Calvin J. Price,, 
James Marsh, John Thompson, Henry M. 
Salmon, O. S. X. Peck. 

Des Moines county — James Clarke, 
Henry Robinson, John D. Wright, Shep- 
herd Leffler, Andrew Hooten, Enos Lowe r 
John Ripley, George Hepner. 

Van Buren county — Elisha Cutler, Jr r 
John Davidson, Paul Brattain, David Fer- 
guson, Gideon S. Bailey, John Hale, Jr , 
Thomas Charlton. 

Jefferson county — Robert Brown, Har- 
din Butler, Sulifand S. Ross, James I. 
Murray, Samuel Whitmore. 

Henry county — Joseph C. Hawkins, 
George Hobson, John H. Randolph, 
Jonathan C. Hall, Joseph D. Hoag. 

Washington county — Wm. R. Harrison r 
Enoch Ross, Caleb B. Campbell. 

Louisa county — John Brookbank, Win . 
L. Toole, Wright Williams. 

Muscatine county — Jonathan E. Fletch- 
er, Ralph P. Lowe, Elijah Sells. 

Johnson county — Robert Lucas, Samu- 
el H. McCroy, Henry Felkner. 

Linn county — Thomas J. McKean, Sam- 
uel W. Durham , Luman M. Strong. 

Cedar county — Samuel A. Bissell, James 
H. Gower. 

Scott county — James Grant, Andrew W. 
Campbell, Ebenezer Cook. 

Clinton county— Lyman Evans, Ralph 
R. Benedict. 

Jones county — John Taylor. 

Jackson county — Joseph S. Kirkpatrick, 
William Morden, Richard B. Wyckoff. 

Wapello county— William H, Galbraith, 
William W. Chapman. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



27 



Davis county — J. C. Blankinship, Sam- 
uel W. McAtee. 

Keokuk county— Richard Quinton. 

Mahaska county — Yan B. Delashmutt, 
Stephen B. Shelledy. 

Dubuque, Delaware, Blackhawk, and 
Fayette— Francis Gehon, Edward Lang- 
worthy, Theophilus Crawford, Stephen 
Hempstead, Samuel B. Olmstead, and 
Michael O'Brien. 

Shepherd Leffler elected president, Oc- 
tober 7. 

G-eorge S. Hampton elected secretary, 
October 7. 

The constitution adopted by this conven- 
tion was rejected by the people at an elec- 
tion held in April, 1845, and also at one 
held on the 4th day of August, 1845, there 
being, at the latter, 7,235 votes cast "for 
the constitution," and 7,656 votes cast 
f against the constitution." 

A second Constitutional Convention as- 
sembled at Iowa City on the 4th day of 
May, 1846, and on the 18th day of the same 
month another Constitution for the new 
State with the present boundaries, was 
adopted, and submitted to the people for 
ratification on the 3d day of August follow- 
ing, when it was accepted. 

The Constitution was approved by Con- 
gress, and by act of Congress approved 
December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as 
a sovereign State in the American Union. 

The members of this convention were : 

Lee county — David Gall and, Josiah 
Kent, and George Berry. 

Des Moines county — Enos Lowe, Shep- 
herd Leffler, and George W. Bowie. 

Van Buren county — Thomas Dibble, 
Erastus Hoskins, and Wm. Steele. 

Jefferson county — Sulifand S. Ross and 
William G. Coop. 

Henry county — George Hobson and Al. 
vin Saunders. 

Davis county — John J. Selman. 

Appanoose and Monroe counties— Ware- 
ham G. Clark. 

Wapello county — Joseph H. Hedrick. 

Iowa. Marion, Polk, and Jasper coun- 
ties — John Conrey. 



Mahaska count}'— Stephen B. Shelledy! 

Keokuk county — Sanford Harned. 

Washington county — Stewart Goodrell. 

Louisa county — John Ronalds. 

Muscattne county — J. Scott Richman. 

Johnson county — Curtis Bates. 

Linn and Benton counties— Socrates H. 
Tryon. 

Cedar county— Samuel A. Bissell. 

Scott county— James Grant. 

Clinton county — Henry P. Haun. 

Jackson county — William Hubbell. 

Jones county — Sylvester G. Matson. 

Clayton county — David Olmstead. 

Dubuque, Delaware, Buchanan, Fayette 
and Black Hawk counties — Thomas Mc- 
Craney and Francis K. O'Ferrall. 

Enos Lowe elected president, May 4. 

William Thompson elected secretary, 
May 4. 

The first General Assembly of the State 
of Iowa was composed of nineteen Sena- 
tors and forty Representatives. It as- 
sembled at Iowa City, November 30, 1846, 
about a month before the State was admit- 
ted into the Union. 

At the first session also arose the ques- 
tion of the re-location of the capitol. The 
western boundary of the State, as now de- 
termined, left Iowa City too far toward 
the eastern and southern boundary of the 
State ; this was conceded. Congress had 
appropriated five sections of land for the 
erection of public buildings, and toward 
the close of the session a bill was intro- 
duced providing for the re-location of the 
seat of government, involving to some ex- 
tent the location of the State University 
which had already been discussed. It 
provided for the appointment of three 
commissioners, who were authorized to 
make a location as near the geographical 
center of the State as a healthy and eligi- 
ble site could be obtained ; to select the 
five sections of land donated by Congress ; 
to survey and plat into town lots not ex- 
ceeding one section of the land so select- 
ed; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed 
two in each block. Having done this, 
they were then required to suspend fur- 
ther operations, and make a report of their 



28 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



proceedings to the Governor. The bill 
passed both Houses by decisive votes, re- 
ceived the signature of the Governor, and 
became a law, and in 1851 bills were in- 
troduced for the removal of the capital to 
Pella and to Fort Des Moines. The latter 
appeared to have the support of the ma- 
jority, but was finally lost in the House 
on the question of ordering it to its third 
reading. 

On the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill 
re-locating the capital within two miles 
of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, 
and for the appointment of commission- 
ers, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The 
site was selected in 1856, in accordance 
with the provisions of this act, the land 
being donated to the State by citizens and 
property-holders of Des Moines. An as- 
sociation of citizens erected a building 
for a temporary capitol, and leased it to 
State at a nominal rent. Advised of the 
completion of the temporary State House 
at Des Moines, on the 19th of October fol- 
lowing, Governor Grimes issued another 
proclamation, declaring the city of Des 
Moines to be the capital of the State of 
Iowa. 

A third constitutional convention was 
held at Iowa City, Jan. 19th, 1857, for the 
purpose of adopting a new State Constitu- 
tion, to which the following persons were 
elected delegates : 

First district, Lee county — Edward 
Johnston, William Patterson. 

Second district, Lee and Van Buren 
counties— Squire Ayers. 

Third district, Van Buren county — Tim- 
othy Day. 

Fourth district, Des Moines county — 
Jonathan C. Hall, Moses W. Robinson. 

Fifth district, Davis county — David P. 
Palmer. 

Sixth district, Jeflerson county — James 
F. Wilson. 

Seventh district, Henry county — Rufus 
L. B. Clarke. 

Eighth district, Wapello county— Geo. 
Gillaspy. 

Ninth district, Monroe, Lucas and 
Clarke counties- -John Edwards. 



Tenth district, Appanoose Wayne, and 
Decatur counties — Amos Harris. 

Eleventh district, Fremont, Mills, Page, 
Taylor, Montgomery, Ringgold, Adams, 
and Union— Daniel H. Solomon. 
. Twelfth district, Pottawattamie, Harris- 
on, Shelby, Woodbury, Monona, Audubon, 
Crawford, Carroll, Calhoun, Sac, Ida, Cher- 
okee, Buena Vista, Pocahontas, Palo Alto, 
Emmet, Clay, Dickinson, Osceola,0'Brien, 
Plymouth, Sioux, and Buncombe counties 
— Daniel L. Price. 

Thirteenth district, Louisa county — 
Francis Springer. 

Fourteenth district, Washington county 
— David Bunker. 

Fifteenth district, Keokuk county — 
Jeremiah Hollingsworth. 

Sixteenth district, Mahaska county — 
James A. Young. 

Seventeenth district, Marion county — 
Hiram D. Gibson. 

Eighteenth district, Warren, Madison, 
Adair, and Cass counties — Lewis Tod; 
hunter. 

Ninteenth district, Muscatine county — 
John A. Parvin. 

Twentieth district, Johnson and Jones 
counties — William Penn Clarke. 

Twenty-first district, Scott county — 
George W. Ells. 

Twenty-second district, Cedar county — 
Robert Gower. 

Twenty-third district, Clinton county — 
Aylett R. Cotton. 

Twenty-fourth district, Linn county — 
Hosea W. Gray. 

Twenty-fifth district, Linn, Benton, 
Black Hawk and Buchanan counties — 
James C. Traer . 

Twenty-sixth district, Poweshiek, Jas- 
per, Marshall and Tama counties — Harvey 
J. Skiff. 

Twenty-seventh district, Polk, Dallas 
and Guthrie counties — Thomas Seely. 

Twenty-eighth district, Jackson county 
— William A. Warren. 

Twenty-ninth district, Jackson and 
Jones counties — Albert H. Marvin. 

Thirtieth district, Dubuque county — 
John H. Emerson. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



29 



Thirty-first district, Dubuque and Dela- 
ware counties — John H. Peters. 

Thirty-second district, Clayton county 
— Alpheus Scott. 

Thirty-third district — Fayette, Bremer, 
Butler, Franklin, Grundy, Hardin, Wright, 
Webster, Boone, Story,Greene, Allamakee, 
Winneshiek and Humboldt counties — 
Sheldon G. Winchester. 

Thirty-fourth district, Howard, Chick- 
asaw, Mitchell, Floyd, Worth, Cerro 
Gordo, Hancock, Winnebago, Bancroft 
and Kossuth counties— John T. Clark. 

Francis Springer elected president, Jan- 
uary 20. 

Thomas J. Saunders elected secretary, 
January 20. 

The constitution adopted by this con- 
vention was sanctioned by the people at 
an election held on the 3d day of August, 
1857; there being 40,311 votes cast "for 
the constitution," and 38,681 votes cast 
" against the constitution ;" and took effect 
by proclamation of the Governor, Septem- 
ber 3, 1857. 

Des Moines was now the permanent 
seat of government, made so by the funda- 
mental law of the State, and on the 11th 
day of January, 1858, the seventh General 
Assembly convened at the new capitol. 
The building; used for governmental pur- 
poses was purchased in 1864. It soon be- 
came inadequate for the purposes for 
which it was designed, and it became ap- 
parent that a new, large and permanent 
State House must be erected. In 1870, 
the General Assembly made an appropria- 
tion aud provided for the appointment 
of a Board of Commissioners to commence 
the work. The board consisted of Gover- 
nor Samuel Merrill, ex efficio, President; 
Grenville M. Dodge,Council Bluffs ; James 
F. Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, 
Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine; 
James O. Crosby, Gainsville; Charles 
Dudley, Agency City; John N. Dewey, 
Des Moines; William L. Joy, Sioux City; 
Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, Secre- 
tary. 

The act of 1870 provided that the build- 
ing should be constructed of the best ma- 



terial and should be fire proof; to be 
heated and ventilated in the most ap- 
proved manner: should contain suitable 
legislative halls, rooms for State officers,, 
the judiciary, library, committees, archives 
and the collections of the State Agricul- 
tural Society, and for all purposes of 
State government, and should be erected 
on grounds held by the State for that pur- 
pose. The sum first appropriated was 
$150,000, and the law provided that no 
contract should be made, either for con- 
structing or furnishing the building, 
which should bind the State for larger 
sums than those at the time appropriated. 
A design was drawn and plans and speci- 
fications furnished by Cochrane & Pique- 
nard, architects, which were accepted by 
the board, and on the 23d of November, 
1871, the corner stone was laid with ap. 
propriate ceremonies. 



TERRITORIAL AND STATE 
OFFICERS. 



TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 

Governors.— Robert Lucas, appointed 
1838; John Chambers, appointed 1841; 
James Clarke, appointed November, 1845. 

Secretaries. — William B. Conway, ap- 
pointed 1838, died in office November, 
1839; James Clarke, appointed 1839 ; O. 
H. W. Stull, appointed 1841; Samuel J. 
Burr, appointed 1843; Jesse Williams, ap- 
pointed 1845. 

Auditors, office created January 7, 1870, 
— Jesse Williams, appointed January 14. 
1840; William L. Gilbert, appointed Jan- 
uary 23, 1843 ; re-appointed February 27, 
1844; Robert M. Secrest, appointed 1845 

Treasurers, office created January 24, 
1839. — Thornton Bayless, appointed Janu. 
ary 23, 1839; Morgan Reno, appointed 
1840. 

Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion ; office created January 13, 1841 ; abol- 
ished February 17, 1842.— William Rey- 
nolds, appointed in 1841. 

Commissioners to Locate the Seat 



30 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



op Government at Iowa City, under act 
approved January 21, 1839. — Chauncey 
Swan, appointed January 18, 1839 ; J ohn 
Rolands, appointed January 18, 1839; 
Robert Ralston, appointed January 18» 
1839. Legislated out of office January 14, 
1841. 

Commissioners Appointed to Superin- 
tend the Erection op the Penitenti- 
ary, at Ft. Madison.— Jesse M. Harrison, 
John S. David, and John Claypole, chosen 
by the Legislative Assembly, January 25, 
1839; John Claypole re-elected January 
12, 1840. 

Supreme Court.— Charles Mason, Chief 
Justice, 1838 to 1846; Joseph Williams^ 
Associate Justice, 1838 to 1846 ; Thomas S. 
Wilson, Associate Justice, 1838 to 1846; 

Thornton Bayless, Clerk, 1838 to ; 

George S. Hampton, Clerk, to 1846; 

Eastin Morris, Reporter, 1843 to 1846. 

District Attorneys. — Isaac Van Al- 
len, appointed 1838; Charles Weston, ap- 
pointed 1840 ; John G. Deshler, appointed 
1843; Edward Johnston, Ft. Madison, ap- 
pointed 1845 and 1846. 

Marshals.— Francis Gehon, appointed 
1838; Thomas Johnson, appointed 1841; 
Isaac Leffler, appointed 1842; Gideon S. 
Bailey, Van Buren county, appointed 1845 
and 1846. 

Delegates in Congress. — William W. 
Chapman, in Twenty-fifty and Twenty- 
sixth Congresses ; Augustus C. Dodge, in 
the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth and 
Twenty-ninth Congresses. 

STATE OFFICERS. 

Governors — Ansel Briggs, Jackson coun- 
ty; elected October 26,1846; oath of 
office administered December 3,by Chief 
Justice Mason. 

Stephen Hempstead, Dubuque county; 
elected August 5, 1850; oath of office ad 
ministered December 4, by Chief Jus- 
tice Williams. 

James W. Grimes, Des Moines county; 
elected August 3, 1854; oath of office ad- 
ministered December 9, 1854, by Matu 
rin L. Fisher, president of the joint con. 
vention. 



Ralph P. Lowe, Lee county; elected Oe. 
tober 13, 1857 ; oath of office administer 
ed January 14, 1860, by Chief Justice 
Wright. 

Samuel S. Kirkwood, Johnson county; 
elected October 11, 1859; oath of office 
administered January 11, 1860, by Chief 
Justice Wright. 

Samuel J. Kirkwood, Johnson county; re- 
elected October 8, 1861 ; oath of office 
administered January 15, 1862, by Chief 
Justice Baldwin. 

William M. Stone, Marion oounty ; elect- 
ed October 13, 1863; oath of office ad- 
ministered January 14, 1864, by Chief 
Justice Wright. 

William M. Stone, Marion county; re- 
elected October 10, 1865 ; oath of office 
administered January 11, 1866, by Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Eastman, president of 
the joint convention. 

Samuel Merrill, Clayton county ; elected 
October 8, 1867; oath of office adminis- 
tered January 16, 1868, by Judge 
Wright. 

Samuel Merrill, Clayton county ; re-elected 
October 13, 1869 ; oath of office admin- 
istered January 13, 1870, by chief Jus- 
tice Cole. 

Cyrus C. Carpenter, Webster county; el- 
ected October 11, 1871 ; oath of office 
administered January 11, 1872, by Rob- 
ert Lowry, president pro tern of the Sen- 
ate. 

Cyrus C. Carpenter, Webster county ; re. 
elected October 8, 1873 ; oath of office 
administered January 27, 1874, by Judge 
Cole. • 

Samuel J. Kirkwood, Johnson county; 
elected October 13, 1875 ; oath of office 
administered January 13, 1876, by Chief 
Justice Cole. Resigned February 1, 
1877, having been elected a senator of 
the United States. Succeeded by 

Joshua G. Newbold, Henry county, Lieu- 
tenant Governor, who took the oath of 
office as acting Governor February 1, 
1877, before Edward J. Holmes, Clerk 
of the Supreme Court. 

John H. Gear, Des Moines county ; elected 
October 10, 1877 ; oath of office admin- 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



31 



istered by Chief Justice Rothrock, Jan- 
uary 17, 1878. 

John H. Gear, Des Moines county; re- 
elected Octobers, 1S79; oath of office 
administered January 15, 1880, by Chief 
Justice Adams. 

Buren R. Sherman, Benton county, elected 
October 12, 1881; oath of office admin- 
istered January 12, 1882, by Chief Jus- 
tice Seevers. 

Buren R Sherman, Benton county, elected 
October 9, 1S83 ; oath of office adminis- 
tered January 17, 1884, by Chief Justice 

Rothrock. 

Lieutenant Governors, office created 
September 3, 1857, by the new Constitu- 
tion — Oren Faville, Mitchell county; 
1858-60. 

Nicholas J. Rusch, Scott county, 1660-62. 

John R. Needham, Mahaska county; 
1862-64. 

Enoch W. Eastman, Hardin county; 
1864-66. 

Benjamin F. Gue, Webster county; 
1866-68. 

John Scott, Story county; 1868-70. 

Madison M. Wal den, Appanoose county; 
1870-71; resigned, having been chosen 
a representative in Congress. 

Henry C. Bulis, "Winneshiek county; 
1871-74. Mr. Bulis was appointed by 
the Governor September 13, 1871, under 
the general constitutional provision au. 
thorizing the Governor to fill all vacan- 
cies not otherwise provided for, the 
Lieutenant Governor and the Speaker 
of the House of Representatives having 
both resigned, in consequence of their 
election to Congress; and Mr. Bulis, 
the president pro tern, of the Senate, 
having resigned his seat in the Senate 
because of being nominated for the 
office of Lieutenant Governor. He was 
elected to the office in October, 1871. 

Joseph Dysart, Tama county; (January 
27), 1874-7G. 

Joshua G. Newbold, Henry county; 
1876-78 (Became acting Governor Feb- 
ruary, 1877. j 

Frank T.Campbell, Jasper county ; 1878-82. 



Orlando H. Manning, Carroll county; 
(removed to Pottawattamie county) 

1882. 

Secretaries op State— Elisha Cutler, 
jr., Van Burea county; 1846-48. 

Josiah H. Bonney, Yan Buren county; 
1848 50. 

George W. McCleary, Johnson county; 

1850-56. 
Elijah Sells, Muscatine county; 1856-63. 
James Wright, Delaware county; 1863-67. 
Ed. Wright, Cedar county; 1867-73. 
Josiah T.Young, Monroe county; 1873-79. 
John A. T. Hull, Davis county; 1879-85. 
Frank D, Jackson, Butler county ; 1885 — 

Auditors of State— Joseph T. Fales, 

Des Moines county; 1846 50. 
William Pattee, Bremer county : 1850-54. 
Andrew J. Stevens, Polk county; 1854-55. 

Resigned. 
John Pattee, Bremer county (appointed 

September 13, 1855) ; 1855-5&. 
Jonathan W. Cattell, Cedar county ; 1859- 

Go. 
John A. Elliott, Mitchell county; 1865-71 
John Russell, Jones county ; 1871-75. 
Buren It. Sherman, Benton county; 

1875-81. 
William Y. Lucas, Cerro Gordo county ; 

1881-82. 
John L. Brown, Lucas county; 1883. 

Treasurers op State. — Morgan Reno, 

Johnson county; 1846-50. 
Israel Blister, Davis county ; 1850 52. 
Martin L. Morris, Polk county; 1852-59. 
John W. Jones, Hardin county ; 1859-63. 
William H. Holmes, Jones county; 1863- 

67. 
Samuel E. Rankin, Washington county; 

1867-73. 
William Christy, Clarke county ; 1873-76. 
George W. Bemis, Buchanan county ;1877- 

81. 
Edwin H. Conger Dallas county; 1881-85. 
Y. P. Twombly, Yan Buren county; 1885. 

Superintendents op Public Instruc- 
tion; office created in 1847. James 
ILirlan, Henry county; elected 1847; 
qualified June 5. 



32 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Thomas H. Benton, Jr., Dubuque county; 
1848 54. 

James D. Eads, Lee county; 1854-57. Sus- 
pended by the Governor, March 3, 1857 

Joseph P. Stone, Johnson county; ap- 
pointed by the Governor, and qualified 
March 4, 1857. 

Maturin L. Fisher, Clayton county ; 1857- 
58. 

Office abolished by act of the Board of 
Education passed December 24, 1858, 
the duties of the office to be performed 
by the secretary of that board. 

Secretaries of the Board of Educa- 
tion; office created by act of 
Board of Education, passed December 

24. 1858. Josiah T. Tubby, Polk coun- 
ty; acting as Secretary of the Board 
during its session which commenced 
December 6, 1858, and continuing after 
its adjournment as acting Secretary of 
the Board of Education, under resolu- 
tion of December 24, until the Secretary 
elected by the Board should qualify. 
Mr. Tubby qualified December 29. 

Thomas H. Benton, Jr., Pottawattamie 
county; 1859-G3. Elected by the Board 
of Education, 1858; qualified January 

14. 1859. Resigned in 1863. 

Oran Faville, Mitchell county ; appointed 
by the Governor January 1, 1864. 

Office abolished March 23, 1864, and 
the duties devolved on Superintendent of 
Public Instruction. 

Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, office created March 23, 1864— 
Oran Faville, Mitchell county ; 1864-67. 
Resigned March 1, 1867. 

D. Franklin Wells, Johnson county; 
1867-68. Appointed by the Governor 
March 4, and qualified March 9, 1867: 
elected in October, 1867 ; died Novem- 
ber 24, 1868. 

Abraham S.Kissell, Scott county; 1868-71. 
Appointed by the Governor December, 
1868; elected 1869. 

Alonzo Abernethy, Crawford county; 
1872-76. Resigned September 14, 1876. 

Carl W. von Coelln, Black Hawk county; 
1876-82. Appointed by the Governor 



September 14, 1876; elected 1876,1877 
and 1879. 
John W. Akers, Linn county; 1882 — 

Registers of the State Land Office 
office created February 9, 1855 — Anson 
Hart, Johnson county ; 1855-56. 

Theodore S. Parvin, Muscatine county; 
1&57-59. 

Amos B. Miller, Cerro Gordo county; 
1859-62 Appointed captain Company 
B, Thirty-second Iowa Infantry, Octo- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Edwin Mitchell, Polk county; 1862-63. 
Appointed by the Governor October, 
1862; qualified October 31. 

Josiah A. Harvf-y, Fremont county; 
1863-67. 

Cyrus C. Carpenter, Webster county; 
1867-71. 

Aaron Brown, Fayette county; 1871-75. 

David Secor, Winnebago county; 1875-79. 

James K. Powers, Cass county; 1879-82. 
Office abolished January 1, 1883, and 

duties devolved on the Secretary of State. 

State Printer, office created January 
3, 1849— Garret D. Palmer and George 
Paul, Johnson county; 1849-51. 

Harrison Holt and Andrew Keesecker* 
Dubuque county ; elected 1851 ; declined- 

William H. Merritt, Dubuque county; 
1851-53 ; appointed by the Governor. 

William A. Hornish, Lee county; elected 
1853; term commenced May 1; resig- 
nation accepted May 16. 

Dennis A. Mahony and Joseph B. Dorr» 
Dubuque county ; appointed 1853 : qual- 
ified May 23; term expired April 30, 
1855. 

Peter Moriarty, Jackson county; 1855-57. 

John Teesdale, Johnson county; 1857-61. 

Francis W. Palmer, Dubuque county; 
1861-69 ; resigned March 1, 1869. 

Frank M. Mills, Polk county; 1869-71; 
and 1879-83. Appointed by the Govern 
or from March 1 to May 1, 1869. 

George W. Edwards, Des Moines county; 
1871-73. 

Richard P. CI arkson, Polk county; 1873- 
79. 

George E. Roberts, Webster county ; 1883 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



33 



State Binders; office oreated February 
21, 1855. WLliam M. Coles, Scott coun- 
ty; appointed by the Governor, March 
16, 1855, and chostn by the General As- 
sembly in 1857. May 1, 1855, to May 1, 
1859. 

Frank M. Mills, Polk county; 1859-67. 

James S. Carter, Polk county; 1867-71. 

James J. Smart, Black Hawk county; 
1871-75. 

Henry A. Perkins, Woodbury county; 
1875-79. 

Matt.Parrott, Blackkawk county; 1879-85. 

M. S. Merchant, Linn county; 1885. 



THE JUDICIARY. 

SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. 

Chief J ustices.— Charles Mason, Des 
Moines county; resigned in June, 1847. 

Joseph Williams, Muscatine county; ap- 
pointed by the Governor June, 1847. 
Term expired January 15, 1848, by con- 
stitutional limitation. 

S. Clinton Hastings, Muscatine county; 
appointed by the Governor, 1848. Term 
expired January 15, 1849. 

Joseph Williams, Muscatine county; 
elected by the General Assembly, 1848, 
and commissioned December 26, 1848, 
for six years from January 15, 1849. 

George G. Wright, Van Buren county; 
elected 1855; qualified January 11. 

Ralph P. Lowe, Lee county ; elected Judge 
1859, with Caleb Baldwin and Lacon D. 
Stockton, and drawing the shortest 
term became Chief Justice; qualified 
January 12, I860. 

Caleb Baldwin, Pottawattamie county; 
elected as above, and drawing the sec- 
ond shortest term became Chief Justice 
January 1, 1862. 

George G. Wright, Yan Buren county; 
1864 and 1865. 

Ralph P. Lowe, Lee county; 1866 and 
1867. 

F. Dillon, Scott county; 18G8 and 

Chester C. Cole, Polk county, 1870, and 
again from January 1 to January — 
1876. 



James G. Day, Fremont county, 1871, 1877 

and 1881. 
Joseph M. Beck. Lee county, 1872, 1873 

1879, and 18S5. 
William E. Miller, Johnson county, 1874 

and 1875. 
William H. Seevers, Mahaska county, 

February 17, 1876, to January 1, 1877, 

and for the year 1882. Appointed by 

the Governor February 17, 1847. 
James H. Rothrock, Cedar county, 1878 

and 1884. 
Austin Adams, Dubuque county, 1880 and 

1881. 
James H. Rothrock, Linn county, 1883. 

Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams, 
Muscatine county, 1846-'47. Appointed 
Chief Justice 1847. 

Thomas S. Wilson, Dubuque county 
1846-' 47. Resigned in October, 1847. 

John F. Kinney, Lee county, l847-'54. 
Appointed by the governor June 12, 
1847, and again January 26, 1848 ; elected 
by the General Assembly and commis- 
sioned December 8. Resignation ae_ 
cepted January 20, 1854, to take effect 
February 15. 

George Greene, Dubuque county, 1847-'55. 
Appointed by the Governor November 
1, 1847, and again January 26, 1848, 
elected by the General Assembly De- 
cember 7, 1849. 

Jonathan C. Hall, Des Moines county 
1854-'55. Appointed by the Governor) 
January 20, 1854, to succeed Kinney, re- 
signed. 

William G. Woodward, Muscatine county 
1855-'56. Elected by the General As- 
sembly, 1855; qualified Jaauary 9. 

Norman W. Isbell, Linn county, 1855-'56. 
Elected by the General Assembly, 1855; 
qualified January 16. Resigned in 1856 # 

Lacon D. Stockton, Des Moines county 
1856-'60. Appointed by the Governor 
May 17, 1856, vice Isbell, resigned; 
qualified June 3; elected by the General 
Assembly January 12, 1857; re-ek'Cted 
by the people, under the present consti- 
tution, October 11, 18C0. Died June 9^ 
1860. 



34: 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Caleb Baldwin, Pottawattamie county 
1860-'61. Elected by the people, 1859 ,' 
qualified January 11, 1860. Became 
Chief Justice January 1, 1862. 

George G-. Wright, Van Buren county) 
1860-'63 and 1866-'70. Appointed by 
the Governor June 19, 1860, vice Stock. 
ton, deceased ; qualified June 26; elected 
by the people, November 6, 1860; be- 
came Chief Justice January 1, 1864; re- 
elected October 10, 1865. Resigned 
September 1, 1870, having been chosen 
a Senator of the United States. 

Ralph P. Lowe, L«e county, 1862-'65- 
Elected 1861; new term commenced 
January 1, 1862. Became Chief Justice 
January 1, 1866, 

John F. Dillo', Scott county; 1864-67. 
Became Chi i Justice January 1, 1868. 
Re-elected 1869. Declined the office, 
having be«n appointed United States 
Circuit Judge. 

Chester C. Cole, Polk county; 1864-69 
and 1871-76. Appointed March 1, 1864, 
oy the Governor under the provisions of 
Chapter 23, Acts of Tenth General A s- 
sembly, which took effect February 27, 
1864; qualified same day; elected by 
the people November 8, 1864; term 
commenced January 1, 1865; re-elected 
1870. Became Chief Justice January 1, 
1870 and 1876. 

Joseph M. Beck, Lee county; 1868-71 
1874-78 and 1880. Elected by the peol 
pie 1867, 1873 and 1879. Became Chief 
Justice January 1, 1872, and January 1 
1879. 

Elias H. Williams, Clayton county : 1870* 
Appointed by the Governor January 19. 
Resigned September . 

James G. Day, Fremont county; 1870, 
1872-76 and 1878-82. Became Chief Jus- 
tice January 1, 1871, 1877 and 1883. Ap- 
pointed by the Governor September 1, 
1870, to succeed Judge Wright. Elected 
by the people 1870, 1871 and 1877. 

William E. Miller, Johnson county; 
1870-73. Became Chief Justice January 
1, 1874. Appointed by the Governor 
September 14, 1870, vice Williams. 
Elected 1870. 



Austin Adams, Dubuque county ; 1876-79 
and 1882. Became Chief Justice Janu- 
ary 1, 1880. 

James H. Rothrock, Cedar county ; 1876-77 
and 1879. Appointed by the Governor 
February 24, 1876, under the provisions 
of Chapter 7, Acts of the Sixteenth 
General Assembly. Became Chief Jus- 
tice January 1, 1S78. 

William H. Seevers, Mahaska county; 
1877-81 and 1883. Became Chief Jus- 
tice January 1, 1882. 

Joseph R. Reed, Pottawattamie county; 
1883-85. 

James H. Rothrock, Linn county ; 1885-. 

Clerks of the Supreme Court— George 
S. Hampton, Johnson county; appointed 
and bond approved 1847. 

George S. Hampton, appointed January 2, 
1848, for the fourth judicial district. 

James W. Woods, Des Moines county; 
appointed 1848, for the first judicial 
district. 

Alexander D. Anderson, Dubuque county; 
appointed 1848, for the second judicial 
district. 

Lewis J. Whitten, Polk county; appoint- 
ed for the fifth judicial district. 

Thomas J, Given, Wapello county; ap- 
pointed 1848, for the third judicial dis- 
trict. 

George S. Hampton, Johnson county; 
1853-55. Appointed 1853 ; bond approved 
March 5. 

William Vandever, Dubuque county; 
1855-56. Appointed and qualified June, 
1855. 

Lewis Kinsey, Wapello county; 1856-67. 
Appointed 1856, and qualified Novem- 
ber 14. 

Charles Linderman, Page county ; 1867-75. 

Edward J. Holmes, Jackson county; 
1875-83. 

Gilbert B. Pray, Hamilton county; 1883-, 

Attorneys-General ; office created Jan. 
uary9,1853. David C. Cloud, Musca- 
tine county; 1853-56. 

Samuel A. Rice, Mahaska county; 1856. 
61. 

Charles C. Nourse, Polk county; 1861-65. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



35 



Isaac L. Allen, Tama county; 1865-66. Re- 
signed January 11, 1866. 

Frederick E. Bissell, Dubuque county; 
1S66-6T. Appointed by the Governor 
and qualified January 12, 1866 ; elected 
by the people October 9. 1866. Died 
June 2, 1867. 

Henry O'Connor, Muscatine county ; 1867. 
71. Appointed by the Governor June 
20, and qualified June 29, 1867; elected 
by the people 1867, 1868 and 1870. Re- 
signed 1872. 

Marsena E. Cutts, Mahaska county; 1872- 
76. Appointed by the Governor Febru- 
ary 23, 1872 ; elected by the people 1872 
and 1874. 

John F. McJunkin, Washington county ; 
1677-81. 

Smith McPherson, Montgomery county; 
1881-85. 

A. J. Baker, Appanoose county; 1885.- 

Reporters of the Decisions of the 
Supreme Court. — George Greene, Du- 
buque county ; acting from 18-47 to 1855. 

The Attorney-General, ex-officio, from 
September 1853, under the law creating 
the office of Attorney-General. Mr. 
Cloud, Attorney-General, however, ap- 
pears never to have acted ; and Judge 
Greene continued to perform the duties 
of the office. 

Wm. Penn Clarke, Johnson county; 1855. 
60. 

Thomas F. Withrow, Polk county; 1860- 
67. 

Edward H. Stiles, Wapello county; 1867- 
75. 

John B. Runnells, Polk county, 1877-82. 
Resigned March, 1882. 

Bradbury W. Hight, Pottawattamie coun- 
ty; 1882. Appointed by the Supreme 
Court, March, 1882. 

Ezra C. Ebersole, Tama county; 1883.- 



CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTA- 
TION. 

united states senators. 

(The first General Assembly failed to 
elect Senators.) 

George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 
1S48-1858; Augustus C. Dodge, Burling- 



ton, Dec. 7, 1848-1855 ; James Harlan, Mt. 
Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W, 
Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 185S — died 
1870; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, 
elected Jan. 13, 1866, to fill vacancy 
caused by resignation of James 
Harlan; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, 
March 4, 1866-1872; James B. Howell, 
Keokuk, elected January 20, 1870, to fill 
vacancy caused by the death of J. W. 
Grimes — term expired March 3 ; George 
G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 1871- 
1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, 
March 4, 1872; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 
March 4, 1877 ; James F. Wilson, Jefferson, 
March 4, 1883 ; Wm. B. Allison, Dubuque, 
Mareh 4, 1885. 

Members of House of Representa- 
tives.— Twenty-ninth Congress, 1846 to 
1847.— S. Clinton Hastings; Shepherd 
Leffler. 

Thirtieth Congress— 1847 to 1849.— First 
District, William Thompson ; Second Dis- 
trict, Shepherd Leffier. 

Thirty-first Congress, 1849 to 1851. — 
First District, first session, William 
Thompson; unseated by the House of 
Representatives on a contest, and election 
remanded to the people. First District, 
second session, Daniel F. Miller. Second 
District, Shepherd Leffler. 

Thirty-second Congress, 1851 to 1853. — 
First District, Bernhart Henn; Second 
District, Lincoln Clark. 

Thirty-third Congress, 1853 to 1855.— 
First District, Bernhart Henn; Second 
District, John P. Cook. 

Thirty-fourth Congress, 1855 to 1857. - 
First District, Augustus Hall ; Second Dis- 
trict, James Thorington. 

Thirty-fifth Congress, 1857 to 185*.— 
First District, Samuel R. Curtis; Second 
District, Timothy Davis. 

Thirty-sixth Congress, 1859 to 1861.— 
First District, Samuel R. Curtis; Second 
District, William Vandever. 

Thirty-seventh Congress, 1861 to 1863. — 
First District, first session, Samuel R. 
Curtis. First District, second and third 
sessions, James F. Wilson; Second Dis- 
trict, William Vandever. 

Thirty-eighth Congress, 1863 to 1865.— 



36 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



First District, James F. Wilson ; Second 
District, Hiram Price; Third District, 
William B.Allison; Fourth District, Jo 
siah B. Grinnel! ; Fifth District, John A. 
Kassony Sixth District, Asahel W. Hub- 
bard. 

Thirty-ninth Congress, 1865 to 1867.— 
First District, James F.Wilson; Second 
District, Hiram Pr]ce; Third District, 
William B, Allison ; Fourth District, Jo- 
siah B. Grinnell ; Fifth District, John A. 
Kasson ; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hub- 
bard. 

Fortieth Congress, 1867 to 1869.— First 
District, James F.. Wilson; Second Dis- 
trict, Hiram Price; Third District, Wil- 
liam B. Allison; Fourth District, William 
Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. 
Dodge; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hub- 
bard. 

Forty-first Congress, 1869 to 1871.— First 
District, George W. McCrary; Second 
District, William Smyth ; Third District, 
William B. Allison ; Fourth District, Wil- 
liam Loughridge; Fifth District, Frank 
W. Palmer ; Sixth District, Charles Pom- 
eroy. 

Forty-second Congress, 1871 to 1873.— 
First District. George W. McCrary; Sec- 
ond District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third Dis- 
trict, W. G. Donnan; Fourth District, 
Madison M. Waldon; Fifth District, 
Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth District, Jack- 
son Orr. 

Forty-third Congress, 1873 to 1875.— 
First District, George W. McCrary ; Sec- 
ond District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third Dis- 
trict, William G. Donnan ; Fourth District, 
Henry O. Pratt; Fifth District, James 
Wilson; Sixth District, William Lough- 
ridge ; Seventh District, John A. Kasson ; 
Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Ninth 
District, Jackson Orr. 

Forty-fourth Congress, 1875 to 1877.— 
First District, George W. McCrary ; Sec- 
ond District, John Q. Tufts: Third Dis- 
trict, L. L. Ainsworth; Fourth District, 
Henry O. Pratt; Fifth District, James 
Wilson ; Sixth District, Ezekiel S. Samp- 
son; Seventh District, John A. Kasson; 
Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Ninth 
District, Addison Oliver. 



Forty-fifth Congress, 1877 to 1879 -First 
District, J. 0. Stone; Second District, 
Hiram Price; Third District, T. W. Bur- 
dick; Fourth District, H. C. Deering; 
Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District 

E. S. Sampson ; Seventh District, H. J. B* 
Cummings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp; 
Ninth District, Addison Oliver. 

Forty-sixth Congress— 1879 to 1881. 
First district, Moses A. McCoid; Second 
District, Hiram Price; Third District, 
Thomas Uppdegraff ; Fourih District, Na- 
thaniel C. Deering; Fifth District, Rush 
Clark; Sixth District, J. B. Weaver ; Sev- 
enth District, E. H. Gillette ; Eighth Dis- 
trict, William F. Sapp; Ninth District 
C. C. Carpenter. 

Forty-seventh Congress, 1881 to 1883— 
First District, M. A. McCoid; Second 
District, S. S. Farewell; Third District, 
Thomas Uppdegraff; Fourth District, N. 
C. Deering; Fifth District, William G. 
Thompson; Sixth District, M. E. Cutts;. 
Seven; h District, John A. Kasson; Eighth 
District, W. P. Hepburn; Ninth District, 
C. C. Carpenter. 

Forty-eighth Congress, 1883 to 1885— 
First District, M. A. McCoid; Second 
District, J. M. Murphy; Third District 
David B. Henderson ; Fourth District, D. 
A. Weller; Fifth District, James Wilson; 
Sixth District, M. E. Cutts ; Seventh Dis- 
trict, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, 
William P. Hepburn; Ninth District, W. 
H. M. Pusey; Tenth District, Admiram 
J. Holmes. 

Forty-ninth Congress. 1885 to 1887— 
First District, B. J. Hall; Second Dis. 
trict, J. H. Murphy; Third District, 
David B. Henderson; Fourth District, 
William E. Fuller; Fifth District. Ben. 

F. Frederick ; Sixth District, J. B. Weaver ; 
Seventh District, H. Y; Smith, (to fill va- 
cancy occasioned by resignation of J. A. 
Kasson); E. H. Conger; Eighth District, 
W. P. Hepburn; Ninth District, Joseph 
H. Lyman ; Tenth District, Admiram J. 
Holmes ; Eleventh District, Isaac S. Stru- 
ble. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, 



37 



THE 



TENTH FEDERAL 
CENSUS. 



A general view of the relative position 
occupied by Iowa in respect of population, 
healtbfulness, intelligence, production, 
etc., exhibits our State in a most favorable 
light, as shown by the following tables, 
taken from the publication entitled, "His- 
torical and Comparative Census of Iowa," 
in 1880: 

RANK OF IOWA AMONG THE STATES OP THE UNION. 

In respect of total population . . 10 

In respect of area 12 

In respect of area of laud surface 13 

In respect of area of water surface. 20 

In respect of density of population 15 

In respect of number of dwellings 8 

In respect of male population. .7 9 

In respect of female population 10 

In respect ol native-born population 13 

In respect of native-born white population 7 

In respect of foreign-born population 10 

In respect of white population 8 

In re*pect of colored population 27 

In respect of Chinese population 17 

In respect of Indian population . . 14 

In respect of number of Austrian-born resi- 
dents 11 

In respect of number ol Belgian-born resi- 
dents 11 

In respect of number of Bohemian-born 

residents 3 

In respect of number of British American- 
born residents 10 

In respect of number of Danish-born resi- 
dents 2 

In respect of number of French-born resi- 
dents 11 

In respect of number of German-born resi- 
dents 8 

In respect of number of English-born resi- 
dents 11 

In respect of number of Irish-born resi- 
dents 10 

In respect of number of Scotch-born resi- 
dents 8 

In respect of number of Welsh-born resi- 
dents 6 

In respect of number of Dutch-born resi- 
dents 5 

In respect of number of Hungarian-born 

r sidents 10 

In respect of number of xsorwegian-born 

residents 7 3 

In respect of number of Swede-born resi- 
dents 3 

In respect of number of Swiss-born resi- 
dents 8 

In respect of natural militia (male persons 

between 13 and 45) 9 

In respect of number of Dativ-borne white 

person? between 18 and 45 7 

In respect of number of foreign-born per- 
sons between 18 and 45 10 

In respect of number of all white persons 

between 18 and 45 9 

In respect of number of males 21 years of 

ag<? 9 

In respect of number of white males 21 

years of age 9 

In respect of number of native males 21 

years of a^e 8 

In respect of number of native white males 

21 years of age 8 

In respect of number of foreign-born white 
ma.es 21 years of age 9 



In respect of number of persons over 10 
years of age 

In respect oi number of male persons oyer 
10 years of age 

In respect of number of female persons 
over 10 years of age 

In respect of number of persons engaged in 
occupations ~ 

In respect of number of male persons en- 
gaged in occupations 

In respect of number of female persons en- 
gaged in occupations 

In respect of number of persons engaged in 
agricultural occupations 

In tespect of number of male persons en- 
gaged in agricultural occupations 

In respect of number of female persons en- 
gaged in agricultural occupations 

In respect of number of persons engaged in 
professional and personal services ..... . 

In respect oi number ol male persons en- 
gaged in professional and personal ser- 
vices 

In respect of number of female persons en- 
gaged m professional and personal ser- 
vices 

In respect of number of persons engaged 
in trade and transportation 

In respect of number of male persons en- 
gaged, in trade and transportation 

In respect of number of female persons en- 
gaged in trade and transportation 

In respect of number of persons engaged 
in manufactures and mechanical and 
mining industries 

In respect of number of male persons en- 
gag* d in manufactures and mechanical 
and mining industries 

In respect of number of female persons en- 
gaged in manufactures and mechanical 
and mining industries 

In respect of number of males 10-15 en- 
gaged in occupations 

In respect of number of females 10-15 en- 
gaged, in occupations 

In respect of number of males 16-59 en- 
gaged in occupations 

In respect of number of females 16-59 en- 
gaged in occupations 

In respect of number of males over 60 en- 
gaged in occupations 

In respect of number of females over 60 en- 
gaged in occupations 

In respect of number of agricultural labor- 
ers 

In respect of number of farmers and plant- 
ers 

In healtbfulness. as shown by proportion of 
annual number of deaths to total popula- 
tion 

In healtbfulness, as shown by proportion ot 
annual number of deaths of male per- 
sons to total male population 

In healthl'ulness, as shown by proportion of 
annual number of deaths of iemale per- 
sons to total female population 

In healtbfulness, as shown by proportion 
of annual number of deaths to white pop- 
ulation 

In healtbfulness, as shown by proportion of 
annual number of deaths to colored pop- 
ulation 

In respect of whole number of public 
schools 

In respect ol whole number of school 
houses 

In respect ol whole number of sittings in 
schools 

In respect of value of school property — . 

In respect of outlay lor school purposes. . . 

In respect of number of teachers in schools 

In respect of number of male teachers in 
schools 

In respect of number of female teachers in 
schools 



14 



12 



16 



15 



13 



26 



12 



38 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



In respect ol number of pupils attending 
school 

In respect of number of persons over ten 
years o f age 

In respect of number of persons over ten 
unable t > read 

In respect of number of persons over ten 
unable to write 

In respect of proportion ot persons over ten 
years able to read 

In respect of proportion of persons over 
ten years able to write 

In respect oi proportion of white noTvijq- 
tion over ten able to writa .... 

In respect of proportion of colored popula- 
tion over ten able to write 

In respect of proportion of white popula- 
tion 10-14 able to W;ite . 

In respect of proportion of male white 
population 10-14 able to write 

In respect of proportion of female white 
population 10-14 able to write 

In respect of proportion of colored popula- 
tion 10-14 able to write 

In respect of proportion of colored male 
population 10-14 able to write 

In respect of proportion of female colored 
population 10-14 able to write 

In respect of proportion of whites 15-20 
able to write 

In respect of proportion of male white pop- 
ulation 15-20 able to write 

In respect of proportion of female white 
population 15-20 able to write 

In respect of proportion of co.ored popula- 
tion 15-20 able to write 

In respect of proportion of colored male 
population 15-20 able to write 

In respect of proportion of colered female 
population 15-20 abie to write 

In respect of proportion of white popula- 
tion 21 years old and upward abie to 
write 

In respect of proportion of white male pop- 
ulation 21 and upward able to write .... 

In respect of proportion of white female 
population 21 and upward able to write . . 

In respect of proportion of colored popula- 
tion over 21 able to write . .. 

In respect of proportion of colored popula- 
tion over 21 able to write 

In respect of proportion of colored female 
population over 21 able to write 

In respect of number of persons in pris- 
ons 

In respect of number of male persons in 
prisons 

In respect of number of female persons in 
prisons 

In respect of number of prisons in propor- 
tion to the whole populatian 

In respect of the number of male prison- 
ers in proportion to male population 

In respect of the number of female prison- 
ers in proportion to female population. . . 

In respect of number of farms 

In respect of number ot farms of 3 acres or 
less 

In respect of number of farms of 3-9 acres 

In respect of number of farms of 10-19 
acres 

In respect of number of farms of 20-49 
acres 

In respect of number of farms of 50-99 
acres 



5 
6 

17 
17 
15 
22 
22 
32-33 



12-13 
24 

22 

16 

6 



In respect of number of farms of 100-499 

acres 4 

In respect of number of farms of 500-999 

acres 13 

In respect of number of farms of 1000 acres 

and over 17 

In respect of number of acres of improved 

land 2 

In respect of the production of Indian 

corn 2 

In respect of the production of wheat 6 

In respect of the production of oats 2 

In respect of the production of barley 4 

In respect of the production of rye 5 

In respect of the production of buckwheat. 11 

In respect ot the production of all grains ... 2 
In respect of the production of Indian corn 

per capita 1 

In respect of the production of wheat per 

capita 7 

In respect of the production of oats per cap- 
ita l 

In respect of the production of barley per 

capita 7 

In respect of the production of grain per 

capita l 

In respect of the yield per acre of corn 1 

In respect of the yield per acre of wheat 22 

In respect ot the yield per acre of oats 6 

In respect of the yield per acre of rye 5 

In respect of the yield per acre of hay 2 

In respect to the yield per acre of Irish po- 
tatoes 6 

In respect of the number of horses 3 

In respect of the number of cattle 2 

In respect of the number of milk cows 3 

In respect of the number of sheep 21 

In respect o f the number of swine 1 

In respect of number of gallons milk sold 

or sent to butter and cheese factories 7 

In respect of production of butter on farms 4 
In respect of production of butter in factor- 
ies ... 7 

In respect of production of cheese on farms 1 
In respect of production of cheese at factor- 
ies 8 

In respect of total value of products at but- 
ter and cheese factories 4 

In respect of wool product i.-> 

In respect of clip of wool per sheep.... 1 

In respect of value of farms 6 

In respect of value of farm implements and 

machinery 5 

In respect of live stock on farms 2' 

In respect of cost of fences during the year 

preceding census .. f> 

Ik respect of cost of fertilizers during the 

year preceding census 29 

In respect of value of farm productions . . 4 

In respect of product of coal 6 

In respect of number of manufacturing es- 
tablishments 10 

In respect ot capital employed in same 18 

In respect of wages paid . .' 18 

In respect of vulue of product 19 

In respect of assessed valuation of property 13 

It respect of state taxation 19 

In respect of state and local taxation 9 

In respect of amount of state debt 33 

In respect of amount of state debt per cap- 
ita 35 

In respect of amount of state and local in 

debtedness , . 31 

In respect of amount of state and local in- 
debtedness per capita 37 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



89 



PHYSICAL FEATURES 
IOWA. 



OF 



GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION — DRAINAGE — 
RIVERS AND VALLEYS, LAKES, AND GEN- 
ERAL WATER SUPPLY — PRAIRIE AND 
FOREST — MINERAL DEPOSITS — THE 
BOULDERS. 



BY A. E. ETJLTCN, DES MOINES. 



GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. 

The northern boundary of Iowa is the 
parallel of 43 degrees and 30 minutes, sep- 
arating it from the State of Minnesota. 
The southern limit is very nearly in the 
latitude of 40 degrees, 36 minutes, the 
average width of the State being about 
two hundred miles. Bounding it on the 
east and west are the two great rivers of 
the North American Continent — the Mis- 
sissippi and the Missouri. The general 
course of the former is from north to 
south, separating Iowa from the States of 
"Wisconsin and Illinois. This river, as it 
flows along the eastern border of Iowa, 
forms an irregular arc, with its convex 
side toward the east, and its extremities 
giving a chord of about ninety miles in 
extent. The most easterly point on the 
river is nearly fifty miles from this chord. 
The Missouri River is the western boun- 
dary as far north as the mouth of the Big 
Sioux, at Sioux City. From this point 
the Big Sioux River forms the western 
boundary up to the parallel of 43 degrees, 
30 minutes. The extreme length of the 
State is about three hundred miles, and 
its shape a figure approximating a rec- 
tangular parallelogram. Its area in 
square miles is estimated at 55,044, equal 
to 35,228,160 acres. The average elevation 
cf the State above the level of the sea is 
about eight hundred feet, but the south- 
eastern corner has an elevation of but 
little over one-half the average. The 
highest point in the State is in the vicin- 
ity of Spirit Lake, in Dickinson county, 
which is about 1,250 feet above low water 
in the Mississippi at Keokuk, and about 
nine hundred feet above the Chicago, 



Rock Island and Pacific Railroad level in 
the City of Des Moines. 

DRAINAGE. 

The drainage of the State is divided 
into two S3 r stems — the eastern and the 
western. The former comprises the streams 
which are tributary to the Mississippi, and 
the latter those tributary to the Missouri. 
The eastern, or Mississippi drainage sys- 
tem, embraces about two-thirds of the 
State, and the western, or Missouri sys- 
tem, the remaining one-third. The rivers of 
the eastern system flow in a southeasterly 
course, and those of the western system in 
a southeasterly course. The summit of the 
great west watershed which separates the 
two drainage systems is the higest land 
between the two great rivers on the east 
and west, but rises to its maximum ele- 
vation so imperceptibly that the presence 
of the great watershed may be observed 
only by the direction of the drainage. 

Besides the great watershed described 
above, there are others of a secondary 
character, dividing the streams which flow 
into the larger interior rivers, thus afford- 
ing a complete and admirable drainage to 
every part of the State. Between the 
streams there are no abrupt elevations of 
surface, its general character being gently 
undulatory, and, as a result, nearly the 
whole surface is susceptible of cultiva- 
tion, including even the more broken 
portions bordering the valleys of the 
streams. It has been estimated that at 
least ninety-five per cent, of the surface of 
Iowa is arable land, and may be easily 
brought into cultivation. 

RIVERS AND VALLEYS. 

Iowa has no mountains, and even what 
we term hills are only the terminations of 
the primitive general level of the surface 
which existed before the streams eroded 
their valleys. The interior rivers gener- 
ally take their rise in small rivulets ol 
the almost level prairies, and flow fon 
long distances in slight depressions before 
the denuding action of the water culd 
below the drift, or general surface deposit. 
Owing to this peculiarity, the upper por- 
tions of our water courses are bounded by 



40 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



sloping sides, with but small areas of 
what are termed flood-plains, or perhaps 
more commonly, "bottoms." As they 
flow toward their junctions with the great 
rivers their flood-plains expand, forming 
broad acres of the finest alluvial farming 
lands. In these lower portions of their 
courses many of the rivers have eroded 
through the surface deposits, exposing 
the geological strata underlying the drift. 
This, however, does not apply to many of 
the streams comprising the western drain- 
age system, for in that part of the State 
but very few of the stratified rocks are 
exposed by the erosian of the streams. 
There these rocks are deeply covered by 
the surface deposits. 

Covering a great portion of Iowa west 
of the great watershed there is a peculiar 
foimatioQ which our geologists have 
termed the bluff deposit. It is known to 
be, in many places, over two hundred feet 
in thickness, and overlies the ordinary 
drift of sand and gravel. There is a sim- 
ilar deposit in the valley of the Rhine, 
where it is known by the name '• loess," a 
term which has been adopted by some 
geologists in this country. It is believed 
to be of lacustral origin, or an accumula- 
tion of sediment in an ancient lake. The 
rivers of Western Iowa have in but few 
places eroded their channels through 
this deposit and the drift underlying it. 
Consequently there are but few exposures 
of stratified rocks along these streams. In 
the valleys of some of the southern rivers 
of Iowa belonging to the western drainage 
system there are occasional exposures of 
the upper coal measures, the strata con- 
sisting of beds of limestone, alternating 
with clay and shale. 

The principal streams belonging to the 
western system are Chariton, Grand River, 
Platte, One Hundred-and-Two, East, Mid- 
die and West Nodawa, East and West 
Nishnabotna, Boyer, Soldier, Little Sioux, 
Floyd and Rock River— the last named 
being a tributary of Big cioux River. To 
these we may acid the Missouri and Big 
Sioux, forming the western boundary of 
the St^e. These rivr-s, with their in- 



numerable small tributaries, constitute 
the western drainage system of Iowa. 
Several of these, to-wit : Chariton, Grand, 
Platte, One Hundred-and-Two, the Noda- 
was and Nishnabotna, are but partly in 
Iowa, having their confluences in the 
State of Missouri. The two main branches 
of the Nishnabotna form their junction in 
Southwestern Iowa, and flow to their con- 
fluence in Northwestern Missouri. 

There is a marked difference between 
the rivers forming the eastern drainage 
system and those of the western. This is 
owing to the difference in the geological 
character of the two portions of the State. 
The most important of the interior rivers 
of this system is the Des Moines, which, 
with its tributaries, drains a vastly larger 
area of the State than any of the other 
streams. It rises in two branches in the 
State of Minnesota, and traverses the State 
of Iowa in a southerly course to ils con- 
fluence with the Mississippi at the extreme 
southeast corner of the State. The two 
branches mentioned as having their source 
in Minnesota have not eroded their 
channels below the drift, except for a 
distance of four or five miles above their 
junction in Humboldt county, where 
there are exposures of sub-carboniferous 
limestone. A few miles below, in the 
vicinity of Fort Dodge, the river enters 
the great Iowa coal field, and traverses 
the same a distance of nearly two hundred 
miles. At Fort Dodge, in Webster county, 
the river passes through a vast deposit of 
gypsum, showing exposures for a distance 
cf six miles by the course of the stream. 
The deposit is regularly stratified in its 
formation, and reaches a thickness of 
thirty feet. Its extent has probably not 
yet been ascertained, but exposures ap- 
pear in tho valleys of the small streams 
which enter the river in the vicinity, so 
that the extent of the deposit is doubtless 
large. This is the only known large de- 
posit of gypsum in Iowa, or any of the 
States adjoining, and it will doubtless 
prove of great economic value. The qual- 
ity is excellent and the supply inexhausti- 
ble. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



41 



Here, as staled, the Des Moines River 
fairly enters the great coal region of the 
State, and for a distance of one hundred 
and fifty miles runs through and upon 
the lower coal measure strata. The same 
strata appear at intervals in the valley 
down to the southeastern corner of Van 
Buren county. The great coal region of 
Iowa embraces within its limits nearly all 
the tributaries of the Des Moines. The 
largest and most important of these trib- 
utaries are upon the western side, and 
afford a perfect drainage to the splendid 
agricultural region between the great 
watershed and the Des Moines. One of 
these tributaries, Raccoon River, has its 
source in Storm Lake, on the summit of 
the great watershed, and flows in a south- 
easterly course to its junction at the capi- 
tal of the State. Three other principal 
tributaries are known, respectively, as 
North, Middle and South Rivers, and fur- 
nish complete drainage to a splendid farm- 
ing region. Farther south other important 
tributaries enter the Des Moines on the 
same side. The largest eastern tributary 
is Boone River, which rises in the prairies 
of Hancock and Kossuth counties, flows 
southward, and enters the Des Moines 
near the west line of Hamilton county. 
Along the lower portion of the valley of 
this stream are a number of exposures of 
the coal measure strata. 

The next river east of the Des Moines, 
known by the not very euphonious name 
of Skunk River, flows throughout its en- 
tire length within the State. It rises in 
two principal branches, known as North 
and South Skunk, in the central part of 
the State. The two branches unite in 
Keokuk county, and thence the river pur. 
sues a generally south-east course to its 
confluence with the Mississippi a few 
miles south of Burlington. Throughout 
the greater portion of its course it runs 
upon the sub-carboniferous lime-stone, and 
near the eastern border of the lower coal 
measures. Along the lower portion of 
the stream there are frequent outcrops of 
limestone in cliffs from twenty to fifty 
feet high. In Henry county it receives 



on the western side the waters of a con- 
siderable tributary known as Big 
Cedar. The river, with its tributaries, 
drains a large area of central and south- 
eastern Iowa. 

The next two rivers eastward are known 
respectively as Iowa and Cedar rivers, 
both rising in the northern part of the 
State. Their waters unite in Louisa coun- 
ty, and thence to its confluence with 
the Mississippi, the stream is known as 
Iowa River, although the eastern branch, 
Cedar River, is much the larger and long- 
er branch. Both of these streams are 
east of and outside of the coal fields of 
Iowa, except in Hardin county, where 
Iowa River cuts across the northeastern 
corner of the coal field. The rocks ex- 
posed above this are sub-carboniferous 
limestone, and a short distance below it 
enters the region of the sub-carbonifer- 
ous again, which continues until it reaches 
the Devonian strata, near the south- 
western corner of Benton county; thence 
to its junction with Cedar River the rock 
exposures are of Devonian orign. 

Cedar River flows its entire length 
through the region occupied by the De- 
vonian strata. The stream has numerous 
important branches, along which are 
many exposures of the Devonian rocks. 
The Cedar River valley is noted as one 
of the finest and most productive agricul- 
tural regions of the State. The river af- 
fords in many places abundant and re- 
liable water power. 

Eastward of Cedar River, and flowing 
nearly parallel with it, is Wapsipinicon 
River. Although a stream of over one 
hundred and eighty miles in length, it 
drains but a very narrow strip of terri- 
tory, not exceeding twentv miles in its 
widest part, and in the lower portion of 
its course in some places only ten miles 
wide. The rocks on the upper portion of 
this river are of Devonian formation, and 
on the lower portion it flows through the 
region occupied by the Niagara lime- 
stone of the Upper Silurian system. This 
river supplies many fine mill sites, which 
are the more secure and reliable from the 



42 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



fact that it is not subject to extreme 
floods. 

Maquoketa River, as compared with 
the Wapsipinicon, is a short stream, but 
drains as large an area of territory as the 
latter. Its course is irregular, and its val- 
ley presents much wild and romatic scen- 
ery. The exposures of rock strata are 
the Niagara limestone of the Upper Silu- 
rian age. it affords excellent water pow- 
er in many placss. 

Turkey River is a short, rapid stream, 
flowing nearly its entire course in a deep, 
narrow valley, and in these respects it 
is quite unlike any of the other rivers we 
have described. In some places the river 
flows at a depth of nearly four hundred 
feet below the general level of the sur- 
rounding country. The rocks through 
which it has eroded are classified by geol- 
ogists as the Galena and Trenton lime- 
stone formations belonging to the lower 
Silurian. Water power is abundant, but 
in some places quite difficult of access, 
owing to the precipitous character of the 
sides of the valley. The river through- 
out its whole length is within the State. 

Upper Iowa River is another stream 
possessing characteristics not common to 
the rivers of the State generally. It has 
its source in Minnesota, but enters Iowa as 
a small stream on the north line of How- 
ard county; thence its general course is 
eastward to its confluence with the Mis- 
sissippi. Toward the lower part of its 
course it has cut its valley to a depth of 
over four hundred feet. Although it 
rises in the region of the Devonian 
rocks, before it reaches its confluence its 
valley presents outcrops of all the forma- 
tions of the upper and lower Silurian 
systems. Its fall is greater than that of 
any other river in Iowa, and consequently 
it possesses immense water power. Its 
water supply is maintained at all seasons 
of the year by a large number of spring- 
streams, adapting it to trout culture. 

We have now briefly described the sev- 
eral interior rivers of the State, which 
form the principal arteries in its drainage 
system. The two great rivers — the Mis- 



sissippi and Missouri — which enfold Iowa 
in their affectionate embrace, need no 
description here, for they are world-famed. 
They receive to their bosoms the grand 
tribute of Iowa's noble rivers, sent down 
to them through ten thousand sparkling 
rivulets from every one of her 55,044 
square miles of surface. 

While, to the casual observer, Iowa pre- 
sents a generally uniform surface, un- 
broken by mountains, yet the geological 
and lithological variations which have 
been noted show exposures of strata along- 
her water courses representing athickness- 
of over three thousand feet of the earth's 
crust, from the post-tertiary, or drift pe- 
riod, down through the various formations 
of the Cretaceous, Carboniferous, Devon- 
ian, Upper Silurian and Lower Silurian 
ages. In the extreme northwest part of 
the Stat ', in the valley of Big Sioux River r 
there is a fitty-feet exposure of rocks which 
geologists have determined as belonging 
even to the Azoic age, and have named it 
Sioux Quartzite. The fossil flora and 
fauna found in the various strata, especi- 
ally those of the Carboniferous age, pre- 
sent many interesting studies for the 
paleontologist. 

LAKES. 

Located upon the watersheds generally 
in the northern portion of the State are a 
number of bodies of water ,which, although 
small, are called lakes. These highland 
lakes differ essentially from the isolated 
bodies of water, also called lakes, which 
exist in the river valleys. The waters of 
the former rest directly upon the drift,, 
while the latter rest upon alluvial beds in 
depressions formed by the shifting of the 
channels of the rivers. The highland, or 
drift lakes, owing to the character of the 
beds they occupy, are finer and more beau- 
tiful bodies of water thaj the alluvial 
lakes of the river valleys. Some of them 
are of considerable depth, and their waters 
are always clear, while their surroundings 
are attractive. The lands adjacent are 
free from the marshes which usually ex- 
ist in the vicinity of the river valley lakes. 
Some of these alluvial lakes in the valleys 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



43 



of the Mississippi and Missouri are now 
above ihe highest floods of the rivers, 
receiving their supply from the drainage 
of the adjacent country, and discharging 
their surplus through outlets to the rivers. 
In such cases they present more pleasant 
features than those occupying lower situ- 
ations in the valleys. It will thus be seen 
that what we call lakes in Iowa are of two 
classes, possessing quite distinctive fea- 
tures. 

Several of our beautiful little highland 
lakes are worthy of special mention. The 
largest and most important are Spirit and 
Okoboji Lakes, in Dickinson county; 
Storm Lake, in Buena Vista county, and 
Clear Lake in Cerro Gordo county. Of 
these the first three named are all situated 
on the great watershed, dividing the east- 
ern and western drainage systems of the 
State, while Clear Lake is on the water- 
shed between Iowa and Cedar Rivers. All 
of them are pleasant little bodies of wa- 
ter, with very attractive surroundings. 

Spirit Lake occupies about twelve 
square miles of surface, and is quite uni- 
form in shape. Its northern border rests di- 
rectly upon the Iowa and Minnesota line. 
Its western shore is well wooded, while 
along other parts of its banks are light 
fringes of native timber. The shores are 
gravelly, the surrounding county- undulat- 
ing, and very fertile. 

Okoboji Lake lies directly south of 
Spirit Lake, and receives the surplus water 
of the latter through an outlet having a 
slope of six feet in the short distance be- 
tween the two lakes. In other words, the 
surface of Okoboji Lake is six feet lower 
than that of Spirit Lake. Okoboji Lake is 
quite irregular in shape, though its gener- 
al form resembles somewhat that of a horse 
shoe. From the foot of the outlet con- 
necting with Spirit Lake it extends south- 
ward about five miles, thence westward 
about the same distance, and theD north- 
ward again a distance of five miles, mak- 
ing its entire length about fifteen miles. 
It is almost divided into two parts at the 
point where it bends westward, so that the 
two parts are sometimes designated as 



East and West Okoboji, The west di- 
vision was called by the Sioux Indians 
Minnetonka, by which they meant "Big 
Water," or that it was the largest part of 
the lake. The waters of West Okoboji, 
or Minnetonka, are very deep and clear, 
with fine, gravellv beaches along some 
portions of its borders. 

The surroundings of both Spirit and 
Okoboji lakes are exceeding^ attractive. 
There are some fine groves of native tim- 
ber with a variety of wild vines and 
shrubbery bordering many portions of 
these lakes. Several kinds of excellent 
fish, as pickerel and buffalo, are abun- 
dant in both lakes, and at certain sea- 
sons of the year vast numbers of water 
fowl resort to them. These lakes also pos- 
sess historical interest as the scene of that 
fearful series of tragedies in March, 1857, 
and known in our history as the " Spirit 
Lake Massacre." Since they have been 
made easily accessible by railway many 
tourists are visiting them. 

Another lake which has attracted much 
attention as a pleasure resort is Clear 
Lake, in Cerro Gordo county. It is about 
five miles in length, and from two to three 
miles wide. Large portions of its shores 
are gravelly, and some fine groves of na- 
tive forests adjoin them in places. It is a 
pleasant sheet of water, and although not 
deep, is very clear, as its name indicates. 
The country around is undulatory, and 
very fertile. 

We now return west, to the great water- 
shed, where we find Storm Lake situated 
upon its summit. It is said that a portion 
of the surplus waters of Storm Lake flow 
into the Mississippi through the upper 
branches of Raccoon River, and another 
portion into the Missouri, through the 
headwaters of Boyer River. This lake 
embraces an area of nearly five square 
miles, and like the others we have de- 
scribed, is a clear and beautiful sheet of 
water, well stocked with fish. It is sur- 
rounded by a fine region of farming coun- 
try, but its borders are destitute of native 
groves of timber, in this respect differing 
from the other lakes described above. 



4:4: 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



During the dry seasons of the year some 
of these lakes appear to have no outlet, 
but they doubtless discharge a portion of 
their waters through the drift below the 
surface. This, however, is not the case 
with Okoboji Lake, which has an outlet 
discharging into the Little Sioux River, 
carrying its surplus water to the Missouri. 

The lakes already described are the four 
largest, in the State, but there are many 
smaller ones possessing considerable in- 
terest. Two are known by the name of 
" Wall Lake," one in Sac county, and the 
other in Wright county. The former is 
on the great watershed, with an outlet 
draining into Indian creek, an affluent of 
North Raccoon. It is quite irregular in 
shape, with its longer axis east and west, 
and covers an area of two to three square 
miles, with a depth varying from five to 
twelve feet. In calm weather its waters 
are very clear, but when high winds pre- 
vail it becomes turbid. The lake of the 
same name in Wright county lies on the 
watershed between Skunk and Iowa riv- 
ers. It is very shallow, so that the greater 
portion of it is sometimes studded with 
rushes, or a species of rank grass, grow- 
ing to a height of several feet above the 
surface of the water. This lake is 
especially noted for the feature which 
has given to these two lakes their name 
of "Wall Lake." Considerable portions 
of their borders are marked by more 
or less elevated embankments of bould- 
ers, gravel, and earth, rising in ridges 
above the water, and also considerably 
higher than the general level of 
the land on the outside. Some have 
even entertained the opinion that these 
embankments are of artificial origin, but 
there is really no sufficient reason to jus- 
tify such a conjecture. Well known 
natural causes are quite adequate to ac- 
count for these so-called "walls." They are 
only the result of the action of ice and the 
winds. The same effects are observed to 
a greater or less extent on the borders of 
all the drift-lakes in Iowa, but it is a more 
striking feature of the lakes whose waters 
are shallow. 



Twin Lakes, in Calhoun county, are 
two pretty little sheets of water, embrac- 
ing within their limits about seventeen 
hundred acres. Their shores, in places, 
are studded with boulders, having in 
some parts the appearance of rude walls, 
the result of the expansive force of ice, 
and other natural causes. The two lakes are 
separated by a narrow strip of land, and 
have their drainage through a small afflu 
ent of North Raccoon. 

Besides those described above, there 
are numerous other small lakelets in the 
northern part of the State, possessing the 
same general characteristics, such as grav- 
elly beds, clearwater, embankments along 
portions of their margins, and clean, grav- 
elly beaches along other parts. Nearly 
all of them are well stocked with fish of 
several excellent varieties. Many of them 
are also skirted in plases by small groves 
of native trees, relieving the monotony 
of the broad expanses of prairie which 
surround them. 

GENERAL WATER SUPPLY. 

The rivers and their affluents, together 
whh the lakelets, provide a bountiful sup- 
ply of excellent surface water accessible 
to man and beast in nearly every part of 
the State. In addition to these sources 
of supply, it may be stated that nowhere 
is excellent water more easily obtained by 
means of wells than in Iowa. Wells 
sunk to the depth of fifteen to forty feet 
at almost any point on our highest prai- 
ries, rarely fail to furnish excellent water 
in sufficient abundance for all domestic 
purposes. In many parts of the State 
springs abound. Nearly all the water, 
from whatever source obtained, except as 
rain, contains more or less carbonate of 
lime in solution, but is otherwise pure, 
wholesome, and excellent for all uses, ex- 
cept for washing. In several localities 
springs-possessing medicinal properties of 
great value have been discovered, and 
some of them are now attracting much at- 
tention, as those at Colfax, Des Moines, 
and Ottumwa. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



45 



PRAIRIE AHD FOREST. 

It has been estimated that -when Iowa 
was first settled by white people about 
seven-eights of its surface -was destitute 
of timber, and yet we find nothing in the 
character of the soil or the climate inimi- 
cal to the growth ot trees. On the con- 
trary, we find that since the settlement of 
the State the forests have encroached upon 
the prairies. Many kinds of timber have 
betn introduced upon the prairies, by 
planting or transplanting, and have been 
found to thrive luxuriantly. If, com. 
mencing one hundred years ago, the an- 
nual fires had been restrained from 
sweeping over the surface of Iowa, and 
such restraint continued, the first white 
settlers, fifty years ago, would have found 
Iowa a forest region. 

Those parts of the State best supplied 
with native groves are the lower portions 
of the rirer valleys, with the forests ex- 
tending in some localities out upon the 
higher lands between the rivers and along 
their tributaries. The northern and 
northwestern parts of the State have but 
few native groves of any considerable ex- 
tent. The principal bodies of timber 
when the State was first settled were 
found in the valleys of the streams, where 
ihey had been protected by natural bar- 
riers from the ravages of the fires which 
annually swept over the higher portion s 
of the country. Among the indigenous 
tiees we find several species of oak, white 
and red elm, white and sugar maple, white 
and black walnut, Cottonwood, linden, ash, 
hickory, hackberry, birch, sycamore, box 
elder and buckeye. 

THE BOULDERS. 

In traveling over the State of Iowa the 
observing tourist would scarcely fail to 
notice, here and there, those conspicuous 
objects which we commonly call boulders. 
They are seen in the valleys, in the groves 
and upon the prairies. By far the larger 
proportion of them are rocks which are 

within the 1 
of th' Before geologists had in- 

* subject, and discovered the 
f a glacial movemeni over the 



greater portion of the contirent, we could 
only call them "lost rocks." While they 
are more or less distributee! throughout 
almost our entire State, in a few localities 
they form a conspicuous feature in our 
prairie landscapes. They vary in sizes 
from small fragments that a man may 
lift to masses of fifty or more tons in 
weight. I measured one in Cherokee 
county and found it to be sixty feet in 
length and forty feet in width, with about 
twenty feet of its thickness exposed above 
the surface of the ground. It lies upon 
one of the elevations bordering the Little 
Sioux River, and is so conspicuous an 
object that from the earliest settlement 
of that region it has been known as " Pilot 
Rock." This rock, in its composition, is 
what is known as red quartzite, identical 
with that which is found " in place " far 
up on the Big Sioux River. Boulders of 
this composition largely predominate in 
the western part of the State. 

Further east we find the common gray 
and reddish granite, such as the builders 
of our new State capital have utilized for 
the ground course of that structure. In 
the central and eastern part of the State 
we find occasionally some boulders of the 
magnesian limestone formation. 

All these different varieties of rocks 
scattered loosely over Iowa have been 
traced to the ledges far to the north, from 
which they are derived. Their presence 
in Iowa is attributed to the agency of ice 
during the glacial epoch. However this 
may be, we find them here, forming in 
some places a noticeable feature in the 
physical characteristics of our State. 



CLIMATE AND HEALTH. 



TEMPERATURE — ANNUAL RAIN FALL — EX- 
TRACTS FROM PLOF. HENRICHS AND A. R. 
FULTON ON CLIMATE — PAPER BY L. F. 
ANDREWS, SECRETARY STATE BOARD OF 
HEALTH. 



C I. r MATE AN© HEALTH. 

Tl e climate in Iowa cannot be called in 
it is delightful, healihful,and 



46 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



invigorating. The pure, running water, 
with an admirable system of drainage, 
(which is fully explained in the article by 
Hon. A. R. Fulton, on "Physical Features 
of Iowa," found elsewhere in this work,) 
and an absence of swamps and sloughs 
renders the atmosphere salubrious at all 
seasons. Malarial and epidemic diseases 
are infrequent, and that scourge of some of 
the older states— fever and agU2— is seldom 
known. The sluggish humid atmosphere 
which depresses and enervates in summer 
and the chilling mists and drizzling rains 
which generate virulent fevers in winter 
are almost unknown to our climate ; so 
that persons coming to Iowa from the 
eastern states find the atmosphere invigor- 
ating and recuperative, possessed of many 
health-giving properties. The mean an- 
nual temperature is about 48 degrees 
Fahrenheit; that of summer 10% degrees, 
and of winter 23^; and the temperature 
is seldom lower than 10 degrees or higher 
than 90 degrees. The mean annual rain- 
fall during thirty years was 44.72 inches ; 
the least being 23.35, and the the greatest 
74.49 inches. Fruit trees blossom in May 
and wheat ripens in August. One writer 
in speaking of our climate, says : "The 
summers are perfectly delightful, ihe air 
being dry and bracing. The sun's heat is 
se'dom oppressive, yet warm enough to 
bring forward a luxuriant growth of grass 
aud grain. The wind is gentle and re" 
freshing, while the never failing showers 
of rain supply the ground with sufficient 
moisture to bring forth abundant harvests. 
The winters are generally quite pleasant, 
the snow being suffiicient to make good 
sleighing. The general temperatnre is 
equal, and milder than in the same lati- 
tude east of us. There is but little thaw- 
ihg from the beginning to the end of the 
winter, and consequently the roads are 
usually smooth." The healthfulness in 
comparison with other states presents 
Iowa in a favorable light. The census of 
1880 gave only four states as having 
lower rate of mortality in proportion to 
the population than Iowa, and only three 
had a less number of deaths in proportion 



to male population. Iowa has a higher 
average health record than most other 
states in the same latitude, but as expos- 
ure and neglect, as well as unforeseen 
causes will produce fevers and other dis- 
eases in any region, it is a fact that peo- 
ple in Iowa do sometimes die, although 
the general elevation of the State, its ex- 
cellent drainage, and the salubrity of its 
climate, are all favorable to heal.h The 
soil and climate of Iowa are well adapted 
to the growth of all kinds of fruits as 
well as cerals suited to this latitude, and 
when the spring is late the fall is usually 
lengthened. So that crops have time to 
mature. From Prof. Gustavus Henrichs, 
of the Iowa State University, director of 
the Iowa Weather Service, we give the fol 
lowing quotation on the climate of our 
State : 

"The climate of Iowa is temperate. 
The summers are very warm, with fre- 
quently southwesterly winds. The win- 
ters are very cold, with westerly and north- 
westerly winds prevailing, yet neither of 
these seasons is ordinarily oppressive, for 
the hot days of summer are usually fol- 
lowed by cool and clear nights, and the 
winters are particularly distinguished for 
clear calm days, with brilliant, vivifying 
insolation, and a dry, pure and invigorat- 
ing atmosphere. In the winter the mur- 
cury descends, at Iowa City, to or below 
zero on twenty-two days, which may be 
called very 'cold days.' In summer we 
have, ordinarily, twenty-six 'hot days,' on 
which the thermometer rises to or above 
eighty-six degrees in the shade. In spring, 
chilly and damp easterly and northeasterly 
winds occur, but the temperature is usu- 
ally rapidly ascending toward the sum- 
mer warmth. The number of warm davs 
reaching, or exceeding, sixty-eight de- 
grees, at Iowa City, is, in March one, 
April four, May seventeen. During the 
fall season the temperature sinks but very 
slowly until the middle of November. 
Spells of beautiful hazy weather occur in 
October, and even in November, and con- 
stitute the so-called "Indian summer." 
At Iowa City frosts begin in October 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



47 



(usually), and are very frequent in No- 
vember, during which the mercury usu- 
ally reaches the zero once before winter. 
The fall season is, in many respects, the 
most beautiful and also the healhiest in 
our year. 

"The rain-fall of Iowa exceeds that of 
many eastern States much nearer the At- 
lantic. Our rains usually set in with 
southeasterly winds coming up from the 
Gulf of Mjexico. During the rain storm, 
or snow storm, the wind 'bucks' toward 
the east and northeast, if the storm in- 
creases in severity south of us. If the 
wind veers, that is, turns through south 
towards the west and northwest, the 
storm is more severe north of the station 
in Iowa. In this case a great depression 
of the temperature usually follows the 
storm. The great northwest storms of 
winter, called blizzards in Iowa, are 
nearly always preceded by a rain or snow 
storm from the southeast, and mild 
weather, which makes the rapidly ap- 
proaching and very severe cold of the 
** blizzard" so much the more intensely 
felt. 

"The greatest amount of rain usually 
falls during the months of June and Sep- 
tember; the least in February and mid- 
summer, when injurious droughts may 
occur. Snow, ordinarily, falls first in Oc- 
tober and last in April. 

" Iowa is not a dry State, so far as rain- 
fall and the growth of crops is concerned ; 
in fact, on the whole, damage is done to 
crops from too much rain-fall than from 
droughts, but, as the surface of the State 
is generally rolling, the drainage is excel- 
lent, and the injury from floods is lim- 
ited. 

"Few agricultural regions^in the world 
are so well provided, both with rain-fall 
and sunshine, as in Iowa; this fact, to- 
gether with the frequence of thunder 
storms in summer, accounts for the gener- 
ally large returns yielded by the soil. 
That injurious droughts really are very 
rare in Iowa, and that it therefore is ut- 
terly incorrect to name Iowa with the dry 
States proper, which do often suffer from 



droughts and the attendant pest of grass- 
hopper, may be seen from the following 
enumeration of all droughts which have 
occurred in midde eastern Iowa, at Iowa 
City, during twenty years, and in the grow- 
ing season, from the first of March till the 
first of September: 

"During the past twenty years, and 
during the spring season, from the first of 
March to the last of May, there have but 
three times been a period during which, 
at Iowa City in thirty days less than half 
an inch fell ; there never was a period of 
thirty days without any rain. The six dry 
spells are the only periods of thirty days 
with but half an inch of rainfall that have 
occured at Iowa City in twenty years, and 
only one of these spells may properly be 
called an injurious drought. There are, 
undoubtedly, very few parts of the United 
States that can show a better record than 
this. 

" In fine, the climate of Iowa develops 
a rich vegetation, ripens abundant har- 
vests, and is favorable to the growth of a 
strong, sinewey, and active race." 

Judge Fulton, to whom we have al- 
ready referred in this article, says in. his 
pamphlet entitled " Iowa, the Home for 
Immigrants:" 

" The opinion may prevail to some ex- 
tent that the climate, esp ecially of North- 
ern Iowa, is rigorous, and the winters long 
and severe. It is true that the mercury 
usually sinks lower than in the States 
farther south, but at the same time the 
atmosphere is dry and invigorating, and 
the seasons not marked by the frequent 
and sudden changes which are experienced 
in latitudes further south. The winters 
are equally as pleasant and more healthful 
than in the Eastern or Middle States. 
Pulmonary and other diseases, arising 
from frequent changes of temperature, and 
miasmatic influences, are almost unknown , 
unless contracted elsewhere. Winter 
usually commences in December and ends 
in March. The spring, summer and fall 
months are delightful. Iowa is noted for 
the glory and beauty of its autumns. The 
gorgeous season denominated " Indian 



48 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Summer" cannot be described, and in 
Iowa it is peculiarly charming. Day after 
day, for weeks, the sua is veiled in a hazy 
splendor, while the forests are tinged with 
the most gorgeous hues, imparting to all 
nature something of the enchantments of 
fairy-land. Almost imperceptibly, these 
golden days merge into winter, which 
holds its stern reign without the disagree- 
able changes experienced in other climes, 
until "spring ushers in another season of 
life and beauty. And so the seasons pass, 
year after year, in our beautiful and 
healthful Iowa." 

The following paper was prepared by 
L. F. Andrews, the efficient Secretary of 
the Iowa State Board ot Health: 



VITAL STATISTICS OF IOWA. 

Iowa State Board of Health, 
Des Moines, Nov. 1, 1884. 

The health and prosperity of a State in- 
volves several elements. The climate, 
soil, water, drainage and temperature de- 
termine to a great degree its sanitary con- 
dition. 

Iowa in form is nearly a parallelogram, 
lying between 43 degrees, 30 minutes lati- 
tude north, and 40 degrees 3(5 minutes 
latitude south. Its eastern line is the 
Mississippi River, at 90 degrees 30 min- 
utes west from Greenwich; its western 
line is the Missouri River, at 96 degrees 
30 minutes. From its south to its north 
line is two hundred miles, and nearly 
three hundred miles from its east to its 
west line. Its area is over fifty thousand 
square miles, and contains 3,520,000 acres 
of arable land. 

When thrown up by some upheaval of 
the earth's crust from the water which 
covered its entire surface, it was left in an 
inclined position, the highest poing being 
in the northwest corner, the declination 
being to the southeast. A ridge or " di- 
vide," so called, west of the Des Moines 
River, extends diagonally across the State, 
east of which the rivers flow southeast to 
the Mississippi, and west of it to the Mis- 



souri, so that more than two-thirds of the 
rivers of the State flow to the southeast. 
At the northwest part of the State the 
elevation above sea level is about seven 
teen hundred feet, or nearly eleven hun- 
dred feet above that at the southeast. The 
bed of the Missouri River is nearly four 
hundred feet above that of the Mississippi 
River. The natural drainage of the State 
is therefore excellent. 

The soil is a drift, consisting of liine, 
sand, clay and vegetable matter — the ac- 
cumulation of ages, which came from the 
north and is remarkably fertile. It is 
moist, so that water exists at a slight 
depth over the entire State. The constitu- 
ents of the drift causes the water in nearly 
all rivers and wells to be hard, yet so far 
as investigation has been made it does not 
affect the public health. The organic 
matter therein seems to be of vegetable 
origin and not objectionable for dietetic 
use. 

The general surface of the State is un- 
dulating or billowy .There are no extended 
marshes, swamps or sloughs. Those that 
do exist can be easily drained ; therefore 
there are no breeding places for malarial 
diseases. 

While the climate of the State is not af- 
fected materially by its topography, it is- 
clearly modified thereby, it is near the 
center of the great Western Plain, beyond 
the sweep of Atlantic storms, and protect- 
ed by the Rocky Mountains from the 
moisture-laden winds of the Pacific. The 
winter is mild, spring comes early, and 
summer though warm, is followed by a 
genial, pleasant autumn. The tempera- 
ture is uniform throughout the year, the 
average mean since 1839 being 47.47 de- 
grees. 

The geographical position of the State, 
gives it a medium climate, favorable to 
health. 

The State Board of Health was organ- 
ized by enactment of the legislature, in 
1880. There has, therefore, not sufiiient 
time elapsed to perfect and put in opera- 
tion a complete system of sanitary and hy- 
gienic regulations, nor to secure sufficient 



IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 



49 



vital statistics on which to predict or es- 
tablish conclusions ; but sufficient, how- 
ever, has been gathered to show that a 
large proportion of the diseases prevalent 
in the State are clearly preventable, and 
the result of local causes. Those diseases 
which are most fatal and non-preventable 
are comparatively few. A proper educa- 
tion of the masses in saDitary matiers is 
therefore only necessary to secure immun- 
ity from those diseases which now largely 
make up the mortality rate. The statis- 
tics already gained show beyond question 
that under the sanitary regulations now 
but partially enforced the mortality rate 
is being steadily decreased and zymotic 
diseases controlled. 

Miasmatic diseases are gradually reced- 
ing under the process of cultivation and 
under-drainage of the soil, and the culti- 
vation of timber, most efficient remedies 
for their extinction. 

Malarial diseases give a death rate to 
total deaths only '4 per cent. 

That nothing is so costly as sickness is 
Tincontroverted. Self-protection and econ- 
omy suggest the remedy. The State Board 
of Health has sought to provide the rem- 
edy by educating the people as to the im- 
portance of sanitary regulations. It has 
prepared rules and regulations in several 
languages for the restriction and preven- 
tion of contagious diseases, which have 
been disseminated over the State. Local 
Boards of Health auxiliary to the State 
Board, exists by law in every township* 
city and town in the State. In every in- 
stance where, on the outbreak of a con- 
tagious disease, the regulations of the 
State Board have been enforced, the dis- 
ease was quickly controlled and extermin- 
ated. Unquestionably progress is beiDg 
made in sanitary matters. The results al- 
ready attained demonstrate the value of 
the work of the State Board in the dimin- 
ished loss of life, suffering and cost. 

The population of Iowa in 1870 was 
1,194,020; in 1880 it was 1,624,615; 
an increase of 430,595, or 36 per cent, in 
ten years. At this ratio of increase the 
population is now not less than 1,753,792. 



The total number of deaths reported for 
the year 1870 was 10,568, which is evident- 
ly below the actual number, as the U, S. 
census report for that year gives the num- 
ber at 19.337, to which should be added 
not less than 33 per cent, as having been 
omitted by the enumerat >rs. This would 
give the total deaths for that year at 25,836, 
or a mortality rate of 16 to 1,000 of living 
population. The number of deaths report- 
ed for 1882 is 8,295 ; a decrease of 2,373 for 
the year, with an increase of population 
of of 43,059. Of the total deaths for 1880, 
2.999 were of children under five years of 
age, or over 33 per cent. Of these, 541 
were caused from diphtheria ; 309 from 
cholera, infantum; 213 from measles; 
215 from scarlet fever; 218 from cer- 
ebro-spinal fever; 129 from whoop- 
ing cough — all preventable diseases. 
The total deaths under five years for 
1881, were 4,062; of which 1,158 were 
from diphtheria ; 467 from scarlet fever ; 
264 from cerebrospinal fever; 185 from 
whooping cough; 98 from measles; 533 
from cholera infantum. The decrease in 
mortality of those under five years of age 
from 1881 was 1,073, which may safely be 
ascribed to the more general enforcement 
of sanitary regulations. 



AGRICULTURE. 



AREA OF ARABLE LAND — SOIL — CLIMATE 
— WATER— GRASSES — CEREALS — STATIS- 
TICS, ETC. 

Iowa is pre-eminently an agricultural 
State, and whatever inducements at pres- 
ent or in the future may be offered to per- 
sons engaged in the various pursuits of 
life the essential fact remains that the 
true source of her gieatness and grandeur 
lies in the capacity of her soil to supply 
those staples necessary for the sustenance 
of mankind. This prosperous common- 
wealth is one grand garden, the produc- 
tiveness of whose area is attested by the 
rich harvests of grain and other products 
annually taken from it, and to this, in a 
great measure, she owes her rapid devel 



50 



IOWA RESOURCES AliD INDUSTRIES. 



opnient in all those improvements and 
enterprises so essential to the comfort and 
convenience of her citizens, leading all 
the other States in non-productive area, 
which is less than five per cent, of her 
85,228,000 acres. Iowa has been justly 
styled " the Eden of American agricul- 
ture," for her soil is unsurpassed in its 
adaptability to the raising of all kinds of 
cereals, and larger crops can be raised, 
with equal labor, than in any other State 
in the Union. Such is the nature of the 
soil that it successfully resists the effect 
either of drouth or rain to a degree that 
renders an utter failure of crops almost 
impossible. The effect of these drouths 
or wet seasons is to lessen the number of 
bushels in her productions, but always to 
leave a good average crop. Farming in 
Iowa is not so laborious as in many other 
States, the surface being entirely free from 
stones and rocks, except where nature, by 
some freak, has planted a huge boulder, 
solitary and alone, out on the prairie. Of 
late years farm machinery has been 
brought to such perfection as to render 
the labor of the farm much less arduous 
than heretofore, and the ease given in 
cultivation by the use of this improved 
machinery, and the greatly augmented 
transportation facilities for the disposal of 
their surplus products, either of grain or 
live stock, render the farmer's life one of 
comparative profit and independence. 
Blessed with a soil that is rich, fertile and 
easily cultivated, and with a system of 
drainage so nearly perfect as to leave 
scarcely a section of land without a stream 
of living water upon it, and having up- 
wards of seven thousand miles of railroads 
within her borders to carry off her sur- 
plus products, and to give us access to 
all the leading markets of the country, 
Iowa, as an agricultural State, is unsur- 
passed. Then, too, there never was in the 
history of the world so large a number of 
intelligent and enterprising farmers as at 
present, who are, by scientific skill and 
careful experiment, elevating the social 
and financial condition of agriculture. 
Although Iowa is justly considered a 



prairie State, yet along the banks of the 
numerous streams are found groves of 
native timber, including many varieties 
which are valuable for fuel and building 
purposes. The surface of the country is 
gently undulating throughout the State, 
with no elevations which can properly be 
called mountains, and only along the 
channels of some of the principal rivers 
do they rise to any considerable height. 
To persons desirous cf opening new farms, 
the prairie offers many advantages over a 
timbered country, and in the summer 
with its luxuriant grasses and its flowers 
of almost every hue, presents the aspect 
of a garden rather than a wilderness. 
These grasses, instead of being coarse and 
destitute of nutrition, are almost equal to 
tame grasses, and afford excellent pastur- 
age for stock. 

The Iowa farmer, having no stones or 
stumps to remove, finds his farm clear 
and already prepared for cultivation, so 
that he may plow his land, plant his crops, 
and reap such a harvest the first year as 
will abundantly reward his labor. The 
richness of Iowa soil is attested by the 
fact that as many as twenty successive 
crops have been gathered from a single 
field, without the use of fertilizers. In 
the variety of her products, she is unex- 
celled by any of the Northwestern States. 
Corn is the most reliable crop, is more ex- 
tensively cultivated than any other, and 
yields from sixty to one hundred bushels 
per acre. It is an unfailing crop, no mat- 
ter what the season may be. The other 
principal products of the soil are wheat, 
oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, and flax. 
The average yield of wheat is from eigh- 
teen to twenty-five bushels, of excellent 
quality, and the flour manufactured from 
it compares favorably with that raised in 
any of the western States. Oats is a relia. 
ble crop, and averages from fifty to sev- 
enty-five bushels per acre, according to the 
season. Barley, rye, and buckwheat pro- 
duce good crops, while the culture of flax 
is so successful that it has become quite 
extensive in many parts of the State. 
Broom corn and hops are raised in consid- 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



51 



erable quantities, while all varieties of 
vegetables, including potatoes, turnips, 
beets, onions, peas, beans, sweet potatoes, 
melons, and many others are grown in 
abundance, and with good profit. 

In regard to the production of sorghum 
in Iowa, it is a crop which never fails, and 
the time is approaching when the manu- 
facture of sugar will be one of the leading 
productive industries of the State. Prof. 
Knapp, of the Iowa Agricultural College, 
says : 

" The product of sorghum syrup in Iowa 
has ranged from one hundred and twenty 
to two hundred gallons per acre, possibly 
averaging one hundred and forty gallons, 
which has sold at fifty cents a gallon. 

" One acre cleared about fifty dollars 
profit, besides the satisfaction of having 
honest syrup. 

" One gallon of syrup is worth, for fam- 
ily use, two and a half times the glucose 
purchased at the store." 

We also quote the following from the 
report for 18S3, of Hon. J. R. Shaffer, 
Secretary of the State Agricultural So- 
ciety : 

" In June, 1883, 254 townships reported 
24.341 acres planted, and the condition 84 
per cent from 457 townships. In the July 
report 366 correspondents report an in- 
creased area, and 14 a decrease ; 553 town- 
ships reported the conditiou at 86 per cent. 
The product of syrup in 1867 was 2,994,557 
gallons; 1869, 2,592,393 gallons; 1875, 
1,386,908 gallons; 1880,2,037,398 gallons. 
The estimated acreage for 1883 is 30,000 ; 
the yield is 88 gallons per acre, giviDg a 
product of 2,640.000 gallons ; market price, 
54 cents per gallon, a crop worth $1,425,- 
600. 

'Wherever a good syrup can be produced 
sugar may also be made;, perhaps not in 
so large proportion or of equal quality, 
with that made from the cane of the semi- 
tropical regions. Sugar has been made 
from Amber cane and other varieties in 
paying quantities, and the experiments 
now being made will verify the oft-repeat- 
ed predictions of this Society that Iowa 
can safely guarantee to make its own su- 
gar, and after a time export it." 



FARM PRODUCTS OF IOWA, TAKEN FROM 
THE REPORT OF THE TENTH FED- 
ERAL CENSUS, IN 1880. 

There were 19,866,541 acres improved* 
and 4,886,159 acres unimproved land in 
farms and 2,312,659 acres in natural tim- 
ber. There were raised, of corn, 6,616,- 
144 acres, producing 276,024,247 bushels ; 
wheat, 4,049'288 acres producing 31,154,- 
205 bushels; oats, 1,507,577 acres, produc- 
ing 50,610,591 bushels; barley, 198,861 
acres producing 4,022,588 bushels; rye, 
102,607 acres, producing 518,605 bushels ; 
buckwheat, 16,318 acres, producing 
1,518,605 bushels; flax, 185,918 acres, pro- 
ducing 1,571,707 bushels; sorghum, 23,735 
acres, producing 2,037,398 gallons of 
syrup; potatoes, 121,358 acres, producing 
9,962537 bushels; hay 3,613,941 tons; 55,- 
481,958 pounds of butter, exclusive of 
creameries; 1,075,988 pounds of cheese, 
exclusive of factories; 2,971,975 pounds 
of wool ; 2,612,036 cattle ; 0,034,316 hogs ; 
455,359 sheep; 792,322 horses, and the 
value of eggs and poultry was $4,600,000. 

From the foregoing figures it will be 
seen that a large proportion of Iowa's 
wealth consists in her agricultural pro- 
ducts. In the meantime, the various in- 
dustries which enable a people to live upon 
their own productions, are increasing. So 
long as the channels of the river?, and 
the lakes afforded the only highways of 
commerce, and the West beyond her was an 
uninhahited wilderness, this State suffer- 
ed from these disadvantages, but with the 
opening of the great trans-continental 
railways, the settlement of the great West, 
and the mineral wealth produced by those 
states, these disadvantages disappeared, 
and with a judicious development of her 
resources, the encouragement- of indus- 
trial as well as agricultural pursuits, with 
a continuance of the financial integrity 
which has always characterized the State, 
and with the standard of morality and ed- 
ucation ever advancing, the grandest pos- 
sibilities of any state in the Mississippi 
Valley are now within her reach. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, 



AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 

BY J. R. SHAFFER, SECRETARY STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

This table shows the estimated number of acres in cultivation, the yield per acre,, 
bushels produced, price per bushel, and value of products, and the stock, butter, 
cheese, poultry and eggs, in 1884: 

Yield 

CROP. No. of per Total Market Value of 

Acres. Acre. Product. Price. Crop. 

Corn 7,210,000 86 259,560.000 $.24 $62,294,400 

Wheat 2,694.532 13 35,028,916 .55 19,265,904 

Oats 2,082,378 31 64,553,718 .20 12,910,744 

Rve 111,920 16 1,790,720 .38 680,473 

Barley 176,900 24 4,245.600 .34 1,443,504 

Buckwheat 17,100 11 188,100 .78 146,718 

Max 300,000 9 2,700,000 1.04 2,808,000 

Irish Potatoes 128,500 98 12,593,000 .27 2.400,110 

Sweet Potatoes 3,530 95 335,350 .90 301,815 

Sorghum 31,350 98 3,072,300 gal. .46 1,413,258 

Hay 3,500,000 1% 5,250,000 tons 4.42 23,305.000 

TirnothySeed., 4^ 1,800,000 1.17 2,106,000 

Clover Seed 2^ 50,000 5.18 259,000 

Millet Seed 300,000 

Total. . $129,634,926- 

STOCK, BUTTER, CHEESE, POULTRY AND EGGS. 

Number of cattle 2,800,000 @ $15. 00 value, $ 42,000,000 

Number of horses 790,000® 50 . 00 " 39,500,000 

Number of hogs 5,000 000@ 3.00 " 15,000,000 

Number of sheep 450,000® 2.00 " 900,000 

Wool clip, pounds 2,500,000® 20 " 500 000 

Butter, pounds ... 60,000,OCO@ 12^ " 7,500\000 

Cheese, pounds 1,000,000® 10 " 100,000 

Poultry, number 8,500.000® 10 " 850 000 

Eggs, dozens 32,000,000® 8 " 2,560,000 

Total $108,910,000 

Total products of the farm $238,544,926 



HORTICULTURE. 



IOWA'S honors in competition with 

OTHER STATES — APPLES — OTHER FRUITS 
— LISTS RECOMMENDED BY THE STATE 
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



HORTICULTURAL. 

Iowa has for years taken the first prem- 
ium at the National and State exhibitions, 
for the finest and greatest number of va- 
rieties of apples, true to name, which our 
State Horticultural Society holds the med- 



als to attest. It has long since been fully- 
demonstrated that this is one of the best 
fruit-growing states in the Union, and the 
beanty and flavor of her orchard products 
have not been surpassed. Since our hor- 
ticulturists have cultivated the varieties- 
adapted to this climate, we have no diffi- 
culty in raising apples in abundance. 
What is true of apples may be said of 
cherries, plums, pears, and smaller fruits. 
From the latest data at our command, it is- 
estimated that Iowa has upward of 4.000,- 
000 bearing apple trees, and at least an 
equal number of other varieties of fruit 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



53 



trees. Among the many extensive or- 
chards in Iowa we will mention but one, 
which is situated in Mahaska county, con- 
taining 160 acres, and whose average 
yield is fifty thousand bushels of the 
finest apples produced anywhere. The 
superior quality of Iowa apples is becom- 
ing well-known and appreciated in the 
eastern markets, and her horticulturists 
are entirely satisfied with her present po 
sition, as tbe leading apple raising State 
in the Union. In the records of the State 
Horticultural Society we find the follow- 
ing: 

"At the American Pomological conven- 
tion, at Richmond, Virginia, in the fall of 
1871, Iowa took first premium for best ex- 
hibit of apples, awarded by a committee 
of experts of which Chas. Downing was 
chairman. The above award shows what 
Iowa could do in the production of ap- 
ples where she came in competition with 
such old fruit producing states as Michi- 
gan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, ZSTew 
York and all New England and the border 
states of the south. In 1875, at the Amer- 
ican Pomological Convention in Chica- 
go, the highest award for apples was given 
to the State of Iowa. In 1876, at the Cen- 
tennial Exhibition, the State of Iowa re- 
ceived the highest award on an exhibit of 
two thousand plates of apples, includ- 
ing three hundred and forty-two varieties 
of apples. One exhibitor, James Smith 
of Polk county, displayed 160 varieties, 
true to name, and received the highest 
award for the same. 

"Our State Horticultural Society receiv- 
ed four highest awards, and individuals of 
the State received nine awards on apples 
and pears. In 1S79, at the convention of 
the American Pomological Society, held 
in Rochester. New York, the "Wilder med- 
al, the highest award, was given to the 
State Horticultural Society for the largest 
and best exhibition of apples. At the 
last named exhibition there were exhibits 
from over twenty States. 

••The State Horticultural Society has 
several silver medals, won in competition 
with other states, for best exhibits of ap- 



ples. The above is conclusive evidence 
that Iowa can and does produce not only 
apples, but apples of a superior quality. 
It may be said by some that the exhibits 
made by this State at various times came 
from the south half of the State; such is 
the fact to a certain extent, bur out of the 
342 varieties exhibited at the Centennial 
exhibition, in 1876, over 100 of them came 
from the north half of the State." 

In all the conventions of the American 
Pomological Society which have been 
held during the last ten years, Iowa has 
taken the first prize for the best exhibi- 
tion of apples, and last, but not least, the 
first prize on apples was awarded to our 
State at the World's Industrial and Cotton 
Centennial Exposition, at Xew Orleans, in 
'So. The success of Iowa horticulturists at 
these conventions removed the steadfast 
belief m the minds of the people of the 
eastern states, that Iowa was not a fruit 
producing state, and it also give an im- 
petus to orchard planting, the effect of 
which is still manifest in the increased 
interest shown in horticulture. Iowa is 
divided into three fruit growing regioas, 
known as the northern, central and south- 
ern districts, and apples are raised more 
extensively in the southern district, which 
is due to the fact that this portion of the 
State is more heavily timbered, and as a 
conseqnerce, orchards have better pro- 
tection. In the northern section groves 
have been extensively planted for the bet- 
ter protection of orchards, thus brioging 
the northern and southern districts into 
more of an equality in this regard, and 
the result is that entire Iowa is rapidly be- 
coming one grand apple raising State. 
Iowa horticulturists, however, do not con- 
fine their labor to the growth aud propa- 
gation of apples alone, but during the 
past few years much attention has been 
given to the culture of pears, Siberian and 
Trancendent crabs, plums, cherries, cur- 
rants, strawberries, raspberries, gooseber- 
ries, and especially grapes, which are 
grown in great abundance and of the finest 
quality, as this delicious fruit has proved 
successful wherever it has been tried in 
Iowa. 



54: 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



In those sections of the State, where 
tame fruits have not yet been cultivated, 
the wild fruits serve as an excellent sub 
stitute, as the native groves of Iowa yield 
many fruits of excellent quality and 
flavor, including grapes and plums of 
several varieties, gooseberries, raspberries, 
strawberries, blackberries, and crab ap- 
ples. These native fruits have been suc- 
cessfully transplanted and cultivated, in 
many instances, thereby increasing their 
size and general excellence. We give be- 
low the list of fruits recommended by 
the State Horticultural Society for culti- 
vation in the different fruit districts of 
Iowa. 



FRUITS RECOMMENDED BY THE 

IOWA STATE HORTICULTURAL 

SOCIETY. 



NORTHERN FRUIT DISTRICT 
AFPLE LIST. 



NORTHERN 



Summer — Oldenburg and Tetofsky ; for 
the south part of the district and more 
sparingly in the north, Cole's Quince and 
Williams' Favorite. 

Autumn — Gros Pomier, Wealthy, Utter's 
Red, Plumb's Cider, Sweet Pear, and St. 
Lawrence. 

Winter — Walbridge, Fameuse, and Tall- 
man Sweet. Allen's Choice is recommend- 
ed for planting in the south part of the 
district. 

Crabs— Whitney's No. 20, Briars Sweet, 
Hyslop . 

Cherries — Early Richmond, English 
Morello, and Late Richmond. 

Grapes — Concord, Worden, Janesville 
and for trial, Moore's Early, and Coe. 

Plums— Miner and De Soto. 

Raspberries — Doolittle, Mammoth Clus- 
ter, and Turner. 

Blackberries — Sn y der . 

Strawberries— Crescent Seedling, Red 
Jacket, Green Prolific. 

Currants — Red Dutch, White Grape, 
White Dutch, and Victoria. 

Gooseberries— Houghton. 

Asparagus — Common Seedlings. 



CENTRAL FRUIT DISTRICT — APPLES. 

Summer — Red June, Early Harvest, 
Oldenburg, Williams' Favorite, Red As- 
trachan, Early Pennock, Benoni, Sops of 
Wine. 

Autumn — Cole's Quince, Lowell, Au- 
tumn Strawberry, Dyer, Porter, Fam- 
euse. 

Winter — Jonathan, Winesap, Ben Davis, 
Rawle's Janet, Willow, Dominie, Grimes' 
Golden, Fulton, White Winter Pearmain, 
Paradise Wintei\ Sweet, Tallman Sweet, 
Wagener. 

Crabs — Hyslop and Whitney's No, 20. 

Small Fruits: Grapes — Concord, and for 
trial, Moore's Early, Worden, Elvira, and 
Coe. 

Strawberries — Crescent, Charles Down- 
ing, Downer's Prolific, and Wilson. For 
trial, Bidwell, Cumberland Triumph, and 
Glendale, 

Currants— Red and White Dutch, and 
Victoria. 

Raspberries — Gregg, Mammoth Cluster. 
Doolittle, and Turner. 

Bl ackberries — Snyder . 

Gooseberries — Downing. 

FRUIT LIST FOR SOUTHERN DISTRICT — AP- 
PLES FOR FAMILY ORCHARD. 

Summer— Early Harvest, Red Astra- 
khan, Oldenburg, Red Stripe, Coopei's 
Early White, Sweet June. 

Autumn — Maiden's Blush, Dyer, Low- 
ell, Mother, Fall Wine, Rambo, Jersey 
Sweet, Wealthy, and Fameuse. 

Winter — Jonathan, Grimes' Golden, 
Winesap, Willow, Wagener, White Pip- 
pin, Roman Stem, Rawle's Janet, Ben 
Davis, Smith's Cider, Tallman Sweet, 
Rome Beauty (the latter for sandy soils). 

Pears and Plums: Pears— Osband's 
Summer, Beurre Gifford, Clapp's Favor- 
ite, Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Belle Lu- 
crative, 'White Doyenne, Seckel, Sheldon, 
Beurre d'Anjou, Lawrence. (These are in 
order of ripening.) 

Plums — Lombard, Miner, De Soto. 

Small fruits: Grapes — Moore's Early, 
Ives, Concord, Worden, Delaware, Coe, 
Lady. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



55 



Raspberries — Mammoth Cluster, Gregg, 
Turner, Cuthbert. 

Strawberries — Crescent, Charles Down- 
ing, Cumberland Triumph. 

Blackberries — Snyder. 

Gooseberries — Houghton, Smiths, and 
Downing. 

Currants— Red Dutcb, White Dutch , 
Versailles. 

Cherries — Early Richmond, English 
Morello. 



FORESTRY. 



TIMBER SUPPLY —NATIVE GROWTH— CULTI- 
VATION OF TIMBER— ACT OF THE LEGIS- 
LATURE FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF 
FORESTRY AND ORCHARD PLANTING — 
LIST RECOMMENDED BT THE STATE HOR- 
CULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Although Iowa has no extensive forests, 
she is by no means destitute of timber, as 
2,312,659 acres of her soil is covered with 
a growth of Dative woods, including oak, 
maple, elm, cottonwood, hickory, cedar, 
walnut, linden, ash, box elder, buckeye, 
birch, sycamore, and otber varieties, whicb 
are found principally along the banks of 
the rivers and streams, although occasion- 
ally groves covering from ten to fifty acres 
are found on the higher elevations. Ac- 
cording to the natural distributien of trees 
in the State, a narrow strip of timber of 
heavy growth borders the Missouri, an- 
other the Des Moines, and a broader tract 
extends along the Mississippi River, 
reaching back to the Iowa River in the 
northeast, so that the eastern and south- 
eastern portions of the State were about 
one-eighth to one-fifth covered with tim- 
ber. It requires but a few years for cer- 
tain varieties to mature in Iowa, ten or 
twelve years being sufficient to render 
them fit for fuel, fencing or building pur- 
poses, and our people are wise enough to 
see that it is to their advantage to plant 
trees, not only for these purposes, but for 
beauty and comfort as well. Many artifi- 
cial groves, planted during the last ten or 
fifteen years, have now attained a growth 



sufficient to render them valuable for a 
variet}*of uses, and inany farmers in Iowa 
have to-day a supply of timber suitable 
for fuel and fencing. The Hon. C. E. 
Whiting says: 

" Timber-growing is no longer an ex- 
periment, but. with care, a certain and 
complete success. 

" If planted in bel^s around the farm, 
the protection is worth more than the rent 
of the land on which the timber stands. 
Ail the timber which I have planted, or 
will plant under the present law, will 
stand, when ten years old, without having 
cost me a cent. 

" It renders a farm so much more com- 
fortable, beautiful, and attractive as a 
home, and so much more valuable if we 
ever wish to sell. 

" One can hardly look on these beauti- 
ful groves, with their cocl shade in sum- 
mer, and protection in winter, without a 
feeUng of self conscious satisfaction that 
he has done one good thing for himself, 
for his State, and for his posterity." 

Those best informed as to how and what 
to plant, are generally of the opinion that 
a mixture of the various kinds is better, 
and many in Iowa are now following this 
theory; but too many of the groves in 
Iowa, planted in the past, present too 
much of a monotony, being all soft maple 
or some other variety, while, says one 
writer, " the grouping together of certain 
trees is grateful to them all." Hon. J. J. 
Thomas, a prominent New York horticul- 
turist, says " it is the opinion of some 
planters that a heavier growth may be ob- 
tained from a given extent of land by in- 
termixing different kinds, each of which 
may draw different ingredients from the 
soil, or extend their roots into the earth at 
various depths." In regard to this sub- 
ject, Prof. J. L. Budd, of the Iowa Agri- 
cultural College, says: 

11 In Europe, where tree-planting is 
more of a science, and to which our Na- 
tional Horticultural. Society proposes 
sending learned men to take lessons in 
tree planting, it is one of their rules not to 
confine a grove to any one species, but the 



56 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



greater tlie mixture the better the success. 
One species of tree obtains from the soil 
all the elements suitable for its growth, 
while it leaves or rejects that which is 
suitable for another species. The differ- 
ent writers upon the subject have not set- 
tled the exact reason why a heavier growth 
and longer life were guaranteed to trees 
when there is a general mixture of the 
species of forestry, yet experiment and 
observation have established the fact." 

Hon. Suel Foster, of Muscatine, one of 
our most reliable horticulturists, says: 

" A tree is the grandest product of the 
vegetable kingdom, and I submit for the 
consideration of this society if trees are 
not the most serviceable to man of any- 
thing that grows out of the earth. If land 
owners will appreciate and learn the art, 
trade and work of timber culture they 
will find it pleasant, attractive and profit- 
able." 

In the last few years there has been a 
great increase of timber planting in Iowa, 
and many fine groves have resulted from 
it, which not only furnish shelter, fuel 
and material for building, but add greatly 
to the beauty and variety of the scenery, 
enhancing the value of farm property and 
presenting a varied landscape of exceed- 
ing loveliness. The planting of trees has 
received much encouragement from the 
State, which offers a bounty in the way of 
exemption of taxes for the planting 
and culture of fruit and forest trees. The 
law providing for these exemptions is as 
follows: To encourage forestry and or- 
chard planting in Iowa. 

Section 798 of Title 6, Chapter 1, of the 
Code, as amended by the Seventeenth Gen- 
eral Assembly. 

" For every acre of forest trees planted 
and cultivated for timber within the State, 
the trees thereon not being more than 
twelve feet apart and kept in a healthy 
condition, the sum of one hundred dollars 
shall be exempted from taxation upon the 
owner's assessment, for ten years after 
each acre is so planted ; provided that such 
exemption be applied only to the realty 
owned by the party claiming the exemp- 



tion, not to exceed each one hundred and 
sixty acres of land, upon which the trees 
are grown and in a growing condition. 

"For every acre of fruit trees planted and 
suitably cultivated within the State, the 
trees thereon not being more than thirty- 
three feet apart and kept in a healthy 
condition, the sum of fifty dollars shall 
be exempted from taxation upon the own- 
er's assessment, for five years after each 
acre is planted. Such exemption shall be 
made by the assessor at the time of the 
annual assessment, upon satisfactory proof 
that the party claiming the same has com- 
plied with this section; and the assessor 
shall return to the board of equalization 
the name of each person claiming exemp- 
tion, the quantity of land planted to tim- 
ber or forest trees, and the amount 
deducted from the valuation of his prop- 
erty." 

We append a list of the varieties recom- 
mended by the State Horticultural Society 
for cultivation in this State : 

Silver leaf maple, soft maple, recom- 
mended for shelter-belt, fuel and orna- 
ment. 

Sugar maple, black maple, for sugar, 
ornament and fuel. 

Honey maple, ash-leaf maple, box-elder, 
for sugar, fuel, shelter and ornament. 

Red maple, soft maple, for shelter-belt, 
fuel and ornament. 

Sugar maple, rock maple, for sugar and 
ornament. 

Balsam fir, for shelter-belt, balsam and 
ornament. 

Douglas spruce, for shelter-belt, orna- 
ment and manufacture. 

White spruce, for shelter-belt, ornament 
and manuiacture. 

Norway spruce, for shelter-belt, orna- 
ment and manufacture. 

Black spruce, for shelter-belt and orna- 
ment. 

Sweet buckeye, for ornament in south, 
half of State. 

Horse chestnut, for ornament in south 
half of State. 

Tree of Heaven, for manufacture and 
ornament in south half of State. 



IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 



oi 



Yellow birch, for manufacture, orna- 
ment snd shelter-belt 

Sweet birch, for manufacture, ornament, 
shelter-belt and fuel. 

Black birch, for fuel and ornament. 

Paper birch, for shelter-belt and orna- 
ment. 

Barberry (a shrub), for hedge and orna- 
ment. 

Shell-bark hickory, for manufacture, 
fuel, ornament and fruit. 

Bitter-nut hickory, swamp hickory, for 
manufacture and fuel. 

Pignut, o<- broom hickory, for manufac- 
ture and fuel. 

Pecan hickory, for manufacture, fuel 
and fruit. 

Thick shell-bark hickory, for manufac- 
ture, fuel and fruit. 

Catalpa, for manufacture and ornament- 
Black cherry, for manufacture and orna- 
ment. 

Hackberry, for manufacture, fuel and 
ornament. 

Chestnut, tor manufacture, ornament 
and fruit. 

"White cedar, for ornamental manufac- 
ture. 

Scarlet-fruited hawthorn, for ornament 
and hedge. 

Cockspur hawthorn, for ornament and 
hedge. 

White ash, for manufacture, fuel and 
ornament. 

Red ash, for manufacture, fuel and or- 
nament. 

Blue ash, for manufacture, fuel and or- 
nament. 

Black ash, for manufacture, fuel and 
ornament. 

Green ash, for manufacture, fuel and 
ornament. 

Honey locust, for hedge, manufacture, 
fuel and ornament. 

Coffeenut, for manufacture and orna- 
ment. 

Butternut, white walnut, for manufac- 
ture and fruit. 

Walnut, black walnut, for manufacture 
and lruit. 

Red cedar, for shelter-bell and orna- 
ment. 



Tyrolese larch, European larch, for 
manufacture, shelter belt and ornament. 

Tamarack, American larch, for manufac- 
ture, shelter-belt and ornament. 

Osage orange, for hedge and manufac- 
ture in south half of State. 

Mulberry, for manufacture, fruit and 
ornament. 

White pine, for manufacture, shelter- 
belt and ornament. 

Scotch pine, for manufacture, shelter- 
belt and ornament. 

Austrian pine, for manufacture, shelter- 
belt and ornament. 

Heavy wooded pine, for manufacture, 
shelter-belt and ornament. 

Tooth-leaf aspen, Highland cottonwood, 
for manufacture and fuel. 

Yellow cottonwood, necklace poplar, 
for manufacture, fuel and shelter-belt. 

White cottonwood, Angled cottonwood, 
for manufacture, fuel and shelter-belt. 

Lombardy poplar, for hedge and shelter- 
belt. 

White poplar, silver leaf poplar, for 
shelter-belt. 

Willow-leaf cottonwood, for manufac- 
ture and shelter-belt. 

Sycamore, for manufacture; wet land. 

Burr oak, over-cup oak, for manufacture, 
ornament and fuel. 

Post oak, box white oak, for manufac- 
ture, ornament and fuel. 

Two-colored oak, for manufacture, orna- 
ment and fuel. 

Chestnut oak, for manufacture, orna- 
ment and fuel. 

Quercitron, yellow oak, black oak, for 
manufacture, ornament and fuel. 

Scarlet oak, jack oak, for manufacture, 
ornament and fuel. 

Red oak, for manufacture, ornament 
and fuel. 

Spanish oak, pin oak, swamp oak, for 
manufacture, ornament and fuel. 

Smooth sumac, for tanning material. 

White willow, green willow, for shelter- 
belt, hedge and fuel. 

Basket osier willow, for basket stock. 

Black willow, for wet places. 

Forbes' willow, for withes and ties, 
strong as hemp. 



58 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Basswood, for shelter- belt and honey. 

White elm, water elm, for manufacture, 
fuel, shelter- belt and ornament. 

Slippery elm, red elm, for manufacture, 
fuel, shelter -belt and ornament. 

Whahoo elm, winged elm, for manufac- 
ture, fuel, shelter -belt and ornament. 

Rock elm, hickory elm, for manufac- 
tare, fuel and bolts. 



STOCK-RAISING. 



BAPID DEVELOPMENT OP THIS INTEREST — 
ADVANTAGES FOR STOCK-RAISING IN 
IOWA — GRASSES — GRAIN — IMPROVED 
BREEDS — REMARKS OP C. P. CLARKSON, 
L. S. COFFIN, AND J. R. SHAFFER. 



The business of stock-raising has as- 
sumed vast proportions in Iowa, so that it 
has become one of the leading industries 
of the State, as a large percentage of the 
agricultural wealth consists of all kinds of 
farm stock. Iowa, located between the 
two great rivers of the continent, with its 
unsurpassed prairie lands, yielding abun- 
dantly of rich, nutritious grasses, and wa- 
tered with numberless streams and rivers, 
has the conditions of climate, food, and 
water which are favorable to success, and 
with our superior transportation facilities, 
giving access to the markets of the world, 
the prosecution of this industry has be- 
come one of the most profitable sources of 
revenue in the State. Stock feeding is a 
business in which the surplus grain can 
be most profitably utilized, a fact which 
has been fully demonstrated by every one 
who has given his attention to it. There 
is no branch of agriculture which pays so 
large a revenue in Iowa, as there is 
scarcely a farmer who does not give his 
attention in a greater or less degree to the 
raising of stock for market. No class of 
men in Iowa are acquiring wealth more 
rapidly than stock men, and this great in- 
dustry commands more of the time and 
attention of our farmers than any other 
branch of agriculture, so that Iowa is to- 
day one of the leading stock-raising States 



in the Union. The exhibits of horses* 
cattle, hogs, and sheep displayed at our 
State Fairs, from year to year, demon- 
strate most conclusively the advance 
which has been made in stock breeding 
in our State, and to Iowa was awarded the 
first premium for beef, at the National 
Fat Stock Show, held in Chicago last 
year, a result attained through superior 
care and skill in selection, feeding, and 
management. Iowa farmers are rapidly 
coming to understand the best modes of 
agriculture in its various branches, and 
one result of this is seen in the fact that 
but a small percentage of the corn crop of 
Iowa is shipped out of the State, being re- 
tained here for the purpose of feeding, 
thus realizing larger profits trom the corn, 
and saving cost of transportation. During^ 
the spring, summer, and autumn months, 
it is necessary to do but very little feed- 
ing, as the rich pastures furnish an abun- 
dance of nutritious food, which proves 
quite sufficient, during this portion of the 
year. Everything seems to work to tha 
advantage of the stock-raiser in Iowa, for 
by the time the grazing season is over, 
many of the farmers have gathered their 
corn, and the cattle are then turned into 
fields, which affords them nearly all the 
food they require until winter fairly com- 
mences. 

Of late years much attention has been 
given to the improvement of stock of all 
kinds, and this has been greatly stimulated 
by the liberal premiums offered by the 
State Agricultural Society for improved 
breeds. The breeds of cattle which are- 
receiving most attention from our stock 
men are the Short-Horns, Devons, Hol- 
steins, Herefords, Jerseys, Alderneys, and 
Ayrshires, with the Polled Angus, which 
have been more recently introduced, but 
space forbids our entering into a discussion 
of their respective meiits. 

The successful farmer, then, is he who 
utilizes the products of the soil in the 
feeding of stock, which always finds a 
sure and ready market at remunerative 
prices, and the farmer in possession of a 
herd of cattle, hogs, or sheep knows he 



IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 



5P 



can command the cash for them at any 
time. Stock raising and feeding, in con 
nection with the ordinary branches of 
agriculture, never fails to produce a fine 
profit on investment, labor, and expenses. 

The God of Nature made Iowa espe- 
cially a corn-growing and grain raising- 
State, for the good of the people who 
might inhabit this favored laud, and as 
there is always a fitness in the works of 
the Great Architect, it may safely be as- 
sumed that this was not done without ref- 
erence to the use which might be made of 
the surplus products of the soil, hence the 
adaptability of Iowa to the business of 
stock-raising. The following, figures 
show the number and value of stock for 
1884: 

Number of cattle, 2,800,000, at $15; 
value, $42,000,000. Number of horses, 
790,000, at $50; value $39,500,000. Num- 
ber of hogs, 5,000,000, at $3; value, $15,- 
000,000. Number of sheep, 450,000, at $2 ; 
s'.-; 0.000. 

We quote the following from Hon John 
R. Shaffer, Secretary of the State Agricul- 
tural Society : 

"This State is especial!}- adapted to the 
rearing of cattle, from its being first of all 
essentially a grass growing region ; then 
follow in regular order its numerous 
streams of water, on the surface, and the 
facility wi h which water can be procured 
almost everywhere by wells and conserved 
in ponds; then its widely distributed belts 
of timber, giving protection and shade; 
then its singular adaptability for the 
growth of hedge rows and artificial 
groves; then its unparalleled resources in 
the production of corn and cereils, fitted 
for the best elements in the growth of cat- 
tle. These natural resources are supple- 
mented and amplified by our intelligent 
and persistent effort to improve the breeds. 
Men have taken advantage of the natural 
conditions, and have through endeavor 
and effort steadily made the business ot 
cattle raising a profit and a pleasure. The 
Improved Stock Breeders' Association 
has done and is doing mo^t excellent work 
in calling attention to improved breeds, 



and in discussing and publishing many 
matters intimately connected with them. 
Their annual meetings are ever occasions 
of great interest; they call together and 
enlist the sympathy of the very best breed- 
ers in Iowa, and from them have gone out 
influences that have made their impress- 
ion upon the farmers every where. " 

Hon. C. F. Clarkson, agricultural editor 
of the "State Register", says in regard to 
the improvement made in stock in Iowa : 

"There have been in Iowa importers 
and breeders for over a score of years, 
and by their enterprise they have added at 
least three hundred millions of dollars to 
the past and prospective value and profits in 
cattle, horses, hogs, sheep, etc, of the State. 
The mere money is not the only pay a 
man receives for raising fine stock. It 
satisfies a laudable pride, without which a 
man is of little use in the world. There is a 
sociability about these quiet animals, 
which makes a man nobler, purer and 
better by feeding and watching their de* 
velopment, and their ornamenting yarel 
and landscape. There is real comfort in 
raising and associating with these super- 
ior animals, which is not the least item in 
the compensation for their feed and care." 

We also give the following extract from 
Mr. Clarkson's address before the Iowa 
Fine Stock Breeders' Association : 

"Iowa has had another year peculiaily 
favorable to the interests of stock-bieed- 
ers. Whilst there has been some uneasi- 
ness and real cause for alarm, our flocks 
and herds have been permitted to dwell 
safely and enjoy the fat of the land. Not 
only has the stock of Iowa enjoyed an ex- 
emption from any fatal diseases, but the 
early and the later rains have been so favor- 
able as to produce abundant pasture, and 
an unrivaled crop of that standard cereal, 
without which it is hard to ripen, to per- 
fection, the choicest beeves. And while 
nearly all other branches of industry have 
complained of a depression and stringency 
in business, one branch especially, over 
which this Association has jurisdiction — 
that of neat cattle— has been peculiarly 
prosperous. Thoroughbred cattle have 



60 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



felt none of tlie depression of which oth- 
er industries complain On the contrary- 
it has been a better year for improved de- 
mands and stability of prices, than the 
previous years. There is everything to 
encourage, and make the stock breeder 
glad, 

"In 1880 there were in Iowa 2,609,530 
head of neat cattle. If there has been an 
increase in the four years since of 18 per 
cent, there are now in the State 3,COO,000 
head. Gen. Loring estimates it at 40,000 
higher. He also calculates that of these, 
638,000 head are thoroughbreds or grades. 
This is but 21 per cent. But allowing that 
66 per cent, are unimproved, or so little so 
as to be worth on an average $20 per head 
less than a high grade animal, a loss of 
forty millions to the peoplo of Iowa in 
such scrub stock. And this is only one 
branch of stock for which this association 
is working and planning. 

"The question of the improvement of 
horses should be made a more prominent 
feature in the deliberations of this Associ- 
ation, and more thoroughly impressed up- 
on the great mass of the people of the 
State. There are in the State some super" 
ior horse breeding farms, aud equal to any 
in the United States, and managed with 
liberal capital and by educated energy. 
The farms of this kiud in Linn, Keokuk, 
Hamilton, Bremer, Black Hawk, Chicka- 
saw, and other counties, would be a credit 
to any State. And they are doing a great 
work, without which the improvement of 
the horse would be slow and uncertain. 
It is almost impossible to succeed with 
this second, if not the equal ot any class 
of stockbreeding, without some superior 
breeding centers. So we should fully ap- 
preciate the enterprise which has brought 
these breeding farms to such prominence 
and usefulness. 

"But this is not enough. Public senti- 
ment among the great mass of Iowa farm- 
ers must be educated and awakened to the 
great importance, financially and socially, 
of bringing this noblest of all animals up 
to all of his immense possibilities, in 
beauty of form, strength, activity, and 



intelligence. A stupid, sluggish horse, no 
matter how fine his form, or how powerful 
his muscles, cannot fill his real position in 
the estimation of a true lover of this ani- 
mal. He must have intelligence of a high 
order, as well as be proud of his strength 
and position in man's esteem. And there 
is no nobler work in any branch of stock- 
breeding than in raising the horse from 
his low position in this State, to all his 
possibilities of perfection as a servant of 
man. 

'•There are millions of acres in Iowa just 
suited to sheep raising, now lying idle. 
Our State could profitably own five mil 
lions of sheep instead of less than half of 
one million. I hope the friends and advo- 
cates of sheep raising will bring this sub- 
ject so plainly before the people of Iowa 
as to create an awakening on this subject. 
-When we abandon the sheep, we sin 
against our interests as owners of the soil, 
and sacrifice one of the most important 
branches of domestic industry, which has 
been admitted by poets and pastoral writ- 
ers to have made the hills and valleys a 
panorama of beauty. 

"There is one other important branch of 
stock, though of the highest importance, 
needs but little further stimulant. The 
boom in swine, in the language of latter- 
day politicians, is already painted red. 
And it is claimed by many that the color 
will stand the crucible of time and the 
corrosion of the elements. There are 
those here who will not sutler the interests 
of this class of domestic animals to be neg- 
lected. 

"Nor is there any probability that the 
business of fine stock breeding, in which 
you have invested your means, and devoted 
your time and powers, is likely to be soon 
accomplished, requiring a change in your 
pursuits. The field of improvement is 
yet wide, requiring untold means and 
long years of devotion before. all of the 
ground will be occupied. 

"Dressed beef shipment is a new thing. 
It is reducing the amount of transporta- 
tion. It is not my object to enter into a 
discussion of the benefits of dressed beei 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, 



61 



shipment. It saves, if charged fair prices, 
nearly one-half of the cost of taking beef 
from the producer to the consumer. It 
saves a large per cent in wayside ex- 
penses and in the shrinkage of the "beef. 
The meat is healthier, sweeter in fl ivor 
and more nutritious as an article of diet. 
It is not heated by abuse and irritation, 
nor bruised by the cars, nor mutilated by 
cattle men. 

"You, gentlemen of the Iowa Stock 
Breeders' Convention, are the true repre- 
sentatives of the stock interests of the 
State. I trust you have sufficient at 
stake, have the necessary independence 
of character, ana the ability to speak with 
no uncertain sound upon the subject of 
State and National protection to the great 
industrial interests which you represent. 
This should be one of the main objects of 
your deliberations at this session." 

The following extracts are taken from a 
paper by Hon. L. S. Coffin, of Ft. Dodge, 
on the subject, " Money in Stock Raising 
in Iowa on a 160-Acre Farm," read before 
the Iowa Fine Stock Breeders' Associa- 
tion at their last annual meeting : 

"The real farmer of Iowa is the man 
that runs successfully and makes a good 
living for himself and family, and grows 
each year more and more independent on 
the 80, 160, or 320 acre farm. He, too, is 
the real strength and honor of the agricul- 
tural producers that have given such an 
honorable reputation to this State. Then, 
again, this calling one class of agricultur- 
ists breeders and another farmers, is to 
my mind out of place. It presupposes 
that there is a class of men living, it may 
be in towns and cities, who are breeders 
of farm stock, and yet are aloof from and 
independent of the farm. All such ideas 
are erroneous and misleading. I know 
that a great many men have attempted to 
carry on the breeding business as a money 
making enterprise who were not practical 
farmers, depending upon either buying 
all they want for feed, or depending upon 
buying the proper labor to raise from 
some fancy farm their money has bought, 
what was necessary for their stock and 



also for the care of feeding of the same ; 
but all such, or nearly all, have been sig- 
nal failures, and it is only a question of 
time when all will fail, for which, too, I 
am most devoutly grateful. 

" But I am asked to show how a farmer 
can make money on a small or ordinary 
sized farm by stock-raising. 

" The real farm has been the one where 
all kinds, or at least a large variety of 
stock, domestic animals, were raised, 
hence then there is sure anel good money 
in stock raising. I do not say men who 
live away to the frozen pole must raise 
stock, unless it be polar bears or seals. I 
have never farmed in Alaska or Green- 
land. Neither do I say to what extent 
those away up along and north of the 
Northern Pacific R. R. should introduce 
stock-raising into their wheat farming. I 
will merely say that I have no desire for 
their country or their farming unless I 
could with their wheat raise some stock. 
Iowa is good enough for me, for I know 
of no spot on earth where mixed farming 
can be so successfully carried on as here. 
To my mind Iowa is the very paradise, 
the 'Eden' for the man whose idea of 
farming is based on the picture we have 
drawn as the true one of the real farm. 

"But again, the question is, how shall it 
be done ? 

" The best answer I can give is, as Mr. 
Greeley, I belive it was, said about resum- 
ing, The way to resume is to resume, so 
the way to make stock-raising pay is 'to 
farm.' 

" If * to farm' in the best and only true 
meaning of the word is to raise stock, and 
as real farming is always a safe and pay- 
ing business, 'stock-rising' on a farm is 
then, as a matter of course, profitable. 

"In the first place the would-be-success- 
ful farmer must be a boy on the farm. 
Here is the great fact on which so much 
of failure or of success in after life de- 
pends. 

" To be an expert in the great multi- 
plicity of things connected with mixed 
husbandry and stock raising is what must 
be learned by long years of actual expert 



62 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, 



ence and personal observation. It cannot 
oe told to one, it cannot be obtained from 
books or papers, it cannot be had from 
lectures, professors or schools, other than 
the school of experience in actual farm 
life, where the teachers are the animals 
themselves and the soil he tills. 

" I would right here impress upon him 
the all importance of starting right with 
his stock. Never buy or keep a poor ani. 
mal. Always get the very best of its kind 
your circumstances will allow. After 
getting these, then never breed to a sire 
that is not better than the animals you 
have. 

" Let every step ahead in increase of 
numbers be always on an up grade as to 
quality. The real profit, the easiest profit, 
that which cost the least in proportion to 
value and return is in quality. The hen 
that lays one egg a month more, the sheep 
that shears a pound of wool more and that 
puts on ten per cent, more weight of car- 
cass, the cow that gives a quart of milk a 
day more, or that makes a pound of butter 
a week more. The steers that assimilates 
20 per cent, more of food, and the colt 
that brings fifty dollars more when grown 
than the common or inferior ones, are the 
ones that make success and sure profit 
doubly sure. 

" The increase of one cow for a term of 
ten years has been figured out, over and 
over again, and so accurately that there is 
left no manner of doubt as to the result. 
Take a cow just coming in with her first 
calf, and supposing every other calf to be 
a heifer and the other bulls, and allowing 
each heifer to come in at two years old« 
The total product for ten years would be 
72 bulls and 72 heifers. Now allowing 
33% per cent, deduction for barren cows 
and losses — and this is a large per cent. — 
and we shall have 95 animals by the pro- 
duct of one cow for ten years. If we sup- 
pose the original cow be only a native or 
scrub, and she bred to a common bull, the 
product, even at a scrub price, would be 
$2,880.00. If the first cow had been a 
high grade thoroughbred, while it would 
have cost little if any more feed, no more 



barn room, no more rods of fence for pas- 
ture, no more steps and labor to care for 
them, the product, provided a full blood 
bull of good individuality had been used, 
the value of the product, I say, would have 
been enhanced from 50 to 200 per cent., 
while the first outlay in cost would not 
have been a drop in the bucket as com- 
pared with the result. 

" Carry this same thing along for twenty 
years, making the same one-third deduc- 
tion, and we have 740 head of cattle, and 
if high grades or full blood and selling 
for about one half what such cattle are 
bringing to-day and we have, as the pro- 
duct of one cow in twenty years, the enor- 
mous sum of $74,000.00; making a differ, 
ence, even at that low price for good ones, 
and at the high price of $30 a head, had 
they been native, of $30,000.00. Here, in a 
most glaring contrast, we see the advan- 
tage of good stock over common, as well 
as the real solid rock on which rests the 
surety of success of stock raising. 

"Now, what man is there on an Iowa 
farm to-day, but would be offended if he 
were told that he could not take ten young 
sows and raise enough from his farm to 
keep them, and their increase for the next 
four or five years? While doing that 
he could at the same time keep eight or 
ten cows, for these cows would help keep 
his pigs. The team he would be using 
all this time to do the ordinary work of 
the farm, could be mares and these mares 
could, by careful handling, do the work 
and raise him some colts at the same time. 
With the price of wire so cheap as now 
he could easily fence a small lot for a few 
sheep and these would be giving him a 
clip of wool right at the time of year 
when money is most usually scarce with 
farmers. 

"If he would manage his cows so as 
to have them drop their calves in the fall, 
he could have all his winter time for tak- 
ing the very best care of these cows and 
fussing with his calves— so that the very 
highest market price would be realized 
for his butter and the best possible growth 
could be given to the calves. In the spring 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



63 



these calves would be ready to be weaned 
from milk just as the first tender grass 
would tempt the appetite of the calves so 
as they would not feel the change from 
milk to grass, and the pigs would ihen be 
just old enough to take the sour milk, and 
by the time the cows were dried off for the 
next calf in the fall the sweet corn would 
be in just the right stage for the pigs. 

''Really, when one comes to look the 
whole field over, it will be harder to ex- 
plain why a man does not make money 
on a 160-acre farm in Iowa with stock 
than to tell how to do it. 

"I would say, then, that in order to 
make money with stock on a farm here in 
Iowa, there are some things that should 
not be done. A young man must not ex- 
pect, that he can spend his long winter 
evenings in the coiner store, or tippling in 
the saloons with hail fellows well met, 
and succeed in stock raising. The beauty 
of winter dairying, and in stock raisiug 
at all, is the fact of its giving the best 
kind of employment to a man's time in 
winter, and that, t^o, right at home all the 
time. It may seem for the day and the 
time being that the cost of the beer, the 
whisky, the tobacco and cigars is but a 
mere trifle, but let me assure you that in 
the long run it will beat the best 160-acre 
farm in Iowa. The world at large is 
coming to look upon farming as it really 
is. It is the first and grandest of all. 
Pew, indeed, in the future will be the 
children born on the farm who will leave 
it as compared with the past. It is 
coming to be understooel that tj be a suc- 
cessful farmer a man must to the manor 
born. 

" Men of thought, men of wealth and 
influence in other walks of life are seeing 
that farming is, of all others, more to be 
desired, and they are wishing tbeir chil- 
dren to follow a farm life, and they are 
buying and moving on to farms that their 
sons and daughters may the better learn 
its mysteries and diverse operations. On 
the farm the man is his own man and his 
own master; he is his own employer. I 
can never pass a farm and see the owner 



about his work but a feeling of respect 
arises in my heart for that man. He is 
smait enough to hire himself. There is 
an immensity of meaning to this. We 
come and go at no man's beck and call. 
What we produce the world must have. 
We are triumphant masters of the situa- 
tion. All we want is to realize our posi- 
tion, and with an intelligence and hon- 
esty that becomes men who live so near 
the Eternal source of things, honor more 
and more the grand avocation we have 
chosen. 

"We shall have the respect of all other 
classes as we respect ourselves. Let us 
see to it that our children shall be so edu- 
cated as they shall be satisfied with no less 
a useful and honorable life than that of 
the farjm. With the degree of intelli- 
gence that is now attainable and a true 
nobleness of character and the purity of 
heart a life on the farm, raisiug and car- 
ing for dumb animals, is so well calcu- 
lated to incite, we can lay aside all differ- 
ences of personal opinions and so unite 
our strength, which numbers and intelli- 
gent purposes alone can give, and we can 
wield an influence in this nation w T ell nigh 
omnipotent. 

"Gentlemen of this Association, I con- 
gratulate you on the grand work you are 
doing and the nation-wide reputation you 
have already gained. A very prominent 
man before the breeders and farmers of 
this nation said, a few days ngo, in my 
hearing, that he looked upon this Associa- 
tion as the very ablest agricultural organ- 
ization in America. You, by your earnest 
work, are lifting up to its proper position 
the avocation of farming. 

"Let us not slack our hand or allow the 
standard of either of the leading lines of 
agriculture to be lowered one inch. For- 
getting the things that are behind, let us 
press on to still higher attainments. Per- 
fection is far ahead, although we have 
made great advancement in our favorite 
line in breeding improved stock. Excel- 
sior! Excelsior! Higher, higher, and 
still higher, be our motto, now and ever- 
more." 



64 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



DAIRYING. 



ADVANTAGES FOR DAIRYING IN IOWA IN 
COMPARISON WITH EASTERN STATES — 
FACILITIES FOR SHIPMENT— SUPERIOR- 
ITY OF IOWA BUTTER — PAPER BY HENRY 
WALLACE — REMARKS BY COL. R. M. 
LITTLER, JAMES WILSON, J. R. MORIN, 
AND OTHERS. 



DAIRYING. 

Iowa is well situated, for the dairy mar- 
kets of the continent. The great markets 
of the East and the mining regions of the 
West, are within easy reach, while the 
Southern markets are easily accessible by 
river, and Iowa butter and cheese now 
finds its way to all the large cities of the 
country. The character of the soil, the 
purity and distribution of the water, the 
climate, the excellence of her grains and 
grasses, and the superior quality which 
has made the dairy products of the State 
so popular throughout the country, all 
warrant us in the statement that Iowa is 
destined in the near future to rank as one 
of the foremost, if not the leading dairy 
State in the Union. This whole State 
bids fair to become one vast dairy district. 
The hay crop is one which never fails, 
and the wild grasses can be cut from the 
first of June to the middle of September, 
yielding from two to four tons per acre, 
which is considered but little inferior to 
timothy and clover. Blue joint grass 
grows luxuriantly in the lowlands in 
abundance and is of excellent quality, be- 
ing particularly esteemed as an article of 
food for horses. That this is pre-emi- 
nently a dairy region is well established 
from the fact that wherever Iowa dairy 
products come in competition with those 
of other States, they have invariably taken 
the prize. The low price of hay and grain 
as compared with these articles in the 
Eastern dairy States, the large ranges af- 
forded to dairymen in many parts of the 
State, and the ready market facilities pre- 
sented throughout Iowa combine to make 
this, in point of economy and excellence 
of quality, the premium dairy section of 



the country. The following is quoted 
from the National Live Stock Journal: 

"When we examine the situation of 
dairying in the West, its advantages ap- 
pear manifold. It is not their only ad- 
vantage that the dairying is done upon 
lands of one-fourth to one-third the value 
of the Eastern lands, but unlimited grain 
food is at hand, at prices less than the 
cost of labor for its production in New 
York. This unlimited grain resource 
points out the proper system of dairying 
for the West, and that is, winter produc- 
tion of butter, it is as cheap to feed cows 
for milk there in the winter as in summer, 
and at this season the price of butter is 
usually from thirty to fifty per cent, 
higher. This increase in price of product 
will pay for grain, food and the labor. 
The summer is the expensive season for 
labor in the West, on account of its enor- 
mous grain crops, while the winter finds 
many idle hands which can be employed 
at a very low rate of wages. The winter 
dairyman gives his cows a rest during the 
busy season of summer, and commences 
operations again in September or October- 
Thus it appears that all things work to- 
gether for the good of dairying in the 
West." 

Col. R. M. Littler, Secretary of the Na- 
tional Produce Exchange, and for several 
years Secretary of the Iowa Butter and 
Cheese Association, makes the following 
statement : 

"The dairy interests of Iowa, or rather 
the interest taken in dairy husbandry, 
by the people of Iowa, has become a sub- 
ject of general notice and remark, not 
only at home but abroad, and to the 
Hawkeye State is conceded by press and 
public, a prominent place in the dairy 
history of the great nation. But a few 
years ago the dairy districts of the older 
states were conceded to be the only local- 
ities where could be secured the proper 
kind and condition of soil, climate, grasses, 
water, temperature, and genius, adapted 
to making the best of products of the 
dairy. That western dairy products once 
had a very limited reputation for excel- 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



65 



lence, is acknowledged; but that was 
sometime ago. Conditions have changed. 
Old processes of manufacture have been 
superseded. General intelligence and not 
indifference is leading the dairy queen's 
forces. Dairy associations, conventions, 
and exhibitions of product, etc., have ac- 
complished much, and can and will do 
more to educate the people to the vast im- 
portance of the dairy, as a factor in the 
domestic and commercial welfare of the 
people," 

Col. Littler, wtio knows as much, if not 
more, in regard to buiter and cheese in the 
United States, than any other person, was 
recently interviewed, and in speaking of 
the creamery interest in Iowa, he said, 
"four tubs of butter out of every six sold 
in New York are made west of Chicago, 
And one-third of the entire quantity is the 
product of Iowa creameries/' The re- 
porter then said, 'Tow a must be rich in 
creameries," when Col.L. responded quick- 
ly : "Iowa rich in creameries ? I should 
say so ! I should like you to tell me what 
Iowa isn't rich in! She is the best agri- 
cultural and dairy State in the Union — 
the best State in the Union for all pur- 
poses of life, any way, I believe. There 
are : 

650 creameries in Iowa. 

470 creameries in Illinois. 

430 creameries in Wisconsin. 

139 creameries in Minnesota. 

Here is a total of 1 ,689 creameries in 
four Northwestern States, and Iowa has 
more than one-third of them. Take the 
product of the same number of creamer- 
ies in the other States named, and it will 
not equal the quantity of the Iowa cream 
eries." 

The amount of butter and cheese in 
Iowa for 1884, is : 

Butter, 60.000,000 lbs. @12^. . $7,580,000. 
Cheese, 1,000,000 lbs.@10. . - . $100,000. 

Iowa butter took the gold medal and 
sweepstakes, and eight of the eleven first 
premiums at the WorljTs Industrial Ex- 
position in New Orleans; and this is the 
fourth consecutive International Exposi- 
ng n at which Iowa has taken the great 
dairy prize. 



Mr. J. R. Morin, one of the most exten 
sive creamery men in Iowa, in his address 
before the Iowa Butter and Cheese As- 
sociation, at Cedar Rapids, remarked that: 

''We represent au interest whose ad- 
vance in xhe last three or four years has 
been marvelous, and now takes rank with 
the foremost in the State — ODe that en- 
ables the farmer to concentrate the pro- 
duction of his farm so that five per cent or 
less of its value pays the freight to the far 
eastern markets, as against fifty per cent 
when the raw material was shipped. 

" More pasture land, as manj 7 cows as 
the farm will feed, well selected, well 
housed and well milked; as many pigs 
and calves as can be profitably kept; such 
seems to me will be the model farm of the 
future. W r ith farms so stocked we shall 
have a creamery to every eight or ten 
square miles. The farmer, in lieu of 
shipping his corn, oats, and hay to a dis- 
tant market at an expense of 50 per cent 
of their market value for freight, converts 
them through the medium of the creamery 
into butter and cheese. 

" Our grand State, washed on the east 
and west by two great rivers, with their 
tributaries reaching through and through, 
checkered with railroads traversing her 
beautiful prairies, is now conceded to be 
the banner State in the manufacture of 
fine butter. She has won this proud posi- 
tion on many a contested field of friendly 
strife with her sister States. Her geo 
graphical position, soil, climate, beautiful 
and clear running streams, and abundance 
of strong living springs of water, all point 
to Iowa as the future center of the dairy 
interest of the United States. She is so 
located that the East, the West, the North 
and the South, all draw upon her largely 
for her products." 

Hon. L. S. Coffin, of Ft. Dodge, the well- 
known agricultural writer, says in regard 
to dairying in Iowa : 

"We all know that for the last thirty 
years dairying has been a grand success. 
in all eastern States. It is a fixed fact that 
as twenty-cent corn in Iowa is to sixty 
cent corn in the east, so is Iowa that much* 



66 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



a better State for dairymen. We can put 
up grass here at a nominal figure. We 
have the grandest grass soil known in the 
world. The men of Kentucky, the great 
blue grass State, admit that our blue 
grasses equal theirs. This is a great coun- 
try for clover, as I know ircm my own ex- 
perience; we have as good soil for this 
grass as there is. The fact should be pre- 
sented to people who know what dairying 
is, that refrigerator cars now run on all 
the lines of railroads which span the 
State, so that the smallest producer can 
put his tub of butter in one of these cars 
and send it to the eastern market as cheap 
as the man who sends a carload. Another 
point, in my experience of five or six years 
of butter and cheese making, is that I 
make the cow pay for herself every year 
in butter and cheese, and with the sweet 
skimmed milk I raise the calf and other 
stock besides. * * * Let the 
prices fall to a low point, and all the east- 
ern dairymen must go to the wall. We 
have it all our own way in the west. It is 
an impossibility, from the very nature of 
things, for us to fail in this business. 
There is no man in Iowa who can point 
his finger to the year in which the grass 
failed, or even a year when corn failed." 

Hon. James Wilson, of Traer, a valu- 
able contributor to the agricultural litera- 
ture of the State, says: 

" The great safety to Iowa dairymen is, 
that food is cheap compared with feed 
elsewhere, while distance of carriage is 
comparatively less every year. The re- 
frigerator cars run on the railroads now, 
often enough to take off our butter in 
prime condition. Every year it will dawn 
on the minds of more men that the Iowa 
butter maker has a soft thing competing 
against butter makers farther east, where 
land, corn, hay, and other auxiliaries are 
dearer, and more and more men will turn 
their attention to this sure profit. Land 
will jump up in price as greater profits 
are made from cultivating them through 
better management and cheaper capital. 
Money is borrowed now at one-half what 
it used to cost, indicating its increase 



here. When the cow has her proper place 
on every farm, our income will greatly in 
crease, still increasing our surplus, which 
will be on the outlook for investment. 
No man, however, can resolve himself 
into a successful dairyman; he must work 
up to it. mastering the details as he pro- 
ceeds. When he becomes possessed of 
sufficient skill to make uniform good but- 
ter, raise good calves, and good pigs, he is 
a valuable man in the community, and 
Uncle Sam sets more store by him than 
ninety and nine that have no cows." 

We give herewith an article on the 
dairy interests in Iowa, from the pen of 
Henry Wallace, ef Winterset, the well- 
known dairyman and agricultural writer, 
and the editor of the "Iowa Homestead:" 

IOWA AS A DAIRY STATE. 

Until within the last five years the gen- 
eral impression prevailed that but a few 
favored regions were capable of producing 
the choicest brands of butter. 

New York and New England were sup- 
posed to have the soil and climate for ex- 
cellence and, but few suspected that Iowa 
would ever enter into competition in the 
eastern markets. In fact prior to 1876 Iowa 
butter was called grease, and sold at grease 
prices. 

A few enterprising men who had noticed 
that not only the far-famed Kentucky blue 
grass but the clover sprang up after the 
cow's foot on the open prairie in Iowa, 
conceived the idea that she could rival 
New York as a butter State. The result 
was shown at the Centennial exposition, 
when Iowa carried off the prize. 

From that time onward Iowa butter has 
held its own in the great butter markets of 
the world. 

A dairy region requires a clear, bracing 
atmosphere, a soil that is free from marshes 
and stagnant water, and sufficiently fertile 
to produce a great variety of the finest 
grasses, springs or wells of clear, pure 
water at % temperature of 55 degrees or 
under, a climate where the grazing season 
may be prolonged to at least seven months 
in the year, and where the winter is cool 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



67 



enough to furnish a plentiful supply of 
ice. 

Not less important, but rather more, in 
fact quite iadispensible, -is a population 
that has the requisite intelligence, skill, 
industiy and habits of thrift and cleanli- 
ness to utilize all these advantages which 
nature bestows. 

In addition to all this, there must be 
railroad facilities for the speed} 7 and safe 
transportation in all seasons of the finished 
product. Hence no undeveloped district, 
no matter how great its resources, can 
figure in the world's market as a dairy re- 
gion. 

All these requisites Iowa possesses in a 
prominent degree. Her clear, bracing 
atmosphere is without a superior, and has 
scarcely a peer. 

The streams, as they fall from the di- 
viding ridge is seven to nine hundred feet 
into the Mississippi and Missouri, but 
gradual in flow, leave few undrained 
marshes, and these, under the tread of 
cattle, are disappearicg year by year. In 
the more elevated portions streams of pure 
water gush from the hill sides, and in the 
tablelands pure water is obtained at from 
thirty to fifty feet. Her grazing season 
commences the first of May and extends, 
when tame grasses here come in, till snow 
falls, which is rarely before the 20th of 
November, and often not till Christmas. 

Her pastures are best when the soil has 
been undisturbed by the plow, and the clo- 
ver, and timothy, and blue grass, and or- 
chard grass have been sown on the wild 
prairie and covered by the tread of cattle. 

Five great lines of railroad leading from 
Chicago to Council Bluffs cross her entire 
territory, and as many from northwest to 
southeast give3 her connection with all 
parts of the South. 

Her people have come from all parts of 
the Union, and largely from the Eastern 
States, bringing with them the skill and 
energy that are necessary to make dairying 
a success. 

The dairy interest in Iowa is as yet in 
its infancy. The creamery system was 
■devised to meet a present want. 



Yet the Iowa farmer is a long way from 
the world's markets, and must study the 
problem of condensing freights. He must, 
to farm for profit, find packages for his 
corn, and hay, and grass. He finds this in 
the steer and the pig. To raise these to 
advantage he must have milk. 

He can do without the cream, and the 
creamery is simply a device to utilize the 
cream the farmer can spare. 

It sends its agents over a circuit of ten 
miles or more, takes up this surplus cream 
sets it in vessels of uniform size, in water 
of a uniform temperature and skimmed 
uniformly, and from this it makes the 
creamery butter of Iowa. 

As the years go by and lands become 
more valuable, and labor less expensive, 
and skilled help more abundant, the but- 
ter product of Iowa will increase vastly. 

The dairymen of the East can never find 
cheap corn, which gives Iowa butter its 
superior value in the winter season on the 
Eastern markets, cheap hay and cheap 
pasturage, with a system of transporta- 
tion which brings his product into New 
York in a week at a cost of less than one 
and a-half cents per pound. 

Other States can make as good butter as 
Iowa, but none can do it more cheaply, 
and none have a more happy combination 
of feed, climate and transportation. 

We have aimed in the above to set forth 
as faithfully and tersely as possible the 
advantages of dairy stock, stating nothing 
but conceded facts, and only hinting at 
the possibilities of the future. 



BEE-KEEPING. 



IMPROVEMENTS IX BEE-KEEPING — LABOR- 
SAVTNG INVENTIONS — IMPROVED BEES — 
BEE PASTURAGE — CLIMATE — PROFITS OP 
BEE-KEEPING. 



BY 0. CLUTE, OF IOWA CITY. 

Within a few years bee-keeping has 
rapidly come forward as an attractive and 
profitable business. Formerly many farm- 
ers kept a few colonies of bees, hoping to 
get from them enough honey for the fam- 



63 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



ilv, but expecting from them no cash in- 
come. Now men who have from one 
hundred to five hundred colonies are by 
no means rare, and such men expect a 
living income from their bees as much as 
the dairyman or wheat-grower expects a 
living income from his cattle or his fields. 
The possibility of making bee-keepiDg a 
profitable business comes, in the first 
place, from the modern improvements in 
the science and the art of bee-keeping. 

These improvements began in 1851, 
when Rev. L. L. Langstroth, now of Ox- 
ford, Ohio, invented the movable-comb 
hive. This is, essentially, a hive opening 
at the top, containing movable frames 
which hang, by the top bar of the frames, 
in rabbets at the ends or the sides of the 
hive. In these frames the bees are led to 
build their combs, hence every comb is 
movable; can be easily lifted from the 
hive and examined ; can be put in another 
hive; can be put into an extractor and 
have the honey thrown out without injur 
ing the comb. The movalle-comb is the 
great corner-stone of successful modern 
bee-keeping. 

The movable-comb made possible the 
invention and the use of the honey ex- 
tractor. This is a can, inside of which 
there is a revolving holder. Into this 
holder the frames of comb containing 
honey' are set, and being rapidly whirled 
by turning a crank, the honey fiies from 
the comb by centrifugal force, collects on 
the sides of the can and runs to the bottom, 
where it is drawn by a faucet. In this 
operation of extracting, honey is obtained 
in its purest shape, and the combs are not 
at all injured. They can be returned to 
the hives to be filled several times the 
same season, and kept for use in seasons 
to come. The extractor was invented by 
« Herr Hruschka, a bee-keeper living at 
1 Polo, near Venice, About twice as many 
pounds of extracted honey as of comb 
honey can be taken in a season from a 
colony. 

Comb-foundation is another invention 
which followed the movable comb, and 
was made practical by it. By its means 



great help can be given the bees in the- 
construction of comb. Honey-comb is 
made of bees wax. Bees wax is made by 
the bees from honey. When bees want 
wax, they fill themselves with honey and 
hang themselves up in large clusters in 
the hive. While they are thus quiescent 
the honey undergoes a process of change 
into wax, which appears in minute scales 
on the under sides of the rings of the ab- 
domen. The bees then take these scales 
of wax and knead them into comb. It 
takes from fifteen to twenty-five pounds 
of honey to make one pound of wax. If 
the time, labor, and honey consumed in 
making wax can be saved, bee-keeping 
will be much more profitable. This sav- 
ing is in great measure effected by the use 
of comb- foundation, which is thin sheets 
of wax impressed on both sides with hex- 
agonal indentations. These sheets of 
foundation being fastened into frames and 
hung in the hives, the bees build it out 
into beautiful comb. Very thin founda- 
tion is used in the boxes for comb-honey ; 
a heavier article for the frames in the 
brood-chamber. Both in comb-honey 
boxes and in frames, the foundation can be 
used either as a "starter," or in full sheets. 
Besides largely increasing the yield of 
surp'.u s honey, the foundation is very valu 
able as an aid in preventing the rearing of 
drones, and in making increase of colo- 
niees. 

The section honey-box for comb-honey 
is an indispensable element in bee-keep- 
ing to-day. It is a small box, so made as 
to hold a single comb, varying in size 
from half a pound to two pounds capacity. 
They put comb-honey on the market in 
the most beautiful and valuable shape. 

The bellows-smoker, invented only a 
few years ago by Mr. Quinby, the famous 
bee-keeper of New York, is a great help 
in handling bees. By its aid a strong 
stream of smoke can easily be directed 
upon the bees, which aids much in quiet- 
ing them when hives must be opened. 

The rearing of queen bees artificially, 
so as always to have good, young queens, 
reared from the very best stock, is another 
element of success which the bee-keeper 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



fi9 



of to-day could not give up. By having 
good queens on hand he can at once re- 
place the queen of any stock which may 
"be old and spent, and he can make as 
many new colonies as his judgment ap- 
proves, without depending at all on natural 
swarming. 

The introduction of improved bees has 
very largely helped the art of bee-keep- 
ing. This was begun in America about 
1860, by the introduction of the Italian 
bee. Since that time this bee has been 
very widely distributed all over America. 
There are a number of importers who 
bring every summer many queens from 
Italy, and supply them to their customers 
in all parts of the country. The Italian 
bee is more hardy, more prolific, more in- 
dustrious, and much more gentle than the 
common black bee. 

The movable-comb hive, the honey-ex- 
tractor, comb-foundation, the section 
honey-box, the bellows-smoker, artificial 
queen-rearing, and improved bees — these 
are the points of progress and the founda- 
tions of success in bee-keeping. Rut of 
course it is necessary that a country 
should be prolific in the production 
of honey-producing flowers in order 
to succeed with bees. Bees do not 
make honey, they gather it from flowers. 
If there are no honey-producing flowers 
there will be no honey for the bees to 
gather. Hence the necessity of bee-pas- 
ture. And it is at this point that the ad- 
vantages of Iowa as a bee-keeping State 
become apparent. There is, perhaps, no 
State in the Union having, on the whole, 
a better supply of flowers that are rich in 
the production of the best quality of 
honey. With the first warm days of re- 
turning spring the earliest flowers bloom; 
not until the severe frosts of autumn de- 
spoil the sunflowers and the golden rod of 
their yellow glory does the beautiful pro- 
cession cease. 

In the very early spring along our 
streams the willows put foith their deli- 
cate catkins, giving the bees their first 
supply of pollen. Then comes the red 
maple, yielding a little honey and pollen 



in abundance; the elm from its incon- 
spicuous blooms yields a grateful harvest; 
the cottonwood supplies pollen without 
measure; the box- elder gives both pollen 
and honey. The cherry and the apple 
trees make the orchards a vast sea of 
bloom, which brings to the bees its lus- 
cious gifts. Currants, gooseberries, rasp- 
berries, grapes, all store some nectar for 
their insect friends. From the sources 
indicated the bees secure enough to feed 
the large quantities of growing brood 
with which the combs of every good col- 
ony are at this season filled, and in very 
good seasons they may also store some 
surplus. But the great benefit of this 
early bloom is that it is spread over sev- 
eral weeks, and yields to the bees enough 
pollen and honey to stimulate them to 
great activity, and to supply, during these 
weeks, the food for the numberless young 
bees that are coming forward, so that by 
the last of May or first of June every col- 
ony is crowded to overflowing with faith- 
ful workers ready to bring to the hives 
whatever nectar may be found in fields 
and woods. 

It is now that the white clover covers 
all Eastern and Southern Iowa with its 
interminable green carpet, which is soon 
dotted with innumerable white balls of 
bloom. The quantity of white clover is 
simply measureless, and its profusion of 
flowers is wonderful to see. Everywhere 
creep the delicate leaves, which are the 
emerald setting for the myriads upon 
myriads of gems of creamy white. And 
every one of these flowers is a storehouse 
which beneficient Nature hourly fills with 
aromatic nectar for the joy of the eager 
bees. They work through the long bright 
days with an abandon of industry. In 
the early morning they are afield; in the 
heat of noon they cease not their busy 
hum; not until dusk do the last wanderers 
come, heavy-laden, home. The hives 
grow heavy apace. The caieful bee- 
keeper rapidly secures his harvest of sec- 
tions, each filled with a beautiful comb; 
or perhaps all day long does he keep the 
extractor whirling to throw from the 
combs their delicious store. 



70 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



For from four to six weeks the white 
clover is in "bloom. Before its flowers 
are gone, the linn (linden or hasswood) is 
open. In Iowa this majestic tree is found 
in abundance all along our streams. No 
plant or tree yields honey more profusely, 
nor of better quality. It was from this 
tree that Mr. Doolittle, of Borodino, N. Y., 
secured from a single colony of bees sixty- 
six pounds of honey in three days. While 
it is in flower the bees leave everything 
else in order to revel amid its abundance. 
But it lasts only a short time. In ten or 
twelve days its nectar-filled flowers have 
faded. 

After linn and white clover fail there 
is usually in Iowa a dearth of honey for 
two or three weeks. During this time 
flowers are so scarce that the bees get but 
little honey. It is usually best at this 
season to feed each colony a little every 
evening in order to stimulate the queen 
to lay, so as to keep the hives full of grow- 
ing brood to gather the fall harvest, which 
begins about the middle of August, from 
which time until frost we usually have 
large quantities of bloom, which, as a 
rule, gives an abundant store of honey. 
The several species of sunflowers and 
golden rods that give a brilliant touch 
to our fields and roadsides, and the 
banks of streams are all rich in honey, 
Spanish needles, asters, boneset and fig- 
wort bring for the bees a welcome store. 
Wherever buchwheat is grown it makes 
the air heavy with perfume, and often 
gives a large harvest of honey. Hearts- 
ease is a near relation of the buckwheat, 
and is a very valuable honey-plant. It 
is often called smart- weed, but it is not 
smart-weed, though it looks very much 
like it. In Iowa heartsease is abundant, 
and is the source whence, in some sections, 
in favorable years, bees get a large quan- 
tity of honey. 

So from the time that the frosts have 
let go their icy hold in the spring until in 
fall they again lay on all vegetation their 
withering touch, the glad procession of 
the flowers goes by, and gives, with one or 
two brief intervals, a flow of nectar to be 
sought and stored by the ever-working 



bees. But bee pasturage is not the only 
essential to successful bee-keeping . How 
ever numerous the flowers and abundant 
the honey, if the weather during the per- 
iod of bloom is cold, or wet, or windy, 
the bees cannot work, and no harvest will 
be secured. Now, our Iowa climate is, 
on the whole, very favorable to bee-keep- 
ing. Its most unfavorable season is spring. 
The beekeeper who knows how, can win- 
ter his bees with no serious difficulty, but 
after they are taken from the cellar in the 
spring comes the time of trouble. At 
this season we have a good deal of rain, 
and a good deal of wind, interspersed 
with bright days. The changes of weather 
are sometimes sudden, sometimes severe. 
It requires knowledge, skill, attention to 
bring the bees through this period in 
safety and in strength. That it can be 
clone is fully proven by the fact that it is 
done every year by our many successful 
bee-keepers. About the middle of May, 
or earlier, this trying period usually ends. 
Then for months and months are we amid 
the luxuriant beauty of the Iowa spring 
and summer and fall. Our State is in the 
great corn belt. A warm sun calls forth 
life from the unctuous soil. At frequent 
intervals the clouds drop their garnered 
full ness down . Light winds rustle among 
the growing corn, bring pleasure to the 
numberless cattle that fill our pastures, 
give comfort to the busy farmers as they 
follow the corn plows through intermina- 
ble rows. The brooding summer fosters 
the harvest within her warm embrace. 
Through the long, bright autumn our 
mighty State, an empire m extent, is a 
serene and peacefnl scene of fruitful 
industry and glowing beauty. These 
words are written on the last day of Oc- 
tober. We have had some frosts, it is 
twie, but still in the garden under my 
window the petunias show a mass of pur- 
est white and richest purple, and the oak 
trees on the lawn are almost as green as 
they were in June. 

Our climate in late spring, in summer 
and in fall is thus, usually, favorable to 
bee-keeping. It gives the bee-keeper a 
rich harvest of honey and a large increase 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



of bees. The genial autumn enables the 
bees to breed late, and so tliey go into 
winter quarters strong in numbers. As a 
rule, those wkj know how can winter their 
bees safely. The)* give them protection on 
their summer stands, or they put them in 
cellars where the ventilation and the 
temperature are under control. Probab'3*, 
for our climate, the last way is the best. 
Put into a well-ventilated, dry, daik eel 
lar, which can be kept at a temperature 
of about 45 degrees, bees winter with but 
little loss, often with no loss at all. 

Our abundance of honey-producing 
flowers, and our climate so favorable on 
the whole, have led already 1 .o a large de- 
velopment of bee-keeping. Not a few 
bee-keepers have now hundreds of colo- 
nies, Irornwhich they obtain a fair income. 
But the industry is yet in its infancy. 
Not one one-hundredth of the bees are 
kept for which wc have pasturage. In- 
telligent men and women who will learn 
the business, and follow it with nerve and 
energy, will find it a fascinating and 
profitable calling. 

Iowa City, Ia., Oct. 31, 1884. 



POULTRY-RAISING. 

FOOD— WATER— CLEANLINESS — IMPROVED 
BREEDS— TO PRODUCE EGGS IN WINTER 
— PROFITS OF POULTRY-KEEPING. 



Of late years more attention is given to 
the care and improvement of poultry than 
heretofore, still it does not yet receive the 
attention it should, when we consider the 
fact, that when properly pursued it is a 
remunerative business. A larger revenue 
may be derived from egga and poultry in 
proportion tJ the amount of capital in- 
vested, than in almost any other business? 
and there is no portion of the State where 
it cannot be successfully prosecuted. The 
convenience of a ready market for eggs 
and chickens, and the transportation facil. 
ities for shipment to eastern markets has 
given encouragement to the poultry raiser, 
and large quantities of eggs are annually 
shipped east. Poultry can be made to pay, 



if they receive equal care with domestic 
animals, and a properly arranged house 
for their accomodation is as necessary to 
their welfare as it is that horses and catle 
should have a good stable, while warm, 
clean, well ventilated quarters are essen- 
tial to the production of eggs in win- 
ter. Caring for fowls in all the details, is 
one of the most pleasant pursuits in which 
one can engage. They must be kept 
clean, and, to obtain the best results, must 
be supplied with a variety of food. As 
eggs bring better prices in the winter than 
at any other time, the poultry raiser will 
be well rewarded for the care he may be- 
stow if the fowls are well cared for, and 
their wants amply supplied. Meat in 
some shape is essential, and pure water is 
very important. 

Reports from all parts of the State show 
that the poultry and egg business reaches 
a much larger sum than might be sup- 
posed, based upon estimates of shipments 
from various counties. The shipments 
from the State, in 1880, amounted to 
$2,300,000, while the home consumption 
reached a still larger figure, and from the 
most reliable authorities we have been 
able to obtain, it is believed that the busi- 
ness this year cannot be less than $5,000, 
000. There is every reason why poultry 
raising should be encouraged, and the 
present price is an admonition that those 
who do not give attention to this branch 
of industry will lose more than they are 
aware of. With care every hen ought to 
yield a profit of $2. There is profit, also, 
in raising turkeys, as the turkey is an in- 
dustrious forager, and picks up a large 
portion of his food, which brings the cost 
of production to a very low sum. Ducks 
and geese may also be profitably raised 
where the conditions are favorable, and 
there is a supply of water and grass. 

The improvement in the breeds of 
chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese has 
not kept pace with the improvement made 
in other classes of farm stock, being gen- 
erally considered by the busy farmer as of 
too little consequence to demand his at- 
tention. Nevertheless, during the past 
few years the improvement of poultry bj 



72 



IOWA RESOURCES A1W INDUSTRIES. 



the introduction of thorough-bred fowls of 
various breeds, has received much atten- 
tion, and the display at our State Fairs 
and annual Poultry Shows, exhibit many 
very fine and handsome fowls. It pays, 
too, to give attention to the improvement 
of poultry, for while an ordinary hen may 
be expected to produce from ten to fifteen 
dozen eggs in the course of the year, many 
hens of the improved varieties will aver- 
age over twenty dozen. This business is 
well adapted to the care of women and 
children, and will afford a great amount 
of pleasure at a trifning cost, to say noth- 
ing of the profits which may be derived 
from it, and the fowls, when petted, ad- 
mired, and well cared for never fail to 
gratefully respond with a liberal produc- 
tion of eggs at all seasons 

The amount of poultry and eggs in Iowa 
for 1884 amounted to, poultry, 8,500,000 fts. 
at 10 cents, $850,000; eggs, 32,000,000 doz- 
en, at 8 cents, $2,560,000. 



MINERAL WEALTH. 



COAL FIELDS OF IOWA — STONE— "CORAL 
MARBLE" — GYPSUM — SILICIOUS AND 
OTHERS SANDS— CLAYS — LEAD — MINERAL 
PAINTS, ETC. 

Among the great attractions which Iowa 
offers, in her wonderful agricultural re- 
sources, healthful climate and many other 
advantages, none are of greater import- 
ance for the wealth and prosperity of the 
State than our mineral products. No 
territory of equal extent in the United 
States contains more coal (bituminous, 
though in some places cannel-coal 
is found), suitable for all purposes, 
than Iowa, and this fact has done 
much toward promoting the development 
of our resources, as commerce and manu- 
factures could not have reached their pres- 
ent prosperity, but for the abundance of 
this useful mineral. The various geologi- 
cal surveys have made known the great 
extent of our coal deposits, which are 
most wonderful, being practically inex- 
haubt be. The ( ojI beds of the State, 



are divided into three sections, known as 
the upper, middle, and lower measures of 
the State, the latter producing the better 
quality of coal for all purposes. The veins 
vary in thickness from three to seven feet, 
although coal has been found even eleven 
feet thick, but this is rare. The extent of 
the coal fields, as far as has been ascer- 
tained, embraces an area of about 16,000 
square miles, of which the most accessible 
portion is included in a district about fifty 
miles in width and one hundred and sev- 
enty-five in length, extending along both 
sides of the Des Moines River, from Ft. 
Dodge, in Webster county, through Des 
Moines, in Polk county, to Keokuk, in the 
southeastern part of the State. The coal 
is found at a depth of from one hundred 
and fifty to five hundred feet. The coal 
interest is assuming vast proportions, and 
bids fair soon to equal any of the leading 
industries of the State. By means of our 
admirable network of railroads, our coal 
fields are easily accessible from every part 
of the State, and in addition to the large 
amount required for home consumption, 
large shipments are made to other Stales, 
so that our coal fields are a source of great 
wealth to Iowa. 

The supply of building stone in this 
State is ample for all demands, and is of 
excellent quality. Limestone, well adapted 
for building purposes, is found in abund- 
ance in many counties, and makes the 
best of lime. Iowa granite is found to a 
limited extent in some of the northern 
counties, where it exists in the form of 
huge boulders. The Insane Asylum at 
Independence is constructed of this stone, 
and it was also used in the new Capitol at 
Des Moines, and may be considered the 
most durable building stone in the State. 
Iowa also produces a most beautiful mar- 
ble, known as ihe Iowa Coral Marble, and 
a fine slab being sent to the State Univer- 
sity for its cabinet, S. Calvin, professor of 
geology in that institution, examined the 
stone, and from his report of it we give 
the following extract : 

" From a geological standpoint the spe- 
cimen presents some features of special 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



73 



interest. It is a very hard, compact lime- 
stone of the Hamilton Period of the De- 
vonian Age. Its appearance, compared 
■with other 'marbles,' is altogether 
unique; the characteristic features being- 
due to the presence of numerous masses of 
the ambiguous coral-like fossil known as 
Strom ltopora. Limestones of the Hamil- 
ton Period occupy a large area in Iowa. 
They occur in the neighborhood of Dav- 
enport, Iowa City, Vinton, Independence, 
"Waterloo, Waverly, Charles City, Mason 
City, and all the intermediate points 
wherever rocks come to the surface. At 
many of these localities Stromatopores of 
various species are among the common 
fossils; but nowhere else, so far as I have 
seen, are such fossils present in anything 
like the abundance indicated by the slab 
in question, and nowhere else have I seen 
the matrix enclosing the fossils hard and 
compact enough throughout any consider 
able poition of the beds to take such a 
perfect polish." 

'•The stromatopores in the literature of 
geology are usually referred to as fossil 
sponges, but it must be remembered that 
porous calcareous structures whether made 
by sponges, polyps, or worm-like polyzoa, 
are popularly called corals, and any lime- 
stone firm and compact enough to take a 
a fine polish is called a marble ; and hence 
in the popular sense the name of 'coral 
marble,' applied to these splendid polished 
slabs from Charles City, is eminently ap- 
propriate." 

Xot long since we received from the 
company a slab of the marble, accompan- 
ied by the following description : 

"The quarries from which this marble 
is taken, are located one mile east from 
Charles City, on the north bank of the Ce- 
dar River. It may be described geologic. 
ally as a coralline deposit or formation of 
the Devonian Period. Corals of wonder- 
ful beauty, Crinoid stems, Brachtopods, 
Cephalopods, and other varieties of fo3. 
sil forms of life abound. The deposit is 
stratified, the layers of marble running 
from 8 to 30 inches in thickness, the sev- 
eral layers aggregate 20 feet in thickness, 
and each strata has an independent color, 



pattern and style peculiar to it alone. It 
is found first within 7 feet of the surface, 
and the supply is practically unlimited. 

''It is a trifle harder than Italian mar j 
ble, and considering its conglomerate na- 
ture is remarkably free from the checks, 
seams and defects common to most color- 
ed marbles. It takes a very high finish. 

"It has a great variety of color, no two 
pieces bung alike ; the ground work is 
mostly either buff, gray or drab, this inlaid 
and blotched with masses of coral vary- 
ing in size ironi 1 to 20 inches in diame- 
ter, and of the most exquisite and delicate 
coloring and tracing, some resembling 
wood, some beautiful sea-shells, some of 
it birds-eye of pure white, other a dark 
mahogany brown, veined like a French 
walnut burl. 

"Its uses are for interior decorative 
work, such as : wainscoting, fancy panels, 
newel posts, mantels, mantel facings, til- 
ing, table tops, furniture slabs of all kinds, 
columns, counter tops, radiator tops, 
plumbers' slabs, and all kinds of bric-a- 
brac, such as inkstands, placques, paper 
weights, etc., and we claim for this mar- 
ble that it will not stain or discolor, and 
that it is proof against the action of either 
grease, oil or ink." 

The finest and largest deposit of gypsum 
in the country, is found near Ft. Dodge, 
in Webster county, extending for five 
miles along the Des Moines River, in sol- 
id rock formation. It is perfectly white 
on being pulverized, and from it a fine 
quality of plaster of Paris is obtained. 

From the "Home Seekers Guide" we 
quote the following in regard to it: 

"This deposit is found to abound in 
endless quantities near Fort Dodge, Web- 
ster county, this being the most impor- 
tant deposit yet discovered in the 
United States, and the only one of any 
economic value in Iowa or any of the ad- 
joining States. The Ft. Dodge gypsum 
is the purest yet discovered in any State, 
containing not over one-eighth of one per 
cent, of impurities. For agricultural 
purposes it excels anything of the kind 
yet found, the lime made from it being 
from twenty to thirty per cent, superior to 



74 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



that made from other gypsum. Contain- 
ing as it does such a small per centage of 
impurities, the time will come when this 
deposit will be in great demand as a fertil- 
izer. This gypsum is also used for build- 
ing purposes to some extent, although its 
use in this respect is mostly confined to 
foundations, upon which brick or frame 
superstructures are erected. The Ft. 
Dodge gypsum is quarried just like lime- 
stone and is capable of being cut into 
blocks of any shape or dimension 1hat 
may be desired. Its superior qualities 
have given it a wide reputation, and large 
quantities of it are exported yearly." 

Sand for building purposes is found in 
abundance throughout the State, and in 
some portions, a fine quality of moulding 
sand exists. Silicious sand for the manu- 
facture of glass is found in several parts 
of the State, in the locality of the coal de- 
posits. This sand has been tested and is 
found to possess all the requirements for 
the manufacture of glass of a superior 
quality. 

Excellent clay for manufacturing brick, 
sewer pipe and drain tile is found in all 
parts of the State, and potters' clay exists 
in abundance in almost every county, 
while the finer clay suitable for the man- 
facture of terra cotta is also found, and 
our terra cotta works make pottery of 
such elegant design and workmanship as 
rivals the products of European factories. 
Fire clay also abounds, in the locality of 
the coal deposits, and ochre of fine quali- 
ty [from which mineral paint is made, ex- 
ists in many parts of the State. 

For many years, lead has been extensive- 
ly mined in the vicinity of Dubuque, hav 
ing been commenced long before any per- 
manent white settlement was made in 
Iowa. 

Iron and copper have been found in very 
limited quantities in Iowa, but not suffi- 
cient to warrant a profitable return in 
mining. 

The following article on the coal inter- 
ests of the State is from Hon. Parker C. 
"Wilson, State Inspector of Mines: 



COAL MINING. 



EXTENT OF IOWA COAL FIELDS — QUALITY 
OF THE COAL — STATISTICS OF PRODUCT 
OF OUR MINES— ESTIMATE OF THE SUP- 
PLY. 



In Iowa that group or series of stata 
known as " the coal measures" (including 
the drift) is from one hundred to six hun- 
dred feet in thickness, measuring verti- 
cally. But the general position of the 
coal measure formation is not horizontal. 
There is a general inclination downward 
or "dip "from each toward the west or 
southwest which will probably average 
from two to four feet to the mile. 
There are, of course, many places where, 
in limited districts, the dip may seem to 
be horizontal or even toward the east, but 
the general tendency of all the coal-bear- 
ing as well as other formations is to dip 
to the southwest. For convenience of de- 
scription, the coal measures have been 
divided into three groups, viz: The 
"upper," middle " and " lower coal meas- 
ures." Each of these groups embrace a 
great many strata of various formations of 
rocks that are usually associated with tLe 
beds or seams of coal. In some places the 
" coal measures " are barren of any seam 
of coal of sufficient thickness to be 
worked profitably, but as a general 
rule each of these groups of coal 
measures carries a seam of coal that 
is one of the chief characteristics of 
that coal measure wherever it may ex- 
ist. The " lower " coal measure is the 
one which in Iowa is now producing the 
great bulk of the coal raised in the State. 
The general thickness of this lower coal 
measure is probably 150 feet, and it has 
been proven in many places to carry three 
seams of coal, these seams of coal being 
at various distances ranging from eight to 
sixty feet apisrt. The average aggregate 
thickness of these three seams is probably 
twelve feet, and are being mined to a 
greater or less extent in the counties of 
Webster, Hamilton, Hardin, Greene, 
Boone, Story, Marshall, Dallas, Polk, 
Jasper, Warren, Marion, Mahaska, Keo- 



IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 



75 



feuk, Lucas, Monroe, Wapello, Jefferson, 
Henry. Davis and Van Buren. The " mid- 
dle " coal measure also carries three or 
four seams of coal, but there is only one 
■workable seam. It ranges from twenty- 
two to thirty inches in thickness. The 
other seams are too thin to be mined profit- 
ably. The counties producing coal from 
the second coal measure are Appanoose, 
Wayne. Lucas, Warren, Dallas, Guthrie. 
The upper coal measure carries oDly one 
seam of coal from twelve to twenty-two 
inches thick, and is being mined in the 
counties of Page, Taylor, Adams and Cass. 
These three coal measures lie overlapping 
each other, the lower one projecting from 
fifty to seventy-five miles northeastward 
past the edge of the middle one, and the 
middle one projecting northeastward an 
average of about fifteen miles beyond the 
edge of the upper one. The eastern or 
outcropping edge of this upper coal meas- 
ure may be approximately traced by a line 
drawn from about the center of Appanoose 
count}-, in the southeastern part of the 
State, northwestward through Chariton, 
Guthrie Center and Audubon. The eastern 
or outcropping edge of the middle coal 
measure may be approximately traced by 
a line drawn from the southeast corner of 
Appanoose county to the city of Des 
Moines ; thence about fifteen miles further 
northwest, and thence west. The eastern 
or outcropping edge of the lower coal 
measures may be approximately traced by 
a line drawn from the southeast corner of 
Van Buren county noith, lapping over 
into Lee county in places a distance of 
from four to six miles, extending north 
through Henry county about six miles ; 
east from the west line of the county north 
into Washington county to a point on 
Crooked creek, close to the southwest 
corner of Franklin township; following 
the creek northwestwardly some fifteen 
or twenty miles; thence west to the east 
line of Keokuk county; thence following 
almost a direct course to the Iowa River 
at a point where the river crosses the east 
line of Marshall county; thence up the 
riv.r to a point about two miles below 



Iowa Falls ; then west to the north line of 
Webster county. Following the line as 
above described and the northern and 
eastern edge of the coal measures will be 
found, with the exception of a small de- 
posit in Scott county, eight miles from 
Davenport, where there is a small district 
of almost one township which bears a 
seam of coal averaging about thirty inches 
in thickness. 

The area of the Iowa coalfield as above 
described is about sixteen thousand square 
miles, and within this limit there are 
thirty-three counties and parts of counties 
producing coal to a greater or less extent. 
The total number of mines in the State is 
about five hundred. Many of them are, 
of course, small affairs, but show at least 
that the coal is there for the development 
of the mine. 

The following table gives the approxi- 
mate estimate of the mines of the State 
by counties for the four years since the 
State mining law went into effect : 



Mahaska. . 
Keokuk... .. 

Lucas 

Polk 

Boone 

Webster.... 

Wapello. 

Appanoose 

Monroe 

Marion 

Greene 

Jasper 

Dallas 

JefEerson . . 
Warren .. . 

Scott 

Hardin 

Adams 

Hamilton.. 

Wayne 

Van Buren. 

Davis 

Page 

Taylor 

Henry 

Cass 

Guthrie — 

Total.... 



ISSl. 
917195 


1882. 


1883. 


701397 


927387 


463010 


5113- 1 9 


500040 


458-274 


41o217 


4S7S21 


473S93 


327819 


558821 


3377-24 


1286391 


466981 


1843C0 


218478 


248560 


131815 


207721 


237S21 


107348 


97976 


128896i 


9? 143 


90325 


93435 


• 93997 


90927 


90985 


81530 


62531 


8S851 


42435 


40189 


45883 


47SS1 




38O0S 


39124 


22121 


38887 


129S9 


11061 


12828 


3-01 


3711 


3714 


1317 


1125 


1203 


3708 


1691 


3891 


1787 


874 


1998 


77 


51 


1892 


987 


216 




489 


301 


527 


68c 


118 


748 


87 


8i 


94 


67 


65 


65 


36 


41 


43 


:■'/■ < > 


312770' 


3881300 



1884. 



932714 
43094 i 
410729 

619921 
473073 
214014 
2«072U 

loS.-.'S i 

98427 

970S5 

9o327 

46321 

37185 

8172 

13727 

3S21 

1075 

3981 

1878 

4947 

1778 

1207 

1009 

127 

87 

"54«7 



In reference to the probable future sup- 
ply of coal for Iowa it is estimated that 
the coal field embraces an area of 16,000 
square miles, and that after making a de- 
duction of three-fourths of this area for 
the erosions of the streams and other 
causes that had either carried away the 



IOWA RESOURCES AKD INDUSTRIES. 



coal or prevented its deposit, there would 
be left at least 4,000 square miles that 
might be estimated to carry a four foot 
seam of coal and that this deposit, if the 
estimate hold good, would furnish 4,000,- 
000 tons per annum for 3,000 years. 



BUSINESS AND COMMER- 
CIAL INTERESTS. 



ADVANTAGES FOR BUSINESS — GROWTH OP 
BUSINESS INTERESTS— DEMAND AND SUP- 
PLY OP THE NORTH-WEST — MANUFAC- 
TURING CITIES OP IOWA — INDUCEMENTS 
TO CAPITALISTS. 

The rapid development of our State, 
the growth in population, the unexcelled 
transportation facilities, our inexhausti- 
ble coal mines and excellent water power, 
the unparalleled richness of the soil in 
the yield of all kinds of agricultural pro- 
ducts, the manufacturing resources, the 
low price of lands, and the certainty 
that Iowa has so many superior natural 
advantages for becoming one of the 
wealthiest and best States in the Union, 
has attracted the better class of men for 
the prosecution of all kinds of business, 
trades and industries. 

Our leading commercial cities to-day 
are looked upon by Chicago and other 
eastern business centers with envious eyes 
in our rapid march toward commercial 
greatness and supremacy. But little has 
been said about our vast resources for the 
prosecution of all kinds of business, or 
the facilities for various branches of man- 
ufacturing, yet to-day we have a large 
number of enterprising, industrious busi- 
ness men, and skilled mechanics in our 
factories, while the volume of business, 
and the products of our factories, compare 
very favorably with those of any State in 
the Union. The demand created through 
the settlement of the great Northwest, for 
goods of all descriptions, together with 
our facilities for transportation, bespeak 
for Iowa, situated between the commer- 
cial centers of the East, and the demands 
of the great West, a future, placing her in 



the front rank among her sister State? at 
no distant day, in wealth and commercial 
influence. 

The principal interest in the develop- 
ment of the business and manufacturing 
interests of the State, is in supplying the 
demands of the north-west, which is a 
matter of great importance, and from the 
advantages and resources Iowa has, she 
intends to do her part, and is thus an in- 
viting field to capitalists and manufac- 
turers. These demands are largely sup- 
plied from the commercial centers of our 
State, and our enterprising citizens, full of 
public zeal, and ready toco-operate in any 
undertaking for the general good of the 
State, are alive to all important enterprises 
which tend to secure the full development 
of our vast resources. The banking insti- 
tution, of the State provide liberal money- 
ed accommodations to traders and manu- 
facturers. There are a number of cities 
in Iowa which can properly be called 
commercial and industrial centers, the 
principal of which are Des Moines, Du- 
buque, Davenport, Burlington, Keokuk, 
Council Bluffs, Cedar Rapids, Marshall- 
town, Clinton, Sioux City, Ottumwa, Mus- 
catine, Iowa City, Ft. Dodge, Waterloo* 
and Cedar Falls. These cities have either 
a Merchants' Exchange or Board of Trade, 
which- will give special information re- 
garding the advantages of their respect- 
ive localities on application to the secre- 
taries' of chese various associations. 

Many other towns and cities in Iowa 
have scarcely less of the natural elements 
of future prosperity, and, we doubt not, 
will demonstrate to citizens at home and 
capitalists abroad, that well directed enter- 
prise is not lacking, It is not alone the 
size of cities which most attracts capital 
and industrial enterprises, but those which 
enjoy the best natural advantages and re- 
sources, the most complete transportation 
facilities, and an enterprising citizenship, 
foremost in individual enterprise in the es- 
tablishment of new industries. The cit- 
ies and towns that possess these essential 
elements for the increase of wealth and 
prosperity, are justly entitled to be called 
first-class. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



77 



The beautiss and riches of Iowa ara be- 
ing rapidly brought to view by the opening 
of the great avenues of commerce, capi- 
talists and men of smaller means are be- 
coming convinced that this is the real gar. 
den of the world, unsurpassed in natura- 
advantages, and as her source-, of wealth 
are being developed, she stands forth in 
her unrivalled beauty and grandeur. 

We have referred elsewhere to the 
transportation facilities, the agricultural 
and mineral resources, and inducements 
to capitalists and manufacturers. We de- 
sire, in connection with the commercial 
interests of the State, to speak especially 
of the advantages for manufacturing. 



MANUFACTURING. 



ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING— COAL 
— WATER POWER — TRANSPORTATION 
FACILITIES— COST OF LIVING— WILL MAN- 
UFACTURING PAY IN IOWA— THE MANU. 
FACTCRE OF IOWA PRODUCTS— ADJUNCTS 
TO MANUFACTURING — INDUSTRIES WHICH 
ARE NEEDED— STATISTICS. 

While too much cannot be said of the 
attractions of Iowa for the agriculturist, it 
is quite evident that the manufacturing fa- 
cilities are almost unlimited, and that capi- 
tal judiciously invested in productive in 
dustries will return as large a per cent, of 
profits as can ba realized in any other 
State. The admirable adaptation of Iowa 
for the production of raw material, her 
vast coal deposits, good water power^ and 
her unrivalled transportation facilities, 
enable her to offer remarkable induce, 
rnents to the capitalist and manufacturer, 
and within the past few years manufac- 
turing in Iowa has . increased rapidly. 
Our great agricultural resources render 
this State a most profitable field for manu- 
facturing, and her central location in one 
of the richest agricultural regions of the 
world, her proximity to the rapidly devel- 
ing States and Territories west, her 
accessibility, by means of our numerous 
railroads, making this territory trib- 
utary, all combine to offer strong in- 
ducements to manufacturers, and new 



factories are being established, and 
those already engaged in the busi- 
ness are increasing their capacity to 
meet the demands. The success of the 
factories already established and the rapid 
settlement of the country tributary are 
warrants for the establishment of many 
more. 

Cheap motive power is one of the ad- 
juncts of cheap manufacturing, and the 
elements of power are distributed through- 
out the State in our excellent water power 
and inexhaustible coal mines. The coal 
fields of Iowa cover an extent of about 
sixteen thousand square miles, and coal 
of excellent quality for manufacturing 
purposes may be had at prices varying 
from $1 to $2 per ton. The transporta- 
tion facilities for obtaining the raw ma- 
teiial have been greatly augmented during 
the past few years, giving us easy com- 
munication with the lumber regions and, 
the ore districts of the country. Besides 
this, Iowa abounds in material for the 
manufacture of almost everything used in 
civilized life, such as the various kinds of 
agricultural implements, tubs, baskets, 
pails, furniture of all descriptions, sash, 
doors and blinds, carriages and wagons, 
pumps and windmills, starch, oils, soaps, 
printing and wrapping paper, and many 
other articles in daily use. 

Having, then, the material for manufac- 
turing, the demand for the manufactured 
product, and the facilities for reaching the 
principal markets of the country, the all- 
important question is, the consideration of 
cheaper freight rates, in order that we 
may compete with eastern manufacturers. 
This question is now engrossing the at- 
tention of the people throughout the State, 
and the outlook is most encouraging for 
better rates of transportation, for the con- 
struction of new lines of road in all direc- 
tions, and a largely increased volume of 
traffic, produces competition, which, in 
in our opinion, is the most successful 
agency in adjusting the differences which 
occasionally arise, and in securing lower 
and equitable bases of rates. It is to our 
railroads, more than to any other single. 



fb' 



IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIE: 



agency, that Iowa is indebted for her 

rapid development in agricultural, manu- 
facturing, and other industrial pursuits, 
so that our various industrial establish- 
ments have teen able to maintain their 
business, and increase their capacity to 
rmet the larger demands of trade. An 
- need in 1 he matter, is that the peo- 
ple of Iowa patronize home manufactur- 
ers, in preference to those of other locali- 
ties, as a matter of encouragement, and 
when this is the case, the increase of 
business thereby assured will ena- 
ble 'hem to manufacture mere exten- 
sively, and at the same time more 
cheaply, and sec are lower rates of 
transportation by reason of increased 
shipments. This would have a tendency 
to stop ibe continual drain upon our 
finances and keep the balance of trade in 
our favor. 

The citizens of Iowa are favorable to 
any system of improvements which will 
advance the material interests of the 
and when they fully realize the lm- 
ace of encouraging our home indus- 
tries in preference to tho:e of other States, 
then, and not until then, we shall witness 
the lull development of our manufacturing 
resources. Every dollar spent at home 
adds to the value of our home industries, 
and thus to the wealth and progress 
State. In regard to this subject we quote 
from an address of Governor Snermaa. as 
follows : 

•' The best market is that of the home. 
and to my mind, the diversified interests 
of the State are at once its profit and pro- 
tection. Could we induce the establish- 
ing of large manufacturing interests 
among ns, and therewith accomplish the 



apparent: to become alive to all those im- 
portant considerations that tend to the 
development of our vast undeveloped re- 
sources. Capital will then seek invest- 
ment in manufacturing enterprises, when 
our public spirited citizens give encour- 
agement to all branches of productive in- 
dustry. 

Capital and labor are mutually depen- 
dent, and although it may be said that cap- 
ital controls labor, it is none the less true 
that capital is powerless as a source of 
wealth, unless utilized by labor. The 
capitalist is wisest then, who in locating 
his factory, not only gives consideration 
to the facilities for manufacturing and 
for transportation, but to the cost of living 
as regards his operatives, as this has an 
important bearing upon the price of 
labor, for the remuneration given the 
workman must be commensurate with 
the cost of living, as the value of a day's 
wages is determined by the amount which 
it will purchase. In view of these facts, 
and that the necessaries of life are pro- 
duced in such abundance, and the cost of 
living is consequently much cheaper than 
in the Eastern States, we claim that Iowa 
otters the greatest inducement to capital 
in this particular, for the skilled mechanic 
in Iowa, with the same wages which he 
could command in the east, will secure 
not only a comfortable living, but save 
enough from his wages in a few years to 
obtain a good home. 

Many cities in Iowa possess natural ad- 
sjes for the prosecution of manufac- 
turing industries, which afford strong in- 
ducements to capitalists, and the citizens 
generally are ready to encourage and co- 
re with the manufacturers locating 
in their midst. The incentive to business 



home consumption of the surplus of our activity is the desire to accumulate wealth, 

and enterprising citizens in the various 
business centers of the State are investing 
their capital in such industries as will 
bring the most profitable returns. The 
question, "Will manufacturing pay in 
Iowa ?" admits of no discussion, for the de- 
velopment of our agricultural resources 
creates the demand necessary to the sup- 
port of manufacturing enterprises. 



farms, we have reached a degree of inde 
- rnce which places us far in advance 
of those governments which make 
of their labor, and reduce it to servitude 
nnd competition of countries whose entire 
interest is subservient and wholly subor- 
dinate to the domination of a few indus- 
tries." 

The duty of the people of Iowa, then, is 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Iowa has a few of the most extensive es- 
tablishments, in their respective branches 
of industry, in the Unite Si tes, anJ 

many very prosperous smaller manufac- ) 
taring establishments. Her iron works, I 
foundries and machine shops have proved i 
very profitable investment;, while her | 
starch factories, oat meal and flouring 1 , 
mills, agricultural implements and 
ed -wire factories, woolen mills, pork pack- 
ing establishments, creameries and cheese 
factories, canning establif furni- 

ture, wagon and carriage rkfi linseed 
oil mills, scap works and many others are 
doing a very prosperous business. 

In regard to the industries which si 
be more ful'y developed in Iowa, with 
her rapidly inc h and popu- 

lation, there is presented a grand field 
and promise of abundant reward to "hose 
who improve this opportunity. One of 
the best investments would be in the man- 
ufacture of agricultural implements, for 
which the demand is almost unlimited 
throughout the west. Another in 
field is the manufacture of wagons and 
carriages, for although almost everything 
in ihe line of vehicles, from a transfer 
wagon to the finest car: 1 a - . ade in 
Iowa, yet the demand far exceeds the sup- 
ply. Oat meal has become sopor 
an article of f ocd that there is room in Iowa 
for more mills producing it. Iowa oats 
are not only abundant, but of such excel- 
lent quality that Iowa oat meal has ac- 
quired a reputation for its s : excel- 
lence. There are al- 
oil mills in the State, but the demand for 
the oil and oil cake is so great that they 
are crowded to their utmost cap -.city, and 
even then are unable to supply 
scarcely any attention is paid to the fibre 
which might be utilized in various ways. 
_ urn is one of the • profitable crops 
which can be produced in Iowa, and when 
we consider that the people of the United 
- consume nearly two billion pounds 



I - gar annually, cons 
enth of ail 

whethei urage the 

product] sugar 

Hen. 
John R. Shaffer Secre ry of the St 
Agricultural Society, 
years, has urge I f this 

• The census of 1 SSO dc es riot re j . 
- - sugar made ghum 

in Iowa; but there is abun I at -- i 
that much has been made. T: 

• ■■ -"- SD S 
been made from sirghum in 

from every v 
of the ca r :e. With enlarged facil- 
ities, wi'h improved machinery, with 
1 . 1_- . with a greater intel- 
ligence, by active and earnest c - 
lion, sugar can 1 in im- 

reable quantity, and may be one of 
the best of all out gi 

Of printing 
of a million dollars o ul.y. and 

but a very -: tured 

in the 8 I while the: j are -everal 

mills mam: a zapping p 

they supply but a very small pro] orti< n 
of the demand There is no adequate 

i why the manufacture of f urn 
should n t be more extensively ens _- 
in. where we have cherry, oak and black 
walnut = 1 

the rapid d< at of ;he count: 

ates a . r all grades of furniture. 

There are a multitude of articles in 
use, and for which there is 
m and, which Hi . Qufactured 

at a better profit than they are now manu- 
factured in the east. 

j ring the statist 3 
of manufacturing in the S is 

from the "Historical and Compai 
Census of Iowa." in 1880, and makes a 
very creditable exhibit of her indui 
for so young a State: 



80 



IOWA RESOURCES AITD INDUSTRIES. 



ALL KINDS OF MANUFACTURES IN IOWA. 



STATISTICS FOB, YEAR ENDED MAY 31. 1880. 



COUNTIES. 



The State 

Adair 

Adam9. 

Allamakee 

Appanoose 

Audubon 

Benton • - — 

Black Hawk 

Boone — 

Bremer 

Buchanan >.' — 

Buena Vista — 

Butler 

Calhoun • 

Carroll 

Cass 

Cedar ... 

Cerro Gordo 

Cherokee 

Chickasaw 

Clarke 

Clay 

Clayton 

Clinton 

Crawford 

Dallas 

Davis 

Decatur 

Delaware, 

Dea Moines 

Dfckinson 

Dubuque 

Emmet 

Fayette.... 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fremont 

Greene 

Grundy 

Guthrie 

Hamilton, 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Harrison 

Henry 

Howard 

Humboldt 

Ida 

Iowa 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Johnson 

Jones 

Keokuk 

Kossuth 

Lee 

Linn 

Louisa 

Lucas 

Lyon.... 

Madison A 

Mahaska 

Marion 

Marshall 



6,921 



95 

133 

80 

59 

75 

28 

45 

25 

14 

42 

65 

31 

31 

60 

36 

26 

209 

172 

54 

63 

72 

65 

155 

134 

2 

459 

4 

98 

81 

30 

70 

33 

27 

40 

44 

1 

81 

56 

99 

47 

17 

4 

58 

130 

67 

05 

180 

115 

130 

28 

285 

207 

40 

59 

4 

43 
100 
102 
111 



$33,987,886 

32,560 

40,550 
451,496 

78,60' 

15,100 
221,365 
539 578 
254,325 
143 650 
297,: 

58,'850 
139,915 

21,650 

42,350 
127,63^ 
125,915 
187,' "" 

65,475 
I28,85 fi 

79,150 

31,875 
783,085 
2,752,49 

98,015 
151,025 

90,995 

116,480 

359,480 

1,420,373 

18,000 
3,749,761 

4,900 
264,976 
310,160 

61,660 
208,463 
105,005 

89,750 
132,255 

75,240 
1,800 
296,545 
121,575 
346,280 
102,500 

72,175 

28,000 
263,838 
583,630 
158,510 
175,925 
816,466 
276.4i)0 
270,240 

55,675 
2,146,534 
1,564,150 

89.80^ 
108,97 

32,500 

90,475 
392,381 
201,835 
692,538 



AVERAGE NUMBER 

OE HANDS EM 

PLOYED. 



25,383 



25 

64 

228 

100 

15 

200 

438 

218 

125 

174 

68 

79 

30 

38 

174 

82 

59 

69 

122 

69 

37 

486 

1.419 

115 

91 

161 

123 

294 

1.277 

9 

2,796 

4 

18J 

185 

76 

198 

103 

54 

77 

73 



So 



1,431 



200 

139 

237 

85 

31 

21 

227 

405 

152 

127 

658 

272 

206 

66 

1,574 

1,170 

98 

130 

8 

78 

296 

195 

424 



^ o 

O 

1,559 



10 



10 



la 



+= p 
p*£ 

P en 

o > > 
Eh 

9,725,932 

4,423 
17,837 
79,919 
26,750 
3,525 
53 837 

166,749 
87,41 
36 756 
56,229 
20,166 
20,428 
4 695 
10,159 
58,418 
24,381 
22,048 
25,199 
30 6o: 
27.58 
12,385 

153,173 

581,010 
41,300 
18,510 
45 598 
23 253 
90.499 

550,293 

2 025 

1,399,994 

1,150 

45,667 

60,425 

14,214 

76 655 

21,048 

18 314 

20,881 

19,983 



67,814 
3-i,4G6 
62,501 
23 500 
8,731 
6,375 
68,179 

121,424 
35,784 
35,973 

191,478 
79,307 
52,707 
16,425 

600,910 

464,596 

26,695 

43,681 

3,480 

18,909 

105,593 
46,9>2 

182,296 



CD 


o 


"el 


o 


s 


Ph 


$48,701,311 


$71,045,926 





i 


32 590 


42,017 


174,827 


255,999 


348 408 


545,852 


196 625 


285,103 


30 650 


39,165 


278,390 


418.504 


1,083.281 


1.437.027 


399.938 


680 053 


175,483 


274,204 


265 640 


422,583 


140,204 


196,008 


251 892 


338,738 


41,219 


62.757 


67,425 


100.591 


497,526 


635 657 


131,478 


202,349 


293 880 


363 305 


142,770 


192.959 


195,228 


288 046 


174;420 


2*9,644 


94,841 


125,237 


722,883 


1,079,6"3 


2,704 554 


4 080.647 


197,712 


306,891 


204,723 


270,917 


159,778 


267,425 


156,388 


234,544 


890,614 


644,319 


1,623,936 


2 838 053 


32 970 


38,140 


4.235.244 


6,835,289 


11,350 


15,115 


445,400 


590.666 


366 869 


540 865 


70,014 


106,479 


295,154 


481,899 


116,443 


169,952 


71,879 


116,675 


155,888 


228 483 


109,154 


167,915 


6,650 


7,538 


311,821 


471384 


184,578 


267.056 


467,101 


623,815 


186,569 


264,487 


36,010 


82,670 


64,250 


80.840 


343,133 


512 364 


1,469 512 


1,788.664. 


292,290 


3£7,536 


286,159 


418 603 


887.633 


1,332,549 


547,679 


785,626 


380,452 


560,503 • 


79,395 


122,466 


1,978,312 


3,192,058 


4,249,617 


5 205^859 


189,806 


276 452 


163 291 


266,344 


41.430 


49,170- 


133 545 


205,7^8 


364,273 


611 530 


273,114 


395,311 


1,008,669 


1,507.650 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



81 



ALL KINDS OF MANUFACTURES IN IOWA— continued. 



STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR ENDED MAY 31, 1880. 





m 

O 

a 

fa 

DC 

To 


CAPITAL. 


AVERAGE NUMBER 
OF HANDS EM- 
PLOYED. 


c 
'3 ~ 

B'B 

5 — 

eo .- 

Q ? (>, 

23.398 
67 385 
16.2 4 

29.291 

32520 

34140-1 

6,135 


Materials. 




COUXTEES. 


. 

~ CD 
O 

oSth 




os si 

J— 

So 


-3 

a 

^z ^"> 

3 
4 
1 
4 
2 
123 




O 


Mills 

Mitchell 


29 
81 
33 
49 
41 
195 
12 


S 60,682 

3S4 485 

90,700 

73; 755 

131,475 

1,056.985 

86.825 


6r 
183 

82 
126 

92 

806 

25 


.... ^ 

2 
3 

5 

81 


209 315 
478.793 
128,940 
166,703 
164 895 
1,238,421 
39 550 


275 235 

625,559 
1713,471 
249 905 
247,320 
1,913.149 
57,545 


Monona 


Monroe 


Montgomery 

Muscatine 


O'Brien 

Oscaola 


Pa-e 

Palo Alto 


42 
16 
12 

g 

202 
120 
51 
16 
21 
241 
11 

36 
81 
32 
48 
97 
154 
60 
70 
55 
59 

""67 
91 
10 

4 


89,350 

31.500 

128 5' m 

2,200 

1,564,790 

546 54! 

244,100 

IS 750 

63 903 

2,983.157 

46,330 

14,950 

58.650 

242,334 

62,423 

125,500 

301,400 

1,094.495 

110.7.3-5 

175,350 

62,450 

171,525 

""393,786 

r .05,5'0 

66,000 

13-300 


32 

38 

37 

2 

1,396 

685 

177 

45 

58 

1.564 

63 

10 

62 

156 

77 

147 

228 

943 

121 

145 

129 

191 

"229 

449 
33 

7 




1 
3 

1 


26.908 

10.702 

18,176 

1,000 

715,399 

282,369 
79 062 
13,350 
14,922 

705,603 
15,707 
2,582 
19,443 
53,581 
iO,405 
6B.952 
88,072 

375.577 
2^838 
45,950 
27,677 
65 478 

66^982 

192,47? 

14.600 

1,500 


129 645 

32,098 

277.880 

500 

3,023 659 

1,779,234 

211 803 

60 050 

99,665 

2,105.143 

74,611 

19.200 

5i;988 

357.141 

143,467 

289 217 

449.722 

2 706,528 

218.460 

383,183 

158.060 

194,878 

'" 512596 

846 095 

79 900 

15,510 

48,704,311 


197.503 
57 818 

356,381 


Plvniouth 


Pocahontas 


Polk 

Pottawattamie 

Poweshiek 

Pinfold 


75 

29 

58 



3 
85 

" i 

'"41 
101 

2 

""io 

16 


104 
5 
6 
3 
5 

» 

1 
3 
8 
7 
5 
16 
23 
3 
1 
1 
4 

"'3 
14 


4.530,428 

2,448,842 

411.010 

92 595 

128 959 

4,667 511 

102 660 

59,530 

96,126 

502,741 

209 453 


Sac.T 

Scott 


Shelby 

Sioux 


Storv 


Tama 


Tavlor 


Union 


423,695 
655,084 
3,506,379 
314,418 
513013 
245,757 


Van Bnren 


Wapello 

Warren 


Washington.. 

Wavne. 


Webster 


341,190 

"689,125 

1,233 666 

110 625 


Winnebago 

Winneshiek. ... 

Woodburv 

Worth 


Wright 






20,086 








Total 


1 6.921 


33,987,886 


25,382 


1,431 


1,559 


9,725,962 


1 71,045,926 



82 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES FOR YEAR ENDED MAY 31, 1880. 



SELECTED INDUSTRIES — STATE AT LARGE. 



MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING INDUS- 
TRIES. 



All industries 

A gricultu/al implements 

Bread and other bakery products 

Brick and tile 

Bridges 

Carriages and wagons 

Cheese and butter 

Clothing— men's 

Cooperage 

Flouring and grist-mill products 

Foundry and machine-shop products. 

Furniture = 

Liquors, distilled 

Liquors, malt 

Lumber, planed 

Lumber sawed — 

Marble and stone work . 

Oil linseed 

Printing And publishing 

Saddlery and harness 

Sash, doors and blinds 

Slaughtering and meat-packing 

Soap and candles.. 

Tinware, copperware and sheet-ironware 

Tobacco, cigars 

Wire 

Woolen goods. ... 

All other industries 













& 




O'Z 


O-S c3 




m 




>i 






3 




. o 


o m & 




o> 




o® 


§ ® M 


m 


. a 

O 0> 


'5. 


3*3 


03 toa 
o ^ 


"3 


KB 
6,921 


o 

$33,987,886 


< 

23,372 
8^9 


E* 


3 


$ 9,725.962 
243 635 


$48,704,317 
601,096 


58 


1,185 530 


97 


353,633 


347 


134 662 


541629 


280 


478,614 


2,251 


4 6 120 


270,963 


8 


685 600 


138 


87 808 


242 858 


203 


1,505 645 


1,388 


610,017 


1,042 758 


244 


6)7,503 


795 


139,318 


1,261.316 


167 


665 363 


892 


353,100 


830.510 


112 


194,539 


519 


207,573 


312,06^ 


713 


7,890,859 


2,147 


748,04- 


16,488,480 


102 


1,032,550 


1,106 


471,574 


747,559 


169 


744,670 


752 


314 752 


626,453 


3 


118,200 


75 


20,00) 


192,338 


114 


1,987,313 


526 


218,017 


925,135 


12 


94,600 


10 


42 633 


161.501 


328 


4,916.390 


2,989 


825.241 


4,141 885 


85 


240,970 


321 


142,200 


186,119 


7 


432 0J0 


97 


46,330 


570,812 


146 


1,125,086 


990 


498,229 


514.380 


451 


964,728 


1007 


380 552 
238,592 


1,173,862 


27 


713 200 


621 


847,002 


38 


1,955 509 


1532 


530,188 


9,996 845 


15 


135,500 


64 


23.418 


195,800 


321 


52 1,150 


620 


256,286 


P83.786 


.131 


263 675 


588 


225,961 


376 621 


3 


131, 00D 


46 


35,135 


319,350 


34 


553,500 


497 


117,792 


435,747 


3,046 


4.411,533 


7.152 


2, 387 3% 


5.114.441 



o 

S-i 

Pi 

$71,045,926 

1,271,872 

839 712 

944,497 

351,476 

2 212,197 

1,736 400 

1,508,398 

660 213 

19,089,401 

1,594,349 

1,293,504 

288 000 

1,653,851 

- 256 800 

6,185 628 

499,744 

766 800 

1,399,289 

2,068 486 

1,236,072 

11,285,032 

259,960 

1,198 804 

830,097 

447,500 

679 904 

10 437 940 



The clays of this State add no small 
value to its industries. Not only is clay 
for the manufacture of common brick 
abundant, but the linest quality of white, 
or "Milwaukee" brick are made in some 
portions of the State. Fire clay abounds 
in connection with our coal deposits, and 
the best and most valuable of coal meas- 
ure clays— potters' clay— is found of a 
superior quality. We have large drain 
tile works in the State, and their product 
is greatly appreciated by farmers in every 
direction. This is also true of artificial 
stoae and sewerage pipe manufactories. 
Clays in large quantities also exist which 
prove unexcelled for the manufacture of 
mineral paints. It is a well-known geo- 
logical fact that where bituminous coal ex- 
ists in any quantity there is almost sure to 
be found in the upper strata, near the sur- 
face, excellent clay, suitable for the finer 
grades of brick and terra cotta manufac- 



ture. Actual experiment has shown 
that throughout our coal fields, near 
the surface of the ground, thers ex- 
ists an inexhaustible supply of this clay, 
Parties who have made the ceramic arts 
their study for years in the interest of 
terra cotta manufacture, and have visited 
the leading establishments of Europe, 
where clay is manipulated for manufactur 
ing purposes, say that our clays seem pe- 
culiarly fitted for this work and tests 
prove them of a better quality than the 
European clays, in some localities import- 
ed to manufacture the finer grades of 
pressed brick, terra cotta and fancyjpottery 
wares. 

Among the exhibits of Iowa soil dis- 
played at the Centennial Exposition were 
three of glass sand. By actual test this 
sand is capable of making glass of a more 
brilliant whiteness than the sand brought 
from other States. This sand is found in 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



S3 



large deposits and the quality being unex- 
celled and the quantity inexhaustible 
should certainly be sufficient to induce 
large establishments for the manufacture 
of glass in the near future. 

In the latter part of March last the 
Twentieth General Assembly of Iowa cre- 
ated a Bureau of Labor Statistics, and in 
April following, His Excellency, Governor 
Sherman, appointed as commissioner 
thereof E. R. Hutchins, of Des Moines. 
The space afforded here permits but a 
very cursory review of the work contem- 
plated and already accomplished by this 
office. 



BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 



BY E. K. HUTCHIXS, COMMISSIONER. 

Among the provisions of this law the 
commissioner is directed to collect, assort, 
systematize, and present in biennial re- 
ports to the Governor, on or before the 
loth day of August preceding each regular 
meeting of the General Assembly, statis. 
tical details relating to all departments of 
labor in the State, especially in its rela- 
tions to the commercial, social, educational, 
and sanitary conditions of the laboring 
classes, and to the permanent prosperity 
of the mechanical, manufacturing, and 
productive industries of the State. 

In this connection he shall also compile 
and publish such information as he is able 
to secure relative to the wages earned by 
laborers, the savings of the same, the pro- 
portion of married laborers and mechanics 
who live in rented houses, with the aver- 
age annual rental and the value of prop- 
erty owned by laborers and mechanics, 
etc. 

Although the office is less than a year 
old a large amount of data has been se- 
cured. Information based upon actual 
facts— statistics— is always of most value, 
and to obtain these facts has been the work 
•of the commissioner. 



The progress that Iowa has made during 
her short existence as a State is certainly 
astonishing. It is due to the fact, first, 
that those who were her early settlers 
were prudent, intelligent, and industrious, 
and, second, to her rich soil and expansive 
prairies. In 1838 Iowa was organized as 
a territorial government, with a popula- 
tion of 22,859. At the end of eight yea,rs 
and a half she became a State, with her 
population more than quadrupled, having 
95,588 inhabitants. Thirty-eight years 
have passed and now there are more than 
a million and three-quarters of people 
within her borders. 

With less waste and more tillable land 
than any State in the Union, with a coal 
area only exce Jed by three other States, 
with the intelligence of the people ex- 
celled by those of no State in the Union, 
for in comparative ability of the popula- 
tion to read, Iowa stands first among all 
the States, while only one exceeds her in 
ability to write ; with an entire State and 
local debt of $4.90 per capita less than any 
other State, with one exception, and a 
State tax of but two mills on a dollar; 
with a central geographical position in the 
Republic; with an aggregate of produc- 
tion, in proportion to population, without 
a parallel anywhere or any time; with 
scarcely a church known to the Christian 
religion without a representative organiza- 
tion in our midst; with a smaller ratio of 
prisoners to population than any other State 
in the Union, with one exception; with 
six huadred and forty-three newspapers ; 
with an assessed valuation of property of 
$591,325,84.8; producing one-third of all 
the butter made in this country ; with rail- 
road facilities unsurpassed, and of an as- 
sessed valuation of $2,500,000, and under 
control of a State commission ; with a sys- 
tem of education in her common schools, 
universities, and colleges nowhere sur- 
passed, and with a healthfulness of climate 
which can neither be doubted nor ques- 
tioned, it is after all not a matter of sur- 
prise that the literal and original mean- 
ing of the Indian word, Iowa, has been re- 
alized in its splendid condition to-day, and 



84 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, 



her people and visitors cordially unite in 
saying "This is the place." 

As has been said, but a cursory idea can 
be conveyed in these pages as to the work- 
ings of this Bureau, but enough, perhaps, 
can be shown to enable the reader to form 
an idea as to its plans and results sought 
to be attained. All the information is ob- 
tained upon blanks sent out by the com- 
missioner and thus far a cordial support 
has been given him. The following tables 
are but partial ones, but give a correct idea 
of much more complete ones to be pub- 
lished in the First Biennial Report of the 
office. For example, the following table 
gives wages, hours of employment, cost of 
living, etc., among working men, and a 
comparison with several other States: 



fig, I gj * a "" 

80 

P 






P 

O p cc 

. <<: o 



2-2. 



i~i.cotocococococo 

>£». tO OS JO to CO © K3 



Carpenter's av'rage 
daily wages. 



•6© 

h-» ^0 CO CO CO to CO CO 

Ol-IOiOOOOOlO 



Plasterer's average 
daily wages 



r-i CO, (*». CC CO CO CO. CO 



Mason's average 
daily wages. 



^-* to co to co co co co 

cobr'— O— •O^or 
©OC7IOO-3Q0O 



Painter's averaerp 
daily wages. 



CO M. CO H* CO CO CO 

O b' 6 Q W ^ (i 
O OO O C - C CI 



Hames s-maker's 
av. daily wag^s. 



t-i t— ' CO I— »■ I— ' i— » ;-* 

go '** rf* © bt bt co co 

COCni— -OOOCOOI 



Laborer's average 
daily wages. 



■6© 
i-*- to CO bO CO CO CO CO 

CO GO ^J CT h-i ^ b? b* 

oo ©ooo co© o 



Blacksmith's aver 
age daily wages 



CO CO >-» 
•^J.^00 



~7 -i -^ o -:? cs oa 

a o i- ot o ►* oo 

Gi GO -3 O? © OO --* 



Per cent of worthing 
men owning 
homes. 



*Total av. earnings 
by head of family 
for a year. 



O • • co m- • or 



Total av. expenses 
of a family for a 
year. 



It will be seen that the average yearly co=t 
of living is $114 less than Ohio, which is 
next to Iowa. This is accounted for from, 
the fact that fael, meat, and flour — the 
three great staples of life — are in great 
abundance here. The first two in our 
very midst, and the geographical posi- 
tion of Iowa, with reference to Minnesota, 
Kansas, and Dakota — the wheat fields of 
the world — giving her remarkable facili- 
ties for cheaply adding this staple to our 
own great granaries. 

The following shows a few of Iowa'& 
farms with value, acreage and rental : 

Sixteen returns show an average acre- 
age of 434 each, valued at $8,000; annual 
rental $1,000. 

Twenty returns show an average acre- 
age of 268 each, valued at $5,000; annual 
rental $268. 

Twenty-eight returns show an average 
acreage of 388 each, valued at $1,000; an- 
nual rental $170. 

Twenty returns show an average acre- 
age of 165 each, valued at $3,200; annual 
rental $320 . 

Sixeen returns show an average acre- 
age of 163 each, valued at $3,000; annual 
rental $290. 

Twenty returns show an average acre- 
age of 203 each, valued at $2,900; annual 
rental $200. 

A large per cent of the farms in Iowa 
rent for two fifths, and a greater number 
for one third the crops produced. 

TEACHERS. 

Quite a large number of reports have 
been received from teachers in the State, 
and the following interesting figures are 
collected from replies to a series of ques- 
tions : 

Average yearly cost of living, $306.06. 

Average monthly wages, $47.00. 

Of those reporting, 43^ per cent have 
not accumulated any savings, while 66 
per cent -have don- so, and but \% per 
cent have run in debt. To the question, 
"total number wholly or partially depend- 
ent on you for support," the answers var. 
ied, from 1 to 7, with an average of 4. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND I V T DUSTRIES. 



S5 



F.VR>r LABOR. 



* >> 
J. — 

I — 


'>> 
« a" 

= 90 
I 


u 

to ■ 

a a 
'£ © 

— oa 

- .- 


® 
°« . 


a 
$19.23 


- 

$204.29 


a 
o 

S 

$25.79 


C 
$1.29 


a 
o 

$-29.18 


SI. 70 


s 

o 

$18.82 


"3 

n 

.98. 



These tables give an idea of the -work 
being done. In addition to this, investiga- 
tion is being made of the questions of ia- 
-dustrial education, convict labor, strikes, 
arbitration and conciliative laboi organ- 
izations, sites offering special advan- 
tages for location of manufacturing and 
other industries, etc. That no more rapid 
advancement has been made towards the 
solution of the mighty problem of labor 
and capital, to the satisfaction of both 
classes represented, has been due to the 
tact that reliable information has been 
lacking. The highest type of thought 
and intellect is absolutely barren of re 
suits in this direction, without facts as a 
basis. Xo solution, of this question 
can ever be reached without reliable 
statistics, from which alone can be evolved 
reasonable and tangible propositions. Dis- 
asters to capital, men deprived of work 
by the closing of work shops, mines or 
factories, or by their own volition based 
upon disbarmony between employer and 
employed, can only be averted by reason- 
ing founded on statistical facts at once 
positive and indisputable, and with a view 
to place labor and capital in reciprocal 
relations — their true positions — the one de- 
pendent upon the other for healthful life 
and growth, have these bureaus of labor 
statistics been created, and it is hoped and 
believed that that of Iowa will be product- 
ive of much good in this direction. 



THE FARM AND FUTURE 
ACTIVITIES. 



RELATION OP AGRICULTURE AND MANU- 
FACTURING— CONDITION OF IOWA FARM- 
ERS — AVENUES FOR SKILLED FARMERS — 
MANUFACTURE OF OUR RAW PRODUCTS- 
BRAIN WORK AND SKILLED LABOR— HOME 
MARKETS — THE COMPLETE STATE. 



BY HON. JAMES WILSON, OF TRAER. 

The flocks and herds of Iowa are grow- 
ing in number and improving in quality 
as the flocks and herds of no other State 
are; and while the distance to be gone 
over between the poorest and best is al- 
most infinite, yet the point reached by the 
average is so advanced as to require the 
support of other industries. The grains of 
Iowa, in quality and magnitude, have in- 
creased so fast that few States compare 
well with us in either, and grain growing 
has been pushed so fast and far that it re- 
quires the support of other industries to 
assure its continuance. 

The best interests of the shepherd re- 
quires that the fleece be woven beside the 
flock. The best interests of the man that 
rears cattle require that the bullocks be 
slaughtered within his hearing. The best 
interests of the grain-raiser require that 
the grain be all consumed in his presence. 

This is a commercial era Commerce 
animates agriculture. The line breeds of 
animals that we bring from abroad were 
called for to meet the wants of factory 
towns that began to grow after the Napo- 
leonic wars, and the commerce of those 
countries sought every sea, as ours does 
now. Four -fifths of our exports are still 
from the farm, but the shop is becoming 
a great factor in our foreign commerce. 
The good prices tbe farmer gets are only 
guaranteed by the wants of men outside 
of agricultural pursuits. We sell eight 
per cent of our total farm products abroad ; 
and if farm products increase faster than 
the demands of the people at home out- 
side of the farm, our markets will be pre- 
carious, as foreign demand depends so 
much on ability to buy. Every consider- 



86 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



ation embracing the welfare of the farmer 
requires the diversification of products on 
the prairie. Times are propitious. The 
present industries will supply the means. 
There is no direction in which the activity 
of vigorous men can get promise of surer 
returns. 

While we sell abroad we should only 
sell what is as valuable as skill can make 
it; but it should be the aim of every 
American to encourage industries that 
will consume everything the farm pro- 
duces, and sell the results of skill from 
the factory. 

The conditions under which Iowa 
farmers work are more advantageous than 
have attached to tillers of the soil in the 
Eastern or Southern States, or in any part 
of Europe. Not only is substantial wealth 
within their easy reach, but also higher 
mental enlightenment than history has told 
of the husbandman. The precepts of 
Christianity have emancipated the tiller 
of the soil in the Old World, but the soil 
remains in the possession of the strong 
hand, and to this day in the best farming 
districts superior culture only makes 
greater luxury possible to the landlord, 
while a bare living is all the tenant re- 
ceives. In the Eastern States of our coun- 
try the soil is poor, yielding but a respecta 
ble living to the most industrious. 

Under none of these conditions can a 
commonwealth rise to the plane possible 
to Iowa, Every source of wealth possible 
to farmers in our latitude throughout the 
world is guaranteed to us. We have but 
to look at Great Britain and estimate her 
income from her flocks aud herds, and re- 
flect that not only are greater incomes 
within our reach from that source, but 
that the disposalof these incomes is within 
our power. We trace the prosperity of 
New England to its source, and find the 
forge, the loom, and the anvil. We can 
light the fires in the forge, put motion in 
the loom, and start the echoes of the anvil. 
Heretofore we have been laying the foun- 
dations ; they have been laid in strength, 
broad and deep ; their massive proportions 
are just at the surface; the growth will be 



more visible in future. The disadvantage 
at which the farmer worked is about over- 
come. Productive Iowa has paid for non- 
resident lands ; paid off mortgages ; created 
home capital; lowered interest rates; is 
preparing pastures and stocking them; 
erecting comfortable houses, and conveni. 
ent farm steadings ; inviting railways every 
ten miles ; packing and canning meats and 
vegetables ; instituting creameries ; build- 
ing machinery; making paper; pressing 
oil ; making work for educated minds, and 
educating minds for the great work just 
ahead. The refrigerator car now attached 
to the daily train virtually places the Iowa 
dairy beside the Eastern dairy. The 
manufacture of farm machinery at home 
retains all the profits of the business in 
the State. 

These activities become possible as mon- 
ey becomes cheaper ; money will still be- 
come cheaper as year by year the farmer 
receives from abroad the price of his sur. 
plus crops. Heretofore in laying the 
foundations of our prosperity, yearly in- 
comes were swallowed out of sight; they 
are more easily seen now. A vessel cross- 
es the Atlantic with a million in gold ; it 
hies on till it reaches the farmer who sent 
something from the farm to get it ; it began 
to come and stay in 1873. Can any one 
tell when it will cease coming? 

It does not have to return for debts ; we 
do not support a standing army with it; 
we do not waste it on wars to gratifiy re- 
gal ambition; it is the per diem of a 
unique farm economy where the pay is 
ample and all at the disposal of the work- 
er. The income is stupendous. What 
will we do with it? Every year will add 
to it; the last debt will be paid, and st'dl 
the surplus will be great; fields will be 
fully stocked, and will only add to the 
growing income. Factories will work up 
straw and rags into paper on which the 
daily and weekly press of the country will 
be printed, and utilize the fiber of the 
flax crop how wasting; and still the deep 
soil of Iowa will yield more than the 
State needs. Our corporation debts from 
abroad will come home with our last na. 
tionalbond, and lodge in Iowa— where 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



87 



even now some millions are held, and still 
the surplus of the finest farming country 
in the world, farmed by the most intelli- 
gent and virtuous people, will only in- 
crease the incomes of its proprietors. 
With the surplus from like States in the 
Mississippi Valley, it will overflow 
the continent and build our much needed 
merchant marine. 

It is a financial maxim, that "a rich soil 
managed by an intelligent people, pro- 
duces more wealth than its cultivation re- 
quires." 

It is the boast today of Iowa men, that 
our State leads in the production of Indian 
corn. That speaks well for our soil and 
climate, but says very little for us. Our 
corn goes to Europe to make milk and 
meats, giving as much profit to those who 
feed it as to those who raise it. Its car 
riage hence costs more than its price here. 
Our future activities will save both the 
cost of transportation and the profit of the 
foreign feeder, because everything pro- 
duced abroad from our corn can be pro- 
duced here. 

Iowa grains and grasses make prime 
butter, but how little is made. Any two 
counties in Iowa could make more bu',ter 
than is made in the whole State. We tell 
the world that we shipped 30,000,000 
bushels of corn to Chicago last year. That 
advertises two things. First, 'hat Iowa 
can raise great ciops of corn, but for some 
reason does not know how to exhaust the 
profits that are in the crops. Our 40,000,- 
000 bushels of wheat are sold ; the E istern 
dairyman make- as much butter from the 
bran as we get for the wheat. The aven- 
ue 4 for skilled farmers are not at all filled. 
It i- only becoming possible to farm profit- 
ably oa the prairies. Our future activities 
will include the manufacture of our own 
sugar. It is estimated that we pay $6,000,- 
000 annually for this article of domestic 
economy, while Iowa will grow beets or 
cane to perfection. Six million dollars in 
premiums are offered to the manufacture 
of sugar. 

Th* farm requires the mechanic within 
reach who makes what the farmer uses, but 



does not make. We are just now produc- 
ing aud exporting enormously— and pro- 
duction is only just begun. Not one 
farmer in ten has his place fully stocked, 
but this is being done rapidly. Wisdom in- 
dicates that prompt attention be given to 
the diversification of industry. There is 
no village of 1,000 inhabitants but can be- 
gin the manufacture of some of our raw 
products. When the price of the present 
crops comes to us money will be plentier 
than we ever saw it, and cheaper. Every 
well settled neighborhood can prepare to 
make its own machinery in competition 
with Ohio; make oil from flax seed in 
competition with the flax seed of Calcut- 
ta; or work up its flax fibre in competi- 
tion with the fibre of Russia. Every coun- 
ty in Iowa can make brown paper more 
cheaply than it can be made elsewhere, 
the principal material being so much 
cheaper. If our pioneer institutions live 
at all, denser population, cheaper money 
and more skilled laborers will give them 
profits and invite competition. These 
things are what make farming profitable. 

Our farm incomes are assured; twenty- 
five years of uniformly good crops prove 
this. These incomes will be liberally ex- 
pended to sustain an advancing civiliza- 
tion; the highest good of the State re- 
quires that they be expended as much as 
possible at home. Skill and capital are 
necessary in condensing raw materials, 
and capital seems to be forthcoming soon- 
er than skill. The needed additions to 
our population are men who are familiar 
with the handicraft of the factory, instead 
of the family with the covered wagon, the 
yellow dog, shot gun, breachy cow and 
frying pan, that moves this year to the 
foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, labeled 
" Kansas or Bust," and next year is back, 
labled "Busted." The addition to any 
well settled country of a factory of any 
kind that employs help and works up the 
raw material wasting in our fields or lying 
idle in our mines is worth more than a 
hundred more farmers who only labor to 
in^nase our surplus of heavy, low priced 
articles. 



88 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



The wants of agricultural Iowa change, 
and close observation is required to note 
them. Manufactures should be planted 
and nursed as we planted and nursed our 
orchards, and no neighborhood of farmers 
should neglect to have a beginning made 
in their midst. A sentiment in favor of 
diversified industry should be dissemina- 
ted, just as a sentiment in favor of free 
schools needed dissemination at one time. 
There is plenty of water power in Iowa 
to turn the wheels to make every article 
the farm and family need, as well as to 
work up our raw material. Enterprising 
man has far more to do with the location 
of the work-shop than material advanta- 
ges have. The iron ore of Missouri goes 
to Pittsburg to be smelted, while the coal 
fields of Iowa and Illinois are more con- 
venient. Cotton from the Gulf States 
goes to New England to be spun, while 
Southern streams run idle. English work 
shops presumed to buy the world's raw 
material and sell the world the manufac- 
tured article. 

We must find brain work for the gradu- 
ates of our academies and colleges. The 
manufacture of all the high priced goods 
we get in exchange for our farm surplus 
is giving employment to high priced skill 
abroad. We want high priced men to live 
here. The inauguration of diversification 
will open up many new fields to educated 
young people who have but one aim at 
present. Up to this time the intelligent 
farmer has been the best paid man in 
Iowa, but there is a visible limit to the 
gains of any farmer, while the strong 
man who devotes a lifetime to the building 
up of some condensing process, reaches 
with his goods, not only over the conti- 
nent, but t ) the ends of the earth. 

The foundations of national prosperity 
must be effectually laid. 

The home market invites tens of thous- 
ands of mechanics and operators. 

A complete State, with all the industries 
in full activity, is the aim of every com- 
prehensive mind. 

The farmer accomplishes much, but is 
idle nearly half the year. A people en- 



tirely devoted to one industry is depend 
ent on other people for everything else. 
Is it possible for a people to reach the 
highest intellectual heights when activity 
has play in only one direction? 

If Iowa turned all her productions into 
the most costly form they ever reach, the 
income of the State would be more than 
doubled. A certain quality of heroism is 
required to transform our educated young 
men who look for eminence through gen- 
teel occupations that never soil the glove 
or boot, into masters of creameries, sugar 
mills, machine factories, canneries, paper 
mills, woolen mills, glass works, foun- 
dries, and the like, where the successful 
man understands every detail, and can put 
his hand to any part of the work when 
occasion requires, though dust, stains, and 
grease proclaim his vocation to the 
world. 

The mines of the Sierras never offered 
so inviting roads to future wealth as the 
coming activities of Iowa offer to well ed- 
ucated men. The farmer has made all 
things ready ; the State overflows; our raw 
material forms the basis of wealth to 
thousands outside of the State, as John 
Milton's great work furnished ideas to a 
ho~t of plagiarists before the world gave 
it recognition. 

Iowa is now the new Massachusetts in 
her care of education; the new Kentucky 
in her fine cattle; the new Georgia in the 
number of hogs ; the new Illinois in the 
extent of her corn fields ; the new New 
York in the volume of her wheat; the 
new Sparta in the bravery of her sol- 
diers; the new Ireland in her gallantry to 
women ; the new Scotland in her reverence 
for Deity ; the new England in her straight- 
forwardness; the new Germany in her 
thrift, surpassing all her prototypes. We 
must add to her attributes. Future Iowa 
must rival Sheffield and Lowell in mechan- 
ical industry, and Oxford and Harvard in 
scholarship. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



89 



TRANSPORTATION 
CILITIES. 



FA- 



CROWTH AXD DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAIL- 
ROAD SYSTEM OP IOWA— LEGISLATIVE 
CONTROL — BOARD OF RAILROAD COMMIS- 
SIONERS — STATISTICS — PERSONAL MEN- 
TION OF THE ROADS — TRANSPORTATION 
BY THE MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI RIV- 
ERS. 

The prosperity and development of a 
State is essentially dependent upon its 
means of transportation, aud to our rail- 
roads is due more than to any other single 
agency, the present prosperity of Iowa. 
The attractions which Iowa presents to 
enterprise, capital and skilled labor, with 
all her natural elements of productive 
wealth, have been developed by the great- 
est river navigation and the best system 
of railroads existing in any state in the 
Union. The benefits which are derived 
from railroad communication are untold, 
and can only be realized when we remem- 
ber that civilization and improvement of 
all kinds follow the iron horse, and as if 
by magic, towns and villages spring up in 
its wake. The building of railroads as- 
sisted greatly in the development of our 
State by furnishing convenient markets 
for the farmer. Iowa is to-day traversed 
by lailroads in almost every direction, 
while the work of building uew lines is 
steadily progressing, and this wonderful 
advance in the construction of railroads 
indicates the confidence which capitalists 
entertain in regard to the future of our 
State. Indeed there are very lew states 
in the Union, if any, in which railroad 
building has been pursued with such en- 
ergy as in Iowa. The great national high- 
ways across the continent pass directly 
through the State, affording our people 
ss to the principal markets of the 
■world. From these roads, branches de- 
flect in all directions, until with these and 
her north and south lines and their 
branches, there remains not a county in 
the entire State which has not one or 
more railn 

In the spring of 1855 the first locomo- 
tive and cms were introduced within the 



borders of our State at Davenport. In 
1856 Congress made a munificent grant of 
lands to the State, to aid in the building of 
railroads, which in turn, was granted by 
the State to various companies for the 
construction of lines in different direc- 
tions throughout Iowa. For several years 
thereafter progress in railroad building 
was slow, owing to the financial depres* 
sion in 1357-58, and the civil war which 
followed so soon afterward, and it was 
not until after the close of the war that 
the increased demand for transportation 
facilities necessitated the more rapid 
building of railroads. The benefit de- 
rived from these commercial highways is 
two-fold. Not only are the people of the 
State afforded an easy communication 
with the great markets of the country, but 
when it is understood tbat these great cor 
porations are subject to local and State 
taxation, and that they pay into the treas- 
ury of the State a large amount annually, 
it will be seen that the burden of the tax- 
payer is lessened thereby. The railroads 
of the State are subject to legislative con- 
trol, so that the General Assembly has the 
power to fix the maximum rales for the 
transportation of passengers and freight 
on the various lines and to prevent unjust 
discrimination between points on the same 
line. The interests of the people are 
guarded by a board of railroad commis- 
sioners, consisting of three persons, ap- 
pointed by the governor for the term of 
three years, and whose duty it is to adjust 
those differences which may arise be- 
tween the people and railroad companies, 
or between one company and another, 
hearing and determining complaints, in- 
quiring and recommending, and up to 
this time its recommendations have been 
heeded. It is to be taken for granted that 
the public appreciate the great conven 
ience of the railroads as well as the fact 
that they have been indispensible in the 
development of our State, and there is no 
reason for, and wc believe there is no real 
antagonism of interests between our peo- 
ple find the railroad companies, although 
there have been misapprehensions on 
both sides, though perhaps no more than 



90 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



arises in other business relations of the 
same magnitude, yet they are each inter- 
ested in the prosperity of the other, as a 
broad and comprehensive view of the 
rights of each reveals. The management 
of the railroads of Iowa has been wise and 
judicious, and in their endeavors to pro- 
mote the prosperity of their respective 
companies they have been important fac- 
tors in the development of our wonderful 
resources. 

The accidents were less in the aggre- 
gate last year than in the year previous, 
and will probably be still less in the fu- 
ture, owing to the exercise of greater pre- 
cautions and the improvements made for 
the safety of the traveling public, as well 
as of employes. The companies are en- 
deavoring to do all in their power to ac- 
commodate the public in the improve- 
ment of their roads and in handsome, con- 
venient and comfortable cars, and the 
roads doing business in Iowa are unex- 
celled both in equipment and manage- 
ment. 

The last annual report of the railroad 
commissioners for the year ending June 
30, 1884, gives the railroads of Iowa at 
that time 7,249.25 miles in operation. To- 
tal amount of side track was 877.16 miles. 
Fif ly per cent, of the roads in Iowa, exclu- 
sive of sidings, were of steel rails. We 
can safely estimate from the number of 
miles known to have been built since June 
30th, that we have in Iowa to-day (Jan. 1, 
1885), a total of 7,500 miles of road. 

The total number of locomotives re- 
ported is 3,253. The weight of standard 
guage engines varies from thirty to seventy 
tons ; of narrow guage, from seventeen to 
twenty-five tons. The total number of 
cars is reported as 103,337; of these, 1,328 
are passenger cars, 7&0 baggage cars, and 
180 parlor, sleeping, and dining cars, 60,- 
344 box freight cars, 10,727 stock cars, 22,- 
128 platform and coal cars, 7.840 other 
cars. 

The total number of stations reported in 
Iowa is 1,178. 

The total number of persons employed 
regularly in operating the roads of State is 



26,731. The amount paid them for their 
services is $13,970,661.65. 

The gross earnings of all the roads for 
the year, passenger, mail, and express 
were $9,248,818 01, freight and miscellane- 
ous, $25,184,536.76, The operating ex- 
penses were $22,827,450.50, leaving the net 
earnings for the year $11,511,572.98. 

The total amount of taxes paid by the 
companies on their lines in the State was 
$881,149 36, which is 7 per cent of the net 
earnings. 

IOWA TONNAOE CLASSIFIED. 



ARTICLES. 


m 

a 
o 


a 

O 

U 
<V 


Grain 

Flour , 


2,629,572 
406,935 
173,499 

1,034,561 
199,905 

1.660,089 

2,970,786 
123 971 
78,459 
40,002 
225,549 
347,836 
225,490 

1,924.593 


21.75- 
3.3 5 




1.46 




8.59' 


Other agricultural products 

Lumber and forest products 

Coal 


168 
13.78 
24 6!)" 

1.04 


Salt 


65 
0.33 




1.89 




2 89 


Manu'actures 

Merchandise and other articles 


1.89' 
15 98 






Total 


12.041,247 


100 00 



Deducting from this amount for freight 
twice repoited from the short lines to the 
trunk lines, estimated by the commission- 
ers, 802,224 tons, we have the entire Iowa 
tonnage of 11,239,023. "Applying, as we did 
last year, the canal valuation, products <f 
the forest, $20 per ton ; the product of an- 
imals, $150 per ton; vegetable product, 
$40 per ton; other agricultural products, 
$40 per ton ; manufactures, $25 per ton ; 
merchandise, $250 per ton ; other articles 
at $20 per ton, we have a total value for 
the tonnage transported by the Iowa rail- 
roads of $817,319,681. This is simply an 
approximation, but it gives an idea of the 
magnitude ot the commerce that is moved 
by rail in the State. 

ACCIDENTS TO PERSONS. 

"During the year ending June 30, 1884, 
one hundred and twenty-nine persons 
were killed. Of these six were passengers, 
seventy-two employes, and fifiy-one others 
not connected with the roads or their ouer- 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



91 



ations. Nine by derailments, three by 
collision, eleven caught in frogs, eight in 
coupliDg cars, ten falling from trains, 
eleven from getting on and off cars while 
in motion, seven at highway crossings, 
thirty-four from miscellaneous causes, 
four from stealing rides, nine while intox- 
icated, twenty-four walking on track, and 
two suicides. There were four hundred 
and forty -nine persons injured during the 
year. Of these forty-seven were passen- 
gers, three hundred and forty-three em- 
ployes, and fifty nine others. Of these 
thirty two were by derailment, nine by col- 
lisions, one caught in frog, one hundred 
and nine coupling cars, fifty-seven falling 
from trains, fifty-nine getting on and off 
trains while in motion, ten at highway 
crossings, one hundred and thirty-eight 
from miscellaneous causes, six from over- 
head obstructions, seven from stealing 
rides, fifteen from walking on track, and 
six while intoxicated. 

During the existence of this Board, since 
1878, there have been reported killed in 
low i while coupling cars, 108 persons; in- 
jured, 665. This fearful loss of life and ter- 
i ible amount of personal injury is not con- 
fined by any means to this State ; the above 
is not far from the average reported by 
most of the States. Mr. Innis,the Railroad 
Commissioner of Michigan, made last 
year an interesting summary of accidents, 
carrying out the percentage of accidents to 
the mileage in the different States, and we 
think that of Iowa was below the general 
average. If this be correct, during the pe- 
riod our Board has been in existence. 
there have been in the United States not 
less than 1,836 persons killed and 11,305 
injured from coupling cars alone. This 
fearful slaughter has concentrated the in- 
ventive genius of the age upon some 
method by which cars can be coupled and 
uncoupled without going between them. 
This matter has bf»en the subject of dis- 
cussion i'i the railway journals and gath- 
erings of master car-builders for some 
years. The first legislative enactment 
with regard to it that seemed to reach any- 
thing like a practical result, was the fol- 



lowing, passed by the General Assembly of 

Massachusetts: 

Chapter 222, Acts of 1884, requiring Rail. 

road Companies to use safety couplers 

on freight cars. 

Be it enacted, etc.: 

Section 1. Every railroad company 
operating a railroad or any portion of a 
railroad wholly or partly within this 
State, shall place upon every freight car 
hereafter constructed or purchased by 
said corporation and upon every freight 
car owned by such corporation, of w^hich 
the coupler or draw-bar is repaired by it 
with intent to use such car, such forms or 
form of automatic or other safety coupler 
at each end thereof, as the Board of Kail- 
road Commissioners may prescribe after 
examination and test of the same, and the 
Railroad Commissioners may annul any 
recommendation made by them. 

Sec. 2. The provisions of this act may 
be enforced by the supreme judicial court 
on application of the attorney general. 

Sec. 3. So much of this act as relates 
to the examination and test shall take ef 
feet upon its passage, and the same shall 
take full effect on the first day of March 
next. 

Approved May 8, 1884. 

On the 25th of September, the railroad 
commissioners of the State after giving 
general notice, invited inventors to be 
present at a meeting of the board and sub- 
mit for inspection and test such plans, 
models or couplers as in iheir judgment 
would remedy existing evils. There were 
present on invitation a number of experts, 
master car builders and railroad commis- 
sioners from several States, among the 
latter one member of the Iowa commis- 
sion. On the list of applications to be 
heard there were one hundred and seven- 
ty-eight names; probably not more than 
one hundred and forty appeared in person 
or by attorney to advocate the merits of 
their inventions. The commissioners ex- 
amined carefully every plan and every 
model offered, heard fully all the argu- 
ments made for each invention with the 
particulars of its merits, and as far as the 



92 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



parties were able to arrange for practical 
tests, saw their working upon the cars. 
The conviction forced itself upon the 
minds of those who witnessed the tests 
that there were a n amber of couplers 
whose claims were presented that if ap- 
plied, would prevent the accidents that 
had become so frequent. 

On December 5th they issued the fol- 
lowing circular : 

The board of railroad commissioners, 
acting under chapter 222, of the acts of 
1884, "requiring railroad companies to use 
safety couplers on freight cars," prescribe 
the forms of couplers herein named to be 
placed upon freight cars on and after 
March 1, 1885, according to the provisions 
of said chapter, viz : 

The Janney car coupler for freight 
cars. 

The Hillard automatic freight coup- 
ler. 

The Cowell freight coupler. 

The United States automatic coupler. 

The Ames automatic coupler. 

It is in the State of Massa:husetts that 
so far as this country is concerned the 
railway commissioner system originated, 
and it is bat simple justice to say that here 
the system has reached its highest efficien- 
cy. The views of that commission on the 
questions that have arisen between the 
public and the corporations have been 
studied by railroad officers and attorneys, 
by the members of legislative bodies and 
by commissions all over the country, and 
it seems fitting that here should originate 
a reform in one branch of railway service 
that will save annually the lives of hun- 
dreds and the crippling of thousands of 
active, vigorous young men at the period 
of life when their personal services are the 
most valuable. "We look for the action of 
Massachusetts to be followed everywhere, 
either by the voluntary act of the railway 
companies or by legislative enactment, 
until the appalling list of killed and in- 
jured from this cause shall belong to the 
past." 

We are glad the Iowa commissioaers 
have given to the public this information 



in regard to automatic couplers for freight 
cars, and as they suggest that the forego- 
ing list might with propriety have been 
enlarged, we feel confident that had the 
"Springer automatic car coupler" been 
presented for examination and test, it 
would have been included in the above 
list, as it combines skill and safety with 
the utmost precision of execution, with 
no pins or links to be lost, overcoming the 
objections heretofore brought against 
many others. 



RAILROADS IN IOWA. 

The following list shows the railroad 
companies of the State, giving the number 
of miles operated by each company, and 
the number of miles in Iowa; the officers 
of the company, and their address. (In 
giving branches of roads, we give only the 
number of miles included in Iowa.) 

THE BURLINGTON, CEDAR RAPIDS AND 
NORTHERN COMPANY 

operates 702 miles of road, of which 688 
miles are in Iowa. About 241 miles of 
this is main line, and 447 miles are 
branches, which are as follows: Mil- 
waukee division, from Linn to Post- 
ville; Muscatine division, from Musca- 
tine to Riverside; Pacific division, from 
Vinton to Holland; Iowa City division, 
from Elmira to What Cheer, and Thorn- 
burg to Montezuma. Iowa Falls division, 
from Holland to Worlhington, and a 
branch from Noel to Clinton. The offi- 
cers of this company are, C. J. Ives, presi- 
dent and general superintendent; John E. 
Utt, general freight agent. The general 
offices are at Cedar Rapids. 

THE CENTRAL IOWA COMPANY 

operates about 416 miles of road, all in 
Iowa. 189 miles of this is main line, and 
about 225 miles are branches, as follows : 
Muchakinock branch, Belmond branch, 
Story City branch, State Center branch, 
Montezuma branch, Newton branch, and 
Eastern Division branch. The officers of 
the company are, E. L. Dudley, superinten- 
dent; J. P. Nourse, general passenger and 
ticket agent; II. L. Shute, general freight 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



93 



agent. The general offices are located at 
Marshalltown. 

THE CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND QUINCY 
COMPANY 

operates about 4,868 miles of road, of 
which 818 miles are in Iowa. The leDgth 
of main line in the State is 295 miles, and 
523 miles are in branches, which are as fol- 
lows: Burlington to Keokuk, Albia to 
Des Moines, Albia to Moravia, Chariton 
to Grant City, Bethany Junction to Al- 
bany, Chariton to Indianola, Creston to 
Hopkins, Villisca Junction to Burlington 
Junction. Creston to Fontanelle, Clarinda 
to Xorthboro, Red Oak to East Nebraska 
Ci'y, Red Oak to G-riswold, Hastings to 
Sidney, Hastings to Carson. The officers 
of the road are as follows: President, C. 
E. Perkins, Burlington; general manager, 
T. 0. Potter, Chicago; general passenger 
agent, Perceval Lowell, Chicago ; general 
freight agent, E. P. Ripley, Chicago. 
General offices at Chicago, 111. 

THE CHICAGO, IOWA AND ' DAKOTA ROAD 

includes twenty-seven miles of track. 
John Porter, general manager, Eldora, 
Iowa. 

THE CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE AND ST. PAUL 
COMPANY 

has 4.514 miles of road, including 1,320 
miles in Iowa, consisting of the following 
roads: Savanna to Sabula, Sabula to Ma- 
rion, Marion to Council Bluffs, Marion to 
Cedar Rapids, Davenport to Jackson 
Junction, Eldridge to Maquoketa, Farley 
toParalta, Clinton to Elk River Junction, 
Sabula Junction to La Crescent, Turkey 
River Junction to West Union, Bellevue 
to Cascade, Waukon Junction to Waukon, 
McGregor to Minneapolis, Conover to De- 
corah, Beulah Junction to Stulta, Calmar 
to Chamberlain, Mason City to Austin, 
Emmetsburgh to Estherville, Spencer to 
Okoboji, Sioux City to Yankton, Rock 
Valley to Eden. Elk Point to Sioux Falls, 
and Otturawa line. The officers of this 
company are, 8. S. Merrill, general man- 
ager; J.T. Clarke, general superintendent; 
A. V. II. Carpenter, general passenger 



agent; A. C. Bird, general freight agent 
General offices at Milwaukee, Wis. 

THE CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND AND PACIFIC 
COMPANY 

operates 1,380 miles of road, of which 918 
are in Iowa. This includes 318 miles of 
main line and about 600 miles of branches, 
which are as follows: Davenport to 
Emoxville, Washington to Leavenworth, 
Wilton to Muscatine, Atlantic to Audu. 
bon, Des Moines to Winterset and India- 
nola, Avoca to Harlan, Newton to Mon- 
roe, Atlantic to Griswold, 31 1. Zion to Keo- 
sauqua, Menlo to Guthrie Center, Avoca 
to Carson, and Des Moines to Keokuk. 
The officers of the companj* are : General 
manager, R. R. Cable, Chicago; general 
superintendent, A.Kimball, Chicago ; assis- 
tant general superintendent, H. F. Royce, 
Davenport; general passenger and ticket 
agent, E. St. John, Chicago; general 
freight agent, \V. M. Sage, Chicago; super- 
intendent Iowa division, John Givin, Des 
Moines. General offices, Chicago, 111. 

THE CHICAGO AND NORTHWESTERN COM- 
PANY 

operates 3,584 miles of road, including 1,- 
022 miles in Iowa. The main line in Iowa 
is 354 miles long, with 667 miles of 
branches. These branches are from Clin- 
ton to Lyons, Lyons to Anamosa, Maple 
River Junction to Mapleton, Wall Lake 
to Holstein, Des Mcines to Ames, Carroll 
to Kirkman, Manning to Audubon, Stan- 
wood to Tipton, Tama to Elmore, Jewell 
Junction to Lake City, Eagle Grove to 
Hawarden, The officers are Marvin 
Hughitt, general manager; W. S. Sten- 
nett, assistant general manager; C. C. 
Wheeler, general superintendent; R. S. 
Hair, general passenger agent. General 
offices, Chicago, 111. 

THE CHICAGO, ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS AND 
OMAHA COMPANY 

operates 1,142 miles of road, of which 100 
miles are in Iowa. Of this, 59 miles are 
main line and 41 miles branches. The 
officers of this company are John M. Whit 
man, general superintendent; T. W. Teas- 
dale, general passenger a<rent; J. II. Hil- 



M 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



and, general traffic manager. General 
offices, St. Paul. Minn. 

THE CROOKED CREEK COMPANY 

operates eight and one-half miles in Iowa, 
and the officers are, W. C. Willson, Web- 
ster City, general manager; George W. 
Post, Lehigh, general freight and passen- 
ger agent. 

THE DES MOINES AND FORT DODGE COM- 
PANY 

have 138 miles of road, all in Iowa. The 
officers are C.N. Gilmore, superintendent; 
G. W. Ogilvie, general freight and passen- 
ger agent. General offices, Des Moines. 

THE DUBUQUE AND DAKOTA COMPANY 

have 63 miles of road, all in Iowa. The 
officers are C. H. Booth, Dubuque, mana- 
ger; A. C. Goodrich, Hampton, superin- 
tendent, and W. S. Couch, Dubuque, gen- 
eral passenger and ticket agent. 

THE CHICAGO, BURLINCTON AND KANSAS 
CITY 

operates 191 miles of road, including 116 
miles in Iowa. The officers are W. W. 
Baldwin, Burlington, president; R. Law, 
Keokuk, general superintendent and J. H. 
Best, Jr., Keokuk, general freight and 
ticket agent. 

THE HUMESTON AND SHENANDOAH ROAD 

extends a distance of 112 miles in Iowa, 
and the officers are as follows: W. W. 
Baldwin, Burlingjon, president; C. H. 
Warren, superintendent; H. S. Nelson, 
general freight and passenger agent. Gen- 
offices, Clarinda, Iowa. 

THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL COMPANY 

operates under lease or contract three roads 
in Iowa, viz: the Dubuque and Sioux 
Cit} r ,Iowa Falls and Sioux City, and Cedar 
Falls and Minnesota, aggregating 402 
miles. The officers are, E. T. Jeffery, gen- 
eral superintendent; A. H. Hanson, gen- 
eral passenger agent; Horace Tucker, gen- 
eral freight agent. General offices, Chi. 
cago, 111. D. W. Parker, Dubuque, super- 
intendent Iowa division. 

THE KANSAS CITY, ST. JOSEPH AND COUN- 
CIL BLUFFS COMPANY 

■operates 312 miles of road, of which 58 



miles are in Iowa. The officers are J. F. 
Barnard, geaeral manager; J. R. Hardy, 
superintendent ; A. C. Dawes, general pas- 
senger and ticket agent, and E. J. Sword, 
general freight agent. General offices, 
St. Josepn, Mo. 

THE MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. LOUffS COM- 
PANY. 

operates 420 miles of road, including 141 
miles in Iowa. The officers are R. R. Ca- 
ble, president ; T. E. Clark, superintend 
ent ; S. F. Boyd, general passenger and 
ticket agent ; J. A. Hanley, general freight 
agent. General offices, Minneapolis, Min 
nesota. 

THE OTTUMWA AND K1RKVILLE COMPANY 

operates 12 miles of road in Iowa. The 
officers are T. J. Potter, Chicago, Presi- 
dent ; H. L. Waterman, Kirkville, general 
manager. 

THE SIOUX CITY AND PACIFIC COMPANY 

operates about 419 miles of road, which 
includes 80 miles in Iowa. The officers 
are P. E. Hall, Cedar Rapids, general 
manager; 0. M. Lawler, Missouri Valley, 
general superintendent; J. R.Buchanan, 
Missouri Valley, general passenger agent; ■ 
K. C. Morehouse, Missouri Valley, general 
freight agent. 

THE ST. LOUIS, KEOKUK AND NORTHWEST- 
ERN COMPANY 

operates 186 miles of road, 52 miles being 
in Iowa. The officers are, W. W. Bald- 
win, Burlington, president ; R. Law, Keo- 
kuk, general superintendent; J. H. Best* 
Jr., Keokuk, general freight and passen- 
ger agent. 

THE WABASH, ST. LOUIS AND PACIFIC COM 
PANY 

has 3,482 miles of road, 384 miles of 
which are in Iowa, being 46 miles of the 
main line, 338 of branches. The Iowa 
branches are Pattansburg to Council 
Bluffs, Roseberry to Clarinda, Alexandria 
to Humeston, Relay to Albia, Des Moines 
to Clive, Clive to Fonda, Albia to Des 
Moines. The officers of the company are, 
A. A. Talmage, general manager; F. 
Chandler, general passenger agent; M. 



IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 



95 



£night, general freight agent. General 
offices, St. Louis, Mo. 

THE WISCONSIN, IOWA AND NEBRASKA 

has 113 miles of road in Iowa. The offi- 
cers are, B. L. Harding. Des Moines, gen- 
eral manager; G. C.McMichael, Marshall- 
town, superintendent, and W. T. Block, 
Des Moines, general freight and passen- 
ger agent. 

NARROW GAUGE ROADS. 

THE BURLINGTON AND NORTHWESTERN 

operates 104 miles of road, all in Iowa. 
The officers are, T.W. Barhydt, president; 
E. S. Edger, superintendent, general 
freight and passenger agent. General 
offices, Burlington. 

THE BURLINGTON AND WESTERN COM- 
PANY 

eperates forty-seven miles of road from 
Winfield to Maninsburg, and thirty-four 
miles leased from other companies, mak- 
ing a total of eighty-one miles, all in Iowa. 
The officers are, T. W. Barhydt, president; 
E. S. Edger, superintendent and general 
freight and ticket agent. General offices, 
Burlington. 

THE DES MOINES, OSCEOLA AND SOUTHERN 

road extends a distance of 112 miles from 
Des Moines southwest. The officers are, 
B. L. Harding, president; W. T. Block 
general passenger and freight agent. Gen- 
eral offices, Des Moines. 

THE FT. MADISON AND NORTHWESTERN 

road extends from Ft. Madison to Birm- 
ingham, forty-one miles. The officers are, 
Henry Ketchum, president; S. B. Ken- 
rick, superintendent and general ticket 
and freight agent. General offices, Ft. 
Madison. 

THE ST. LOUIS, DES MOINES AND NORTHERN 

road comprises forty-one miles. C. F. 
Meek, superintendent. General offices, 
Des Moines. 



RIVER TRANSPORTATION. 

In giving the facilities in our State for 
transportation, our rivers should have 
special mention, as water competition is 



of great importancein regulating freights 
Before the era of railroads, the Missis 
sippi and Missouri Rivers were the prin 
cipal outlets for the products of our State 
The length of the Iowa boundary on the 
Mississippi is 365 miles, and the Missouri 
washes the western border a distance of 
364 miles. These channels of transporta- 
tion were then busy highways, and did 
much to hasten the settlement of Iowa, 
while they still afford an outlet to south- 
ern markets, and during the warm season 
the traffic is good. 

Of late years the government has ex- 
pended large sums of money in improving 
the navigation of these rivers. Since the 
government has, at great expense, con- 
structed a ship canal around the Lower 
Rapids of the Mississippi at Keokuk, 
which is a grand display of engineering 
skill, the navigation of the river has been 
greatly facilitated. Large sums have also 
been appropriated for the improvement 
of the channel and bauks of the Missouri, 
but navigation is not as good as on the 
Mississippi, owing to the variations in the 
channel and banks, which in many places 
are almost constantly changing. It is a 
more rapid stream than the Mississippi, 
the fall being so much greater, rendering 
navigation more difficult and dangerous. 
Notwithstanding the building of north 
and south roads along these rivers, they 
still do considerable business and will 
always compete for heavy freights, thereby 
largely benefitting the commerce of our 
Stale. Many fine steamers, elegantly fitted 
up for the comfort of passengers who 
prefer traveling by water for ease and 
comfort, ply these waters, and these boats 
are also well arranged for carrying 
freights. 

The speed made by our railroad trains 
will necessarily draw the bulk of the 
travel and lighter freights, while the cheap 
rates by river will secure heavy freights. 
In transporting our surplus products of 
the farm and factory, designed for the 
markets of the world, the reduction in 
cost by water appears likely to exerl 
a salutory regulating influence ovei 



96 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



freight rates charged by rail to the sea- 
board. It will be seen that with the 
advantages of the great east and west 
trunk lines, with the north and south 
roads all competing for the business, and 
with steamers on river and ocean, our 
people can rest assured that they will 
have the lowest rates to the seaboard, 
thereby insuring future prosperity and the 
fuller development of our industrial re- 
sources. 



EDUCATIONAL INTER- 
ESTS. 



EDUCATION THE CORNER STONE OF IOWA'S 
PROSPERITY— IOWA'S EDUCATIONAL RANK 
IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER STATES — 
PUBLIC SCHOOLS — COLLEGES AND UNI- 
VERSITIES — STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTI- 
TUTIONS — PAPER ON THE SCHOOL SYSTEM 
OP IOWA, BY HON. J. W.AKERS, SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 



There is no subject connected with our 
progress and civilization, in which our 
people have taken a deeper interest than 
in that of education. While our public 
schools, which constitute the basis of our 
progress and intelligence, have especially 
engaged the attention of our most enter- 
prising citizens and legislators, they 
have also liberally encouraged the higher 
institutions of learning, as is shown by 
our numerous seminaries, colleges and 
universities. Iowa has education for 
her corner stone, upon which she has 
reared an enduring superstructure. Edu- 
cation is the secret of the great prosperity 
of our State and the safeguard of her in- 
stitutions. There is no excuse whatever 
for a person being uneducated in Iowa, 
for her counties are dotted over with 
numerous and excellent school-houses, 
while the school buildings in the cities 
are models of elegance and convenience, 
land these public schools are free to all, 
rich and poor, irrespective of race, color 
or religion. There has been manifested a 
constant and very general determination 



to bring the schools of the State to the 
highest degree of excellence, consonant 
with sound policy and the development of 
its material resources. "The Hawkeye 
never loses sight of his choicest treasure,, 
the public school system, holding its 
priceless fruits as the best foundation for 
wealth and happiness, the surest prevent- 
ive of crime and lawlessness, the greatest 
promoter of intelligence and virtue, and 
the best and safest legacy to his children; 
always studying to perfect it, always 
ready to incorporate into it whatever ex- 
perience at home or observation abroad 
has proved worthy of adoption." As a 
natural consequence, it is not strange that 
our young State is so far advanced in all 
branches of productive industry, that her 
people are so progressive in character, and 
that her citizens entertain the highest re- 
spect for law and order, for it is a self-evi- 
dent truth that intelligence makes the 
best mechanic, the best business man, the 
best and most law-abiding citizen. The 
total number of public schools in Iowa is 
18,624; the number of graded schools, 530; 
the total number of school-houses, 13,- 
624; the total number of teachers (female g 
16,721, males 5,793), 22.516. 

We give the following extract from the 
Iowa Historical and Comparative Census 
of 1880, in regard to our educational in 
terests: 

" The findings of the census in educa 
tional matters, although hardly a revela. 
tion to our people, are yet not a little 
gratifying, as they enable people else 
where to realize something of the work, 
being done in Iowa in educational mat- 
ters. In respect to the number of school- 
houses. Iowa is seen to be fifth, New York, 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois only 
having mOre. The same States have 
each more teachers than Iowa. Six States- 
only surpass Iowa in respect of sit- 
tings in schools, of value of school 
property, of outlay for school pur- 
poses, and? of number of pupils attend- 
ing school. In respect of the extent of 
illiteracy, no less than twentj-vfive States, 
have more persons over ten years of age 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



97 



unable to read and write. In no State in 
the Union, except Kansas, having so much 
as half the amount of population as Iowa, 
are there so few illiterate persons over ten 
years of age. In respect of the compara- 
tive ability of the population to read, 
Iowa stands first, and in respect of their 
ability to write, second, Nebraska only 
showing better in this particular." 

In addition to the public schools, Iowa 
has many colleges and other higher insti- 
tutions of learning, which receive a lib- 
eral support, and are in a prosperous and 
nourishing condition. 

There are a number of academies and 
other private schools in the State, some of 
them with fair endowments already se- 
cured, educating thousands of youths; all 
instructing boys and girls on equal terms, 
and in the same classes. 

Of the educational institutions which 
are under the care of the State, the State 
University, located at Iowa City, is under 
the control of a Board of Regents, 
appointed by the General Assembly, 
and is designed to be a part of that 
system of general education of which 
the public school is the foundation. 
This institution is an honor to the 
State and worthy the position it occupies 
as the head of the educational system of 
Iowa. The library of the University con- 
tains nearly twenty thousand volumes. 

The State Agricultural College is lo- 
cated at Ame?, thirty miles north of Des 
Moines, upon a tract of 640 acres of land, 
which is used as an experimental farm. 
A system of manual labor is connected 
with the college, and in the several depart- 
ments various trades and branches of 
business are taught, and thus the school 
is not only theoretical in its teaching, but 
thoroughly practical also. The institution 
has a library containing about six thou- 
sand books. 

The State Normal School at Cedar Falls 
is designed especially for the training of 
teachers, and is patronized to the limit of 
its capacity. 

The State has provided ample facilities 
for the education of the blind in the es- 



tablishment of a college for this unfortu- 
nate class, located at Vinton, where its 
inmates receive the best care that the 
State can bestow. An industrial home 
for the blind is also connected with this 
institution and under the same manage- 
ment, where blind persons dependent up 
on their own labor find employment. 
This department is self-supporting and is 
conducted without expense to the State. 

The institution for the deaf and dumb 
is established at Council Bluffs, and is 
under able and efficient management. The 
inmates are cared for and educated at the 
expense of the State, for a period of seven 
years, during which they are provided 
with board, lodging, washing, mending, 
books, medicine and medical attendance, 
clothing when necessary, and transporta- 
tion to and from the institution free of ex- 
pense and are also taught a trade by which 
they can become self-supporting. 

Seventy thousand of Iowa's bravest men 
promptly responded to her call, and sprang 
to the defense of our government, and 
twenty thousand of her loyal sons rest in 
soldiers' graves. The Siate has not been 
unmindful of their expression of loyalty, 
and in her gratitude has provided for the 
care and education of the children of those 
who thus gave their lives for their coun- 
try. The children are taught habits of in- 
dustry and neatness, are provided with in- 
struction, and allowed to indulge in inno- 
cent amusements, with regular hours for 
work and play. The good influences of 
the home will be felt in the future, when 
these children have become men and wo- 
men, and take their places in society. 

The State Reform School, of which the 
boys' department is located at Eldora, and 
the girls' department atMitchellville, is an 
institution which is productive of great 
good, and has rescued many children and 
youth of the State from a life of ignor- 
ance and crime to one of usefulness and 
respectabilit}'. The inmates are subjected 
to a system of intellectual, industrial and 
moral training, which has resulted in much 
good to themselves and to society. 



98 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



The following paper, which gives a 
clear and concise statement of the condi- 
tion of our public schools, was prepared 
by Hon. J. W. Akers, State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction: 

SCHOOL SYSTEM OF IOWA. 



ORGANIZATION. 

Iowa was admitted into the Union un- 
der a constitution which makes it the 
duty of the General Assembly to " en- 
courage by all suitable means the promo- 
tion of intellectual, scientific, moral and 
agricultural improvement," and to "pro. 
vide for a system of common schools by 
which a school shall be kept in each dis. 
trict at least three months in every year." 

The entire population of the State was 
then 100,000, with a reported school popu- 
lation of 20,000, and about 400 organized 
school districts. 

It was not until 1848, and after much 
agitation of the subject by eminent men, 
that the people were ready for a system of 
schools wholly free and sapported by tax- 
ation. A comprehensive bill prepared by 
Horace Mann, of Massachusetts, was 
adopted by the General Assembly, March 
12, 1858. It made a radical change in the 
school system. Small districts were re- 
placed by large ones; the rate-bill system, 
by free schools, to be taught in every 
sub-district for at least four months each 
year, ! and as much longer as the board of 
of directors might determine. The office 
of county superintendent was created and 
provision was made for the examination 
of teachers, the supervision of schools, and 
the establishment and support of graded 
and high schools. The management of 
the permanent school fund was removed 
from school officers and placed in the 
hands of those not otherwise officially con- 
nected with the public schools. This law 
awakened enthusiasm among the people 
and gave a grand impetus to the cause of 
popular education. 

officers. 

A State superintendent of public in-' 
struction, county superintendents, boards 



of directors for district townships and in- 
dependent districts, and sub-directors for 
sub-districts, form the present official staff! 
of the school system. 

State Superintendent. — The State 
superintendency provided for in the 
constitution of 1846, was supplanted 
by a State board of education in that 
of 1857, and again restored by act of 
March 19, 1864, in accordance with a con- 
stitutional clause allowing such change 
after 1863. The incumbent of this office, 
elected by the people, holds it for a term 
of two years. He determines all ques- 
tions appealed from decisions of county 
superintendents ; is charged with the gen- 
eral supervision of all the county superin- 
tendents and all the common schools of 
the State ; files in his office at the seat of 
government, all papers, reports and pub 
lie documents transmitted to him ; is to 
keep a fair record of all things belong, 
icg to his official work; is to co-operate 
with county superintendents in organizing 
and holding normal institutes for the in- 
struction of teachers and those who may 
desire to teach; is to see to the publication 
and distribution of acts amendatory of the 
school laws ; is to report annually to the 
State auditor on the 1st of January, the 
number of persons of school age (5 to 21), 
in each county, and at each regular ses- 
sion of the State legislature is to report 
the condition of the. common schools of 
the State, with a detail of any plans he 
may have matured for the more perfect 
organization and efficiency of common 
schools. 

County Superintendents. — These offi- 
cers are elected by the people for terms of 
two years. They have charge of the exam- 
ining and licensing of teachers for the 
schools of their respective counties; they 
decide all questions appealed from boards 
of directors ; they act as organs of commun- 
ication between the State superintendent 
and township or district authorities, hold 
normal institutes, and report annually the 
condition of the schools and full statisti- 
cal summary to the State superintendent. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



99 



Boards of Directors of Town- 
ship Districts and Sub-Districts. — 
The sub-directors of the several sub- 
disiricts compose the township dis- 
trict boards, but if there are no sub- 
districts three members are chosen 
at large. This board has general charge 
of the school matters in their district. It 
selects sites, builds school-houses, aDd 
fixes boundaries for sub-districts. It may 
establish graded schools, select text books, 
purchase records, maps, dictionaries, 
charts and apparatus ; but it may not con- 
tract debts for that purpose. It chooses 
its own officers, such as president, secre- 
tary and treasurer. 

Sub-Directors. -These officei s are chosen 
annually by the people of the sub-districts. 
They have charge, subject to the board, of 
directors of the township, of all school 
matters in their sub-districts. 

School Districts. — The law provides 
that a civil township shall constitute a 
school district, and these are divided into 
sub-districts, usually from six to nine to 
each township. 

There is also a provision by which dis- 
trict townships may be divided into inde- 
pendent districts, and the present ten. 
dency is strongly in that direction. 

There are now 1,170 district townships, 
and 8,134 sub-districts. There are 3,205 in- 
dependent districts, including cities, towns 
and rural districts. 

SCHOOLS. 

The law now provides that, in each 
sub-district, there shall be taught at least 
one BChool for not less than twenty- 
four weeks of five school days each. 
Grader] schools and high schools are also 
provided for, wilh normal schools and 
normal institutes for the better training of 
teachers, schools for soldiers' orphans, for 
the blind, the deaf and dumb, and the 
youth that need reformatory training; 
while beyond all there is a State agricul- 
tural and mechanical college and a State 
university at the head of the school sys- 
tem. 

Industrial expositions, to be held in 
each school once a term or oftener, and to 
consist of useful articles made by the pu- 



pils, are also here an interesting feature 
authorized and encouraged by law. 

s CHOOL FUNDS. 

The State permanent school fund is de. 
rived (1) from 5 per cent ©n the net pro. 
ceeds of the sale of public lands within it; 
(2) the proceeds of the sales of 500,000 
acres granted it by the General Govern- 
ment in 1841 ; (3) the proceeds of escheated 
estates, and (4) the proceeds of sales of the 
sixteenth section in each township, or of 
lands selected in lieu thereof. Amount, 
1883, $4,009,865.52. 

A temporary fund for school purposes, 
to be received and appropriated annually 
in the same manner as the interest on the 
permanent fund, is derived from (1) all 
forfeitures of 10 per cent, authorized to 
be made for the benefit of the school fund ; 
(2) fines collected for violation of the 
penal laws ; (3) fines collected for non-per- 
formance of military duty, and (4) sales of 
lost goods and estrays, 

A county tax for local purposes not to 
exceed three mills on the dollar, may be 
levied by the board of supervisors. 

SCHOOL FINANCES. 

The constant and rapid increase in the 
amount of money expended for school 
purposes is indisputable evidence of the 
appreciation of the public schools on the 
part of the people of the State. In the 
year 1849 the total expenditures for school 
purposesjwere $44,138 ; in 1869, $3,434,822 ; 
in 1883, $5,856,068. With the exception 
of the semi-annual apportionment, derived 
largely from the interest on the permanent 
school fund, these sums were raised by 
voluntary taxation. 

SCHOOL HOUSES. 

In the year 1848 there were 105 school 
houses in the State, and these in the great 
majority of cases were [log houses, and 
valued at $14,247, or an average valuation 
of $135. 

The number of school houses according 
to the reports of 1883, is now 13,624, and 
their entire valuation is $10,430,247. 

The following table shows the number 
of school houses in every county in the 
State: 



100 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



COQNTIES. 



Adair. 

Adams 

Allamakee 

Appa'noose 

Audubon 

Benton 

Black Hawk 

Boone 

Bremer 

Buchanan 

Buena Vista. . . 

Butler 

Calhoun. 

Carroll 

Cass 

Cedar 

Cerro Gordo — 

Cherokee 

Chickasaw 

Clarke 

Clay 

Clayton 

Clinton 

Crawford 

Dai I as 

Davis — < 

Decatur 

Delaware 

Des Moiaes 

Dickinson 

Dubuque 

Emmett 

Faveitj 



136 
104 
130 
134 

95 
183 
149 
154 
110 
144 
101 
134 

90 
121 
144 
128 
12 
104 
109 
109 

78 
173 
178 
136 
150 
106 
108 
125 

98 

44 
133 

31 
153 



COUNTIES. 



Floyd 

Franklin. . . 
Fremont . . 

Greene 

Grundy 

Guthrie 

Hamilton. . 
Hancock.. . 

Hardin 

Harrison.. . 

Henry. 

Howard ... , 
Humboldt. 

Ida 

Iowa 

Jackson ... 



0k7 



aeper. . , 
Jefferson . 
Johnson. 

Jones 

Keokuk . 
Kossuth. 

Lee 

Linn 

Louisa.. . 
Lucas — 
Lyon .... 
Madison. 
Mahaska. 
Mat ion. . 
Marshall. 
Mills.... 
Mitchell. 



118 

118 

121 

136 

127 

143 

108 

68 

138 

131 

111 

90 

83 

82 

141 

150 

183 

97 

172 

136 

142 

89 

120 

19; 

80 
9' 
4. 

135 

15 

145 

150 
84 

101 



COUNTIES. 



Monona 

Monroe 

Montgomery. . 
Muscatine . . •. 

O'Brien 

Osceola.. 

Page 

Palo Alto 

Plymouth 

Pocahontas 

Polk 

Pottawattamie 

Poweshiek 

Ringgold 

Sac 

Scott 

Shelby.. 

Sioux 

Story 

Tama 

Taylor 

Union '. 

Van Buren — 

Wapello 

Warren 

Washington .. 

Wayne 

Webster 

Wintx bago... . 
Winneshiek . . 
Woodbury. . . . 

Worth 

Wright 



100 

93 

110 

104 

64 

55 

130 

66 

109 

81 

159 

237 

146 

127 

124 

122 

135 

87 

141 

175 

128 

118 

114 

110 

143 

138 

117 

159 

42 

132 

118 

74 

86 



Attendance on the schools is voluntary. 

The school popula ion of the State 19 
row 621,222. The enrollment in the pub- 
lic schools is 469,53 <. 

It should be noted that this does not in- 
clude the large number of children en- 
rolled in private schools and eleemosynary 
institutions. 

During the year 1883 about three hun- 
dred thousand pupils were in daily attend- 
ance. 

TEACHERS. 

The number of teachers employed for 
1883 was, males, 5,795 ; females, 16,721 ; 
total, 22,516. 

SECONDARY EDUCATION. 

The number of graded schools is 530, 
or an average of more than five to each 



county. In the majority of such fchools 
the higher branches ara taught, and in 
many of them pupils are prepared for au- 
missioL to the S ate University. 

The law provides cor county and town- 
ship high schools, but so far the people 
have not generally availed themselves of 
the opportunity to establish such schools. 

The State Normal School, for the train- 
ing of teachers, was established by act of 
the General Assembly in the year 1876» 
has been within late years greatly en- 
larged, and is patronized to the limit of its 
capacity. 

SUPERIOR EDUCATION. 

In addition to the State University, 
which is now in a most prosperous and 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



101 



growing condition, there are many private 
insiituiions and sectarian colleges and 
universities, which furnish ab umlaut facil- 
ities for superior education. See a list 
of such institutions accompanying this 
circular. 

NORMAL 'INSTITUTES. 

The County Normal Institute is a 
school of from two to four weeks' dura- 
tion, the objects of which are to improve 
the scholarship of teachers, and to inform 
them as to the best methods of instruction 
and school government, One such school 
must be held in each county, annually, for 
which the State appropriates the sum of 
$50. Teachers pay a registration fee of 
$1, and also $1 for examination for certifi- 
cate, and this money being paid into the 
county treasury, is credited to the Nor- 
mal instituie fund, to be paid out upon 
the order of the county superintendent. 
The total enrollment of teachers for 1883 
was 13,444, and the entire cost of such 
schools, annually, is fully $60,000. 

When it is considered that, with the 
exception of the small State appropriation, 
the teachers pay this money each year, 
from their earnings, and that attendance 
upon such schools is entirely voluntary, a 
high order of interest, and a flattering 
showing so far as teachers are concerned, 
is certainly made. 

STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION. 

The State Teachers' Association is com- 
posed of the teachers of the State who 
have voluntarily associated themselves 
together for the purpose of improvement 
and advancement. It meets annually 
during the winter holidays, is always very 
largely attended, and is rapidly becoming 
a power in the State. 

RESULTS. 

The interest which the people of Iowa 
have always manifested in all that per- 
tains to education, furnishes abundant 
ground for confidence in the unlimited 
growth and development of the system. 

Our school facilities are being improved 
each year, our buildings are better, our 
teachers are better paid and are rapidly 



improving in all that goes to make a suc- 
cessful teacher, and no class of our people 
show so deep an interest in their work. 

As for our army of school youth, the 
following sentiment is expressive of the 
condition of affairs in Iowa, and may be 
fitly given with local application : 

" Let the American who is fearful of 
the future, and doubtful of the orderly be- 
havior of his countrymen, visit some 
school, such as can be found in thousands 
of towns and villages in the United States, 
and re-assure himself as he sees with what 
prompt and respectful obedience well- 
grown boys and girls, young men and 
young women, respond to the quiet signal 
or low-voiced word of command, given 
by the young lady who worthily fills the 
position of teacher and mistress of the 
school." 

STATE AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITU- 
TIONS. 

Iowa State University, Iowa City. 

Iowa State Agricultural College, Ames. 

Iowa State College for the Blind, Vin- 
ton. 

Iowa State Institution for Deaf and 
Dumb, Council Bluffs. 

Iowa State Industrial School for Boys, 
Eldora. 

Iowa State Industrial School for Girls, 
Mitchellville. 

Iowa State Soldiers' Orphans' Home, 
Davenport. 

Iowa State Normal School, Cedar Falls. 

Iowa State Asylum for Feeble-Minded 
Children, Glenwood. 

Amity College, College Springs. 

Burlington College, Burlington. 

Callanan College, Des Moines. 

Central University, Pella 

Coe College, Cedar Rapids. 

Cornell College, Mt. Vernon. 

Drake University, Des Moines. 

German College, Mt. Pleasant. 

Griswold College, Davenport. 

Iowa College, Grinnell. 

Lutheran College, Decorah. 

Oskaloosa College, Oskaloosa. 

Parsons College, Fairfield. 

Penn College, Oskaloosa. 



102 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Simpson Centenary College, Indianola. 
St. Joseph's College, Dubuque. 
Tabor College, Tabor. 
Upper Iowa University, Fayette. 
University of Des Moines, Des Moines. 
Western College, Toledo. 



GEMS OF THOUGHT. 

"An enlightened people is the Dest con- 
stitution of a State." 

"I hold that it is the right and duty of 
the State to provide for the education of 
the common people." 

"We confront the dangers of suffrage 
by the blessings of universal educat en." 

"When the School has done its perfect 
work, there is little left for the State to 
do." 

"Education is at once the cause and the 
fruition of industrial prosperity." 

"The best political economy is the care 
and culture of men." 

"Teach aspiration for all that is good 
and noble and divine; teach it to all, even 
the lowest." 

"The republican principle is the best 
education for all— the best and highest 
education for the masses." 

"In the American State the individual 
— not one but each individual— is made 
prominent." 

"Every man who is a citizen under our 
form of government, exercises some of the 
prerogatives of a ruler." 

"Education in its widest sense is the 
business of every life, the end and aim of 
all human endeavor." 

"It is in a republican government that 
the whole power of education is required." 

"The secret of the industry that shall 
build up a free State, is that the think- 
ing brain and the working band shall be- 
long to the same man." 



NEWSPAPERS OF IOWA. 



THE NEWSPAPER AS AN EDUCATOR — MOR- 
AL INFLUENCE OF THE NEWSPAPER — 
SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF JOURNALISM 
— THE LOCAL PRESS OF THE STATE — 
LIST OF IOWA NEWSPAPERS. 



The newspaper has become indispensa- 
ble in every well regulated community, 
and the great demand which exists in all 
parts of the State proves how eagerly the 
people seek information, and how great is 
the necessity the newspaper supplies. 
They are the channels through which the 
people of the world hold daily converse, as 
well as the great educators of the masses, 
as they reflect the daily transactions of bus- 
iness, the current news and historical 
events of the world. When ably edited 
they are a necessity in every well ordered 
family, for they keep us informed of all 
the events and occurrences, whether cal- 
amitous, accidental, charitable or criminal, 
as well as in matters of politics, science, 
art, religion, war or commerce. 

We know of no single agency whish ex- 
erts a greater influence on the progress 
and development of a new country, as 
there is nothing more indicative of the 
intelligence of a people than good news- 
papers. The existence of prosperous, pro- 
gressive and valuable newspapers is only 
possible where churches, common schools 
and other institutions of learning flourish, 
where a people enterprising, progressive 
and intelligent are always found. The 
kind of information a paper disseminates, 
largely reflects the character of the people 
among whom it is circulated, for as a rule, 
a paper may be said to furnish its patrons 
with the news and intelligence which 
they prefer, hence to a degree the intelli- 
gence and virtue of a people may be 
judged by the character of their reading. 

Judging from the number and character 
of her newspapers, Iowa stands forth pre- 
eminently as an intellectual State. There 
are now six hundred and fifty-one papers 
published in the State, as given in the 
latest issue of the American Newspaper 
Directory, of which thirty are dailies, 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



103 



thirty-four are monthlies, and five hun- 
dred and eighty-seven are weeklies, among 
which are political and religious papers ; 
law and medical journals; agricultural 
and horticultural papers; mechanical and 
scientific papers; journals devoted to the 
interests of stock raising, to trade and 
commerce, to societies and organizations, 
and various other interests, and altogether 
they constitute a power whose influence 
can not be estimated. As in almost every- 
thing else in the State, the newspaper 
growth has been wonderlul, and today 
Iowa stands first among the States in the 
number of newspapers published, in pro- 
portion to her population. 

If one will but notice our many school 
houses, churches and printing offices, he 
will not wonder at the remarkable pros- 
perity and progress which characterizes 
our State. The loyal press of Iowa has 
done much to inform the world of our 
superior advantages and resources, while 
the newspaper finds its way into almost 
every home in the State, the desire for 
general information pervading all classes 
of society. No class of men in Iowa 
has labored more untiringly for the gen- 
eral good of the State, and the promotion 
of her varied interests, than her editors. 

A complete list of the newspapers of 
Iowa is sriven elsewhere in this work. 



SOCIAL, MORAL AND RE- 
LIGIOUS INFLUENCES. 

CHARACTER OF HER POPULATION— INFLU- 
ENCE OF FOREIGN POPULATION — GOV- 
ERNMENT OF THE SCHOOL AND THE 
FAMILY — ADAPTATION OF EDUCATION TO 
LABOR — RELIGIOUS WELFARE OF THE 
PEOPLE — RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



BY G. F. MAGOUN, D D., OF GRINNELL. 

Without marshaling any statistical fig- 
ures or making elaborate comparisons 
with other commonwealths, a fair and 
just account of these influences can be 
given which will be honorable to the 
State. Like all other new communities. 



especially like all others formed west of 
the Mississippi, Iowa has attached to 
itself a diversified population, whose 
characteristics, in respect to social usages, 
moral standards, and religious tenets and 
ordinances were as various as the lands 
and States of their birth, their education 
and their early social surroundings. Less 
than some other frontier territories it 
received at first pioneers from the South 
and from the Old World. The United 
States Census shows notable differences in 
this regard. Yet, when its infant towns 
were few, representatives of the "Border 
States " and of the older and remote com- 
munities of the South were to be found 
among their first settlers ; and in the ciiies 
and large towns of to-day, Germans, Scan- 
dinavians and Irishmen form a consider- 
able proportion of the people. Yet it 
possesses large communities chiefly settled 
from New England, New York and the 
older western State of Ohio. 

This has made necessary, of course, a 
pliability of social life and yielding of 
prescriptive customs, unexpected and 
sometimes surprising to those accustomed 
only to the better circles of Europe and 
the Atlantic States. But after reaching 
his majority in the heart of New England 
and living forty years on the confines and 
in the heart of Iowa, the writer does not 
hesitate to bear testimony to the superior 
excellence of society here from the be- 
ginning. Before the territorial condition 
ceased many cultivated persons, many at- 
tractive and refined families had made 
their homes here, and with a touch of 
freedom, ease, and adaptability, which was 
not the least of the charms of neighbor- 
hood, village, and town life, there has 
always been blended such purity, sense 
of propriety, and becoming reserve — such 
dignity and grace— as in any quarter of the 
world, are the result of an excellent an- 
cestry and superior training for genera- 
tions. There are places where these are 
so admirable as to seem to be the fruit of 
careful social selection. 

A really high moral tone to elevate 
and sweeten all these desirable elements 



104 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



lias not been wanting. Not uniform, not 
free frOua breaks and exceptions, which 
betoken danger of deterioration wherever 
they appear, yet on the whole steady, and 
prophetic of a noble and upright civiliza- 
tion in coming days. Many a question of 
right and of rights was struggled over in 
pioneer days, stoutly and to the moral im- 
provement of the commonwealth. The 
influences at present are clearly and 
strongly on the better side. No positive 
decline in morals at large with the last in- 
crease of population is discernable. None 
could come along with such educational 
progress as ours, though education itself 
is nowhere as effective in moral training 
as it needs to be. We claim no superior- 
ity here over other commonwealths, and, 
admit no inferiority. Instructors in all 
grades of schools feel the pressure of the 
better conviction, both in their profession, 
and among thoughtful parents, and dis- 
cerning lovers of the public weal, in favor 
of a larger infusion of moral instruction 
into our public system ; and teachers of 
higher institutions are not ready to yield 
to the clamor for its elimination from the 
college regimen. It must however be ad- 
mitted, that our family life shares the 
universal tendency —more deplored every- 
where than it is checked with a kind and 
firm hand — to relax training to and in a 
right life by the government of the fam- 
ily, and, too largely, pure and correct bab 
its are left to be inculcated in school and 
church alone. The great result of this 
tendency, and of new theories about the 
relation of the discipline of law to per. 
sonal character, is yet to be seen 

A generation — perhaps several school 
generations — will be required to disclose 
it. But the raising of the moral tone of 
the people in other directions promises 
well, and experience will, in due time, 
cure false theories of education and or- 
ganization. So far removed from the 
immediate influences of constantly fresh- 
ened immigration nearer the Atlantic, 
Iowa feels little of the demoralization 
that pours in elsewhere from the social 
abuses of monarchical lands and from the 



uneasy temper of the oppressed people. 
Our working population is contented and 
prosperous; our rural element is large 
enough to lessen danger from this source, 
and the disposition to adapt education to 
labor is sufficiently strong to promise that 
the dire struggle between labor and capi- 
tal will be forestalled or checked. Yet 
ordinary moral pents are large and num- 
erous enough to give a steadily increasing 
value to the correctives and restraints of 
the home, the school and the church. 

No influences shaping the present and 
the future were earlier or more active at 
the birth of Iowa than religious ones. 
The Roman Catholic church was here 
first, at a few points along the Mississippi, 
the Missouri and the Des Moines, but 
quite in advance of the substantial and 
permanent population. When great tracts 
of Indian lands were opened to settlement 
the chief Protestant denominations made 
their [appearance, sometimes too numer- 
ously for the best religious welfare of the 
people, and too much charged with the 
sect ''militant" spirit for peace. As the 
State grows older this evil is in some 
measure surmounted, and by Christian 
comity repressed. There are no permanent 
communities that exclude religious activ- 
ity and benevolence. The circuit riders 
of the Methodist church came first in the 
pioneer territorial days, and as early as 
1843 a dozen young Congregational 
preachers were sent here together, men 
of intelligence and fine spirit, and Bap. 
tists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Epicopal- 
ians, Universalists, &c, &c, &c, were not 
far behind. These bodies of Christians, 
besides churches and Sunday schools, set 
on foot private day schools, academies and 
colleges for the higher education of their 
own children and others, which they re- 
gard as their chief evangelizing agencies, 
and some of them have small training 
schools for ministers. At first depending 
largely onmissionary funds from national 
organizations to sustain ministers and 
churches, they have safely and surely 
come forward to self-support, their 
churches becoming strong enough to aid 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



105 



in home missions in newer regions of the 
interior and in foreign lands. Forty years 
•ago the principal churches even in leading 
towns had but a dozen or two of mem- 
bers, and now number several hundreds. 
The value of their influence upon the bet- 
ter social life of the people at large, far 
beyond their congregations, upon the mor- 
al standards and moral tone of the State, 
upon families, schools and reform move- 
ments, upon the early literature, the press, 
the quality of magistrates and other pub- 
lic officers, and upon the spirit of the 
whole people as to right and wrong, and 
the recognition of a providence and su- 
preme ruler in human affairs, is quite be- 
yond estimation. It goes without saying 
that the Iowa of to-da} r would be far, very 
far below, its high position, if such in- 
fluences had been expelled or never en- 
joyed. It is very clear to those who have 
worked for and watched its growth for 
more than a generation, that the best ele- 
ments of our present population would 
never have been attracted to this " Meso- 
potamia of the West," but for the health- 
ful, hearty, and quickening religious in- 
fluences we have always enjoyed. 



SOCIETIES AND ORDERS. 



MASONS — ODD FELLOWS — UNITED WORK- 
MEN — KNIGHTS OF PYTHLAS — GRAND 
ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC — GERMAN TURN- 
ERS—OTHER SOCIETIES — TEMPERANCE 
ORGANIZATIONS. 



The various secret, benevolent, and other 
societies and orders, are well represented 
in Iowa, with the several degrees of Ma- 
sons and Odd Fellows in the lead. There 
is scarcely a town of any size in the State, 
where these orders are not represented. 
The Knights of Pythias, Legion of Honor, 
Ancient Order of United Workmen, have 
numerous lodges throughout the State. 
Most of these orders are protective, having 
a department of life insurance connected 
with them, for the benefit of the members. 
The veterans of the war have banded 



themselves together under the name of the 
Grand Army of the Republic, and have 
many posts in Iowa, with a large mem- 
bership. These are, perhaps, the best 
known and most numerous of these fra- 
ternities, though there are other organiza- 
tions, such as Druids, Red Men, German 
Turners, Sons of St. George, Caledonians, 
Ancient Order of Hibernians, and others, 
represented in various portions of the 
State. 

The Young Men's Christian Association 
is an organization well known all over the 
world, as the medium for the accomplish- 
ment of a vast amount of good, and, in 
Iowa, every town of any considerable size 
has its auxiliary branch of this associa- 
tion. There was also organized last year 
a State Young Women's Christian Associ- 
ation, whose aims and objects are similar 
in character to those of the Y. M. C: A. 

The temperance societies are numerous 
and varied in Iowa, including the State 
Temperance Alliance, the Women's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union, Good Templars, 
Sons of Temperance, Temple of Honor, 
and in many of the larger cities Father 
Matthew Societies, Citizens' Leagues, and 
those organizations known as the "Slue" 
and " Red Ribbon" societies, all of which 
are laboring earnestly for the promotion 
of temperance in the State. The cause 
has many able advocates, and the senti- 
ment of the people throughout the State 
is largely in favor of temperance. 



TEMPERANCE. 

LEGAL ENACTMENTS — SUBMISSION OF THE 
CONSTITUTIONAL AM ENDMENT— REM ARKS 
OF GOVERNOR SHERMAN— PROCLAMATION 
OF THE GOVERNOR — ANNULLED BY THE 
SUPREME COURT — STATUTORY PROHIBI- 
TION. 



Iowa has struggled against intern, 
perance for more than twenty- five years, 
and as early as 1851 our General Assembly 
prohibited the keeping of places of public 
resort, for the sale of intoxicating liquors, 



106 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



declaring against the whole system of 
license, and especially providing that the 
people of the State should derive no profit 
from the sale of intoxicating liquors. This 
was followed in 1854 by a still more strin- 
gent law, prohibiting the sale of all intox- 
icating liquors, whether distilled, malt, 
or vinous, and this was submitted to a vote 
of the people, by whom it was approved. 
In 1858, this law was modified, so as to per- 
mit the sale of beer and native wines, or 
wines manufactured from fruits grown in 
the State, and under cover of this exemp- 
tion distilled liquors were also sold in 
numerous places, thus rendering the law 
inoperative in rnaoy portions of the State. 
However, public sentiment was so strongly 
against this practice that many towns in 
the State were entirely without these pub- 
lic drinking places, and yet, in those por- 
tions where the license system prevailed, 
the evil of intemperance increased so rap 
idly that public sentiment was aroused to 
action. 

The law was still further amended by 
the Legislature from time to time, each 
amendment making the law more strin- 
gent. The Code of 1873 prohibited the 
sale to minors, persons intoxicated, or in 
the habit of becoming intoxicated. 

At every session of the General Assem- 
bly, petitions and bills were presented for 
a prohibitory amendment to the Constitu- 
tion. Finally, in 1879, the General Assem- 
bly adopted the following joint resolution) 
proposing to amend the Constitution so 
as to prohibit the manufacture and sale of 
intoxicating liquors as a beverage within 
this State. 

Be it resolved by the General Assembly 
of the State of Iowa : 

That the following amendment to the 
Constitution of the State of Iowa be and 
the same is hereby proposed: 

To add, as Section 26 to Article 1 of 
said Constitution, the following: 

Section 26. No person shall manufac- 
ture for sale, or sell or keep for sale, as a 
beverage, any intoxicating liquors what- 
ever, including ale, wine and beer. 

The General Assembly shall by law 
prescribe regulations for the enforcement 
of the prohibition herein contained, and 
shall thereby provide suitable penalties 



for the violations of the provisions hereof. 

Resolved, further, That the foregoing- 
proposed amendment be and is hereby re- 
ferred to the Legislature to be chosen at 
the next general election, and that the 
Secretary of State cause the same to be 
published for three months previous to 
th« day of said election, as provided by 
law. 

In his message to the Nineteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly Governor Sherman spoke 
as follows upon this question : 

" For many years this subject has been 
among the foremost in public discussion. 
The agitation has been continuing and 
increasing in all civilized countries, until 
at last it has become a matter of sufficient 
importance to induce legislative action ; 
and I believe has found place upon the 
statute books of all the States of the 
American Union, and doubtless of all the 
greater and progressive Nations of the 
earth. It has attained that prominence 
that it cannot longer be ignored, inasmuch 
as the people, with more unanimity than 
heretofore, are moving to secure legisla- 
tion. Naturally enough, and this is also 
true of every other public question, the 
people are divided in opinion as to the 
best methods to treat the subject, and 
until some authoritative declaration by 
them is made, their representatives will 
be unable to reach the root of the matter. 
All men desire that temperance shall ob- 
tain, yet differing how best to secure it. 
In order to afford opportunity for ex 
pression, and in compliance with what 
seemed a very general desire of the peo- 
ple, the dominant political party in Iowa 
has solemnly declared in favor of sub- 
mitting to a free vote of the people, the 
question whether or not a prohibitory 
amendment shall be engrafted upon the 
organic law. The last General Assembly 
passed the resolutions necessary to that 
end, and as required by the Constitution 
itself, the same has been referred to the 
present Legislature, and if there adopted, 
will be submitted to general vote. 1 am 
unequivocally in favor of like action. I 
am in favor of the honorable performance 
of all proper pledges made to the people ; 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



107 



and ibis questiou legally submitted, tbe 
responsibility rests with tbe citizen in bis 
individual capacity, untrammeled by party 
pledges, uuintluenced by party fealty, and 
free from party considerations. I am in 
favor of submission for another reason : 
tbe rigbt of tbe people to be beard upon 
all questions affecting tbe public welfare. 
It is tbe very corner-stone of our political 
fabric, and tbe rigbt preservative of all 
rigbts.'' 

June 27tb, 1882, tbis question was sub- 
mitted to a vote of tbe people, at a special 
non-partisan election, passed by a vote of 
nearly thirty thousand, and was declared 
a part of the constitution of the State. 

The following is the proclamation of 
Governor Sherman, declaring the amend- 
ment a pari of the constitution of the 
State: 

PROCLAMATION BY THE GOVERNOR. 

State of Iowa — By the Governor — A proc- 
lamation declaring the result of the 
special election held on June 27th, 1882. 
Whereas, The Eighteenth and Nine- 
teenth General Assemblies of the State of 
Iowa did, in due form and according to the 
constitution, agree to add, as section 26, 
to Article 1 of the Constitution, an amend- 
ment in the words following, to- wit: 

Section 26. No person shall manu- 
facture for sale, sell, or keep for 
sale as a beverage any intoxicating 
liquors whatever, including ale, wine 
or beer. The General Assembly shall 
by law prescribe regulations for tbe 
enforcement of tbe prohibition herein con- 
tained, and shall thereby provide suitable 
penalties for violation of the provisions 
hereof; and 

W'hereas, Proclamation was made and 
said amendment was submitted to a vote 
of tbe electors of the State at a special 
election beld throughout the State in pur- 
suance of law, on Tuesday, the 27th day 
of June, 1882; and 

Whereas, The official canvas9 of the 
result of said election, as made by the Ex- 
ecutive Council, acting as a State Board 
of Canvassers, shows 155,436 votes for the 



adoption of the ameudment, and 125,677 
votes against, leaving a majority of 29,759 
votes for tbe adoption of the amendment. 
Now, therefore, I, Buren R. Sherman, 
Governor of the State of Iowa, by virtue 
of the authority vested in me by law, and 
in the name of the people of Iowa, clo 
hereby proclaim that the aforesaid amend- 
ment is adopted and is a true and 
valid part of the Constitution of the State 
of Iowa, whereof all persons will take due 
notice and govern themselves according'y. 
Buren R. Sherman. 

Upon a slight technicality, the Su- 
preme Court of the State decided 
this unconstitutional, thus rendering 
tbe law invalid. In his second inaug- 
ural address, which was delivered Jam;- 
ary 12th, 1881, Governor Sberrnan said: 
''You are the immediate personal repre- 
sentatives of the two million souls who 
occupy this 'beautiful land,' and having 
accepted from your fellow citizens the 
grave trust now resting upon you, I doubt 
not you will be found able to these res- 
ponsibilities and that at the end of your 
labors it may be said of each that he was 
faithful to the people whose confidence 
was his. Let it not be said of the Twen- 
tieth General Assembly that it failed 
its opportunities." 

" Since the last session, grave questions 
affecting the interests of the State, the 
preliminaries to which were adopted by 
your predecessors, have been submitted 
to the direct vote of the people, aud by 
them determined in the manner author- 
ized bv the constitution and the laws; and 
it remains for you to give effect to tbis ex- 
pression of tbe popular judgment. Tbis 
applies with special force to the temper- 
ance question which has agitated the State 
for many years. The proposition to 
amend the fundamental law by a prohibi- 
tion of tbe sale of intoxicants as a bever- 
age, having passed the several stages of 
legislation prerequisite, was at last sub- 
mitted to the citizens of the State and by 
them adopted by a decisive vote. Not- 
withstanding the people had so expressed 
their pleasure therein, and under our the- 



10S 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



ories of government, the court of the sov- 
ereign people is that of last and highest 
resort, and their decision had been evi- 
denced through the proper constitutional 
department of the government, the amend- 
ment so adopted was attempted to be nuli- 
fied by a co-ordinate branch. Various 
opinions prevail as to such attempt and 
its binding force and effect; but one 
only can obtain as lo the moral obligation 
resting upon the representatives of the 
people in the General Assembly in such 
an emergency- The duty remains to the 
law making power, that the principle 
thus adopted hy the people must be voiced 
in proper statutory enactments; and I 
confidently trust that ere your session shall 
end, the legal remedies will be provided 
whereby the people may protect them- 
selves from further devastations caused 
by this unlawful traffic, destructive alike 
to present and future generations. Ours 
is a government by the people, of the 
people, and for the people, and their will 
being ascertained, no representative of 
the people can justify himself in opposi- 
tion thereto, the ultimate effect of which 
would be certain destruction to the prin- 
ciple of free government, to establish 
which the life of the nation has been 
twice imperiled and thousands of lives 
sacrificed. Partisan ties should be laid 
aside, and in consideration of this great 
question and forgetful of all else save the 
ultimate good to the State, let us vie with 
each other in perfecting the law in re- 
sponse to the public command. Nothing 
less should be attempted ; nothing less will 
satisfy a thoroughly aroused people. No 
argument is necessary to establish the fact 
of the evil results of the traffic ; that is 
conceded by every observer. We have 
differed only as to the best methods of 
dealing therewith. But^ now that the di- 
rect question, stripped of every append- 
age, has been passed upon by direct vote, 
and that after thorough discussion at 
every fireside, and where, too, deception 
was practically impossible, and the calm, 
deliberate judgment in favor of the prin- 
ciple of prohibition has been pronounced, 



I can see no escape from the duty of en- 
forcement that decision." 

The Twentieth General Assembly, in re- 
sponse to the demands of the people, pass- 
ed a prohibitory statute, as follows: "No 
person shall manufacture or sell, by him- 
self, his clerk, steward, or agent, directly 
or indirectly, any intoxicating liquors, ex- 
cept as hereinafter provided. And the keep- 
ing of intoxicating liquors, with intent on 
the part of the owner thereof, or any person 
acting under his authority, or by his per- 
mission, to sell the same within this State 
contrary to the provisions of this chapter, 
is hereby prohibited, and the intoxicating 
liquors so kept, together with the vessels 
in which it is contained, is declared a nui- 
sance, and shall be forfeited and dealt 
with as hereinafter provided." This went 
into effect on July 4th, of the same year, 
and is still in force. It is observed in 
most portions of the State, with the excep- 
tion of some of the larger cities, where, 
either through remissness on the part of 
those in authority, or on account of not 
receiving the full moral support of the 
people, it is not strictly enforced. The 
moral influence of the Womans Christian 
Temperance Union and the "red" and 
"blue ribbon" organizations, which have 
accomplished so much in the work of 
moulding public sentiment, can scarcely 
be estimated, and the sentiment of the 
people, in spite of all discouragements, 
is steadily growing in favor of the banish- 
ment of the evil of intemperance from 
our State. 



IOWA'S FINANCES. 



BY D. W. SMITH, DEPUTY STATE TREASURES,. 

A few words only are necessary to 
clearly set forth the condition of the State, 
for her administration has been conducted 
with such rnarked economy, founded 
upon wise constitutional and statutory en- 
actments that the present finds her with- 
out any State debt, with a good list of fine 
improvements in her State institutions 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



109 



and public buildings, which are second to 
none. 

The principal debt the State has ever 
had was that incurred in 1S61, in titling 
out and putting into the field the first reg- 
iments from Iowa in the service of her 
country. This amounted to $300,000, 
which was bonded at seven per cent inter- 
est for twenty years, and which amount 
was paid when due, except $125,000, 
which was provided for by negotiating 
$100,000 for two years and $25,000 for 
one year, at four per cent interest, and 
which were promptly met at maturity. 
Thus was wiped out the loyal debt of 
Iowa. 

There is provided for the support and 
maintenance of the public schools of the 
State a permanent fund, which now 
amounts to $3,844,167.59, of which amount 
about $3,586,000 is loaned out in the differ- 
ent counties, and the State has borrowed 
$24-3.435. The interest only of this fund is 
used for the maintenance of the public 
schools. The above amount borrowed by 
the State is ihe only permanent or bonded 
debt of the State, and that is hardly consid- 
ered a debt, as it is owing it to itself, and 
the principal is never to be paid. 

It will be seen that the school system is 
well and p-rmanently provided for. That 
it is not the fault of ihe State if the youih 
do not get a good common school educa- 
tion. 

The total assessed value of all property 
in the State for tax levy of 1883 is $463,- 
824.466. The average reported value of 
land per acre assessed is $7.69. The total 
tax for State purposes is $1,075,822.65. 

The institutions supported by the State 
are, the Penitentiaries, one at Ft. Madison 
and one at Anamosa; the Industrial 
Schools, one for boy?, at Eldora, and one 
for girls, at Mitchellville; the Deaf and 
Dumb Institute, at Council Bluffs; the 
College for the Blind, Vinton ; the Insane 
Hospitals, located at Mt. Pleasant, Inde- 
pendence, and one in process of erection at 
Clarinda: the Institute for Feeble Minded, 
at Glenwr od ; the State Xrrmal School, at 
Cedar Falls; the State University, at Iowa 



City; the Agricultural College, at Ames, 
and the Orphans' Home, at Davenport. 
These institutions aie all in a very flour- 
ishing and prosperous condition. 

The State is now building a State House 
of fine proportions, said to be equal to any 
in the Union in point of architectural de- 
sign, beauty of finish, and harmony of 
furnishing and decoration. The cost thus 
far has been over $2,500,000, and will 
probably reach $3,000,000 or more when 
completed. One point of significance in 
this connection is the fact that every dol 
lar has been judiciously expended in its 
erection, and it has been wholly paid for 
out of the ordinary revenues of the State, 
without additional taxation, showing a 
wise policy and manifest economy by the 
Board of Commissioners having it in 
charge,. 



IOWA 



INSURANCE 

NESS. 



BUSI- 



BY J. L. BROWX, AUDITOR OF STATE. 



Among her numerous business enter- 
prises which have helped to develop her 
vast resources, add to her wealth, and 
consequently, to better the condition of 
her people, are her home insurance com- 
panies. 

Although one of the younger in the 
sisterhood of States, Iowa already en- 
joys a proud position in this line of busi- 
ness, compared with the older States. 

There are now in successful operation 
sixteen fire insurance companies, regularly 
organized under the laws of the State, 
fourteen of which are stock companies, 
with an aggregate paid up capital of 
$775,000, and two mutual companies, em- 
bracing among their directory and officers 
some of the most influential and success- 
ful business men in the State. 

In addition to these there are, as shown 
by the State Auditor's insurance report for 
1884, seventy co-operative fire associations, 
known as " Farmers Mutuals," which give 
at the same t'«me cheap and substantial 
indemnity to their members, and which 



110 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



are chiefly confined in their operations 
to their respective counties, and in many 
instances to the townships in which they 
are located. There is also one life insur- 
ance company, with a paid up capital of 
$100,000, located in the State, which takes 
high rank among its kind in the land, its 
directors and officers beiDg gentlemen of 
tne best financial ability, and of the high- 
est standard of moral character. 

By reference to the State Auditor's in- 
surance report for 1884, and to the records 
in his office, we find the following inter- 
esting items of information : 

The amount of fire risks written during 
the year by Iowa companies, regularly 
organized, is $76,158,627.29, and the 
amount written by the co-operative asso- 
ciations is $5,415,923.86, making a total of 
$81,574,560.15 fire risks written during 
the year by Iowa companies alone. 

Amount of premiums received by reg- 
ularly organized Iowa fire insurance com- 
panies for the business of the year, $1,- 
605,700 28; amount of losses paid during 
the year by the same, $449,751.07 ; amount 
paid by the co-operative associations, $14,- 
448.66. Total fire losses paid during the 
year, $464,199.73. 

Amount of risks in force at the end of 
the year in Iowa companies, $203,623,033.* 
56 ; amount in force in the co-operative 
associations, $27,318,438.08, making a to- 
tal of $230,941,471.64, in force in Iowa 
companies, of which amount $17,898,466.- 
37 was re-insured in solvent companies 
outside the State. 

During the time of their existence the 
regularly organized Iowa companies have 
received $8,731,852.08 in premiums, and 
have paid $2,357,458.68 in losses. 

During the year, as shown by the 1884 
insuranee report, there were ninety-five 
fire insurance companies from other States 
doing business in Iowa to the amount of 
$127079,502.00 in risks written, $1,760,107.- 
38, in premiums received, and $911,499.09 
in losses paid. 

The foregoing brief summary not only 
shows that the Iowa insurance companies 
have been wonderfully successful and that 



they are among the. permanent institu- 
tions of the land, but that there are still 
greater possibilities, not to say probabili- 
ties in store for them, and that the Iowa 
people believe in standing by and encour. 
aging Iowa institutions. 

The total amount of revenue received 
by the State of Iowa from all insurance 
companies for the present year up to date, 
December 11, 1884, is $89,144.50. 



STATE INSTITUTIONS. 

LOCATION AND MANAGEMENT — BUILDINGS 
— REPORTS OP THE VARIOUS EDUCATION- 
AL, CHARITABLE AND REFORMATORY IN- 
STITUTIONS — AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY — 
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY — STOCK BREED- 
ERS' ASSOCIATION— STATE HISTORICAL 
SOCIETY. 



Iowa, in the character of her State in. 
stitutions, whether educational, charitable 
or reformatory, compares favorably with 
any State in the Union, and reflects credit 
upon herself for the manner in which 
they are maintained and conducted. Lib- 
eral appropriations by the legislature have 
been made from time to time, and the 
public buildings which have been erected 
for State purposes are substantial and im- 
posing, and well adapted to the require- 
ments for which they were built, a credit 
to the State and an honor to her citizens 
Such institutions as belong to and are 
maintained by the State of Iowa, illustrate 
the progressive, intelligent and philan- 
thropic character of her people. Under 
the supervision of the Executive Council 
the affairs of these institutions have been 
managed with prudence, ability and faith- 
fulness. The educational institutions are 
the State University at Iowa City, the 
Agricultural College at Ames, and the 
Normal School at Cedar Falls. The char- 
itable institutions include the Institution 
for the Deaf and Dumb at Council Bluffs, 
the College tor the Blind at Vinton, the 
Hospitals for the Insane at Mt. Fleasant 
and Independence, and a third in process 
of erection at Clarinda, the Orphans' 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Ill 



Home at Davenport, and the Asylum for 
the Feeble Minded at Glenwood. The 
reformatory institutions are the Peniten- 
tiaries at Ft. Madison and Anamosa, and 
the Reform Schools at Eldora for boys, 
and at Mitchellville for girls. 

Through the courtesy of Governor 
Sherman we are enabled to present to 
our readers concise reports of these various 
institutions, which are published here- 
with. Besides the foregoing institutions, 
there are several societies which de- 
rive encouragement and support, in 
part, from the State. These include 
the State Agricultural and State Horti- 
cultural Societies, both of which have 
rooms set apart for their use in the new 
Capital, the Stock Breeders' Association 
and the State Historical Society. 

he State Agricultural Society was or- 
ganized in 1854, and the first annual fair 
was held at Fairfield in October of that 
year. The State has made liberal appro- 
priations to aid it, and requires the society 
to make and publish a full report annu- 
ally, which is a valuable resume of the 
various agricultural interests of Iowa, and 
is compiled by the Secretary, John R. 
Shaffer, of Fairfield. The society has not 
failed to hold its State fair each year 
since its organization. Heretofore the 
fair has been held at various towns in the 
State, where it could receive most local 
aid, with the best advantages, but the 
Twentieth General Assembly passed an 
act providing for a permanent home for 
the fair, on condition of securing the best 
location, and a gift of $50,000 from the 
town where it should be located. En 
compliance with this act, the officers of the 
association decided upon a location at 
Des Moines, the capital, where the fair 
had been held for the previous five years, 
as being the most advantageous and satis- 
factory location in the State. The officers 
and directors of the association, one from 
each congressional district, are elected by 
delegates from the county and district as- 
sociations throughout the State. The soci- 
ety, in its annual exhibit of the products of 
the State, has promoted competition in 



the various departments of agricultural 
and mechanical industry, which ten:ls to 
the fuller development of our resources. 

The State Horticultural Society was or- 
ganized in 1868, "for the promotion and 
encouragement of horticulture and arbor- 
iculture, by the collection and dissemina- 
tion of correct information concerning 
the cultivation of such fruits, flowers and 
trees, both deciduous and evergreen, as 
are adapted to the soil and climate of 
Iowa." For convenience in the work of 
the society, the State is divided into twelve 
districts, each having its own director, 
whose duty it is to report to the society, 
the meetings held and the condition of 
the horticultural interests in his district. 
The society receives from the State $1,000 
annually for the publication and distribu- 
tion of information on horticulture and 
forestry, which it is doing with credit to 
itself and benefit to the State. Their an- 
nual report to the Governor is full of 
interest, and many valuable papers are 
given relating to the horticultural inter- 
ests of the State. Prof. J. L. Budd, of the 
Agricultural College, at Ames, who is 
secretary of the society, has given much 
attention to the importation and cultiva- 
tion of many varieties of foreign fruits, 
which have proved to be adapted to our 
soil and climate, and has thus rendered 
invaluable service to the people of Iowa. 
The society has also published lists of 
those fruits, as well as trees for timber or 
ornament, best suited to this region, and 
which we publish elsewhere in connection 
with the chapter on horticulture. 

The Iowa Improved Stock Breeders' 
Association, organized in 1874, has been 
the means, together with the Iowa Fine 
Stock Breeders' Association, of greatly 
improving the live stock of the State. 
Their annual reports compiled by the sec- 
retary, Fitch B. Stacy, of Stacyville, giv- 
ing the experience of the leading stock 
men of the State, have been distrib- 
uted with great benefit to the farmers in 
Iowa, and are full of interest to those who 
desire to improve their stock. 

The State Historical Society was estab- 



112 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



lished by an act of the General Assembly 
Jan. 28, 1857, and is justly entitled to be 
considered one of the State institutions, 
inasmuch as several years ago the State 
received it under its protecting and foster- 
ing care. The primary object is to col- 
lect and preserve, as far as possible, 
the past and current history of Iowa. 
The State has very properly 
made appropriations from time to time 
for the purchase and preservation of books, 
maps, charts, manuscripts, paintings, etc., 
illustrative of the history of the State. 
This society has published a quarterly 
magazine, called the "Annals of Iowa." 
It contains many contributions to our 
early history, that will be of great interest 
and value to the future generations of 
Iowa. 



THE NEW CAPITOL. 



ACTS OF THE LEGISLATURE PROVIDING FOR 
THfi ERECTION OF A NEW CAPITOL — 
f BOARD OF CAPITOL COMMISSIONERS — 
LAYING OF THE CORNiTR STONE — DES- 
j CRrPTION AND DIMENSIONS OF THE 

BUILDING — DEDICATION OF THE NEW 
CAPITOL — HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE 
STATE LIBRARY, BY MRS. S. B. MAXWELL, 
LIBRARIAN. 

The illustration of Iowa's new capitol 
given elsewhere, is an excellent rep- 
resentation of the building, which is a 
model of beauty throughout, comparing 
favorably with the finest buildings in the 
country, standing as a monument to the 
progress, thrift and industry of the people 
of the State. April 6th, 1868, an act for 
the erection of a new capitol building 
was passed by the General Assembly of 
Iowa, and April 13th, 1870, a law was 
t passed creating a board of capitol commis- 
sioners. On Thursday, November 23d, 
1871, the corner stone was laid with ap- 
propriate ceremonies. This stone was 
hewn from a prairie "boulder" brought 
from Buchanan county, and is seven feet 
long, three feet wide and three feet thick. 
By an act of the General Assembly 



dated April 10th, 1872, the board of capi- 
tol commissioners was reorganized with 
the governor as ex-offlcio president, and 
the following gentlemen as members: 
Messrs. John G. Focte, of Burlington; 
Maturin L. Fisher, of Farmersburg; Peter 
A. Dey and R. S. Finkbine, of Iowa City. 
When this board first organized they ap- 
pointed A. H. Pjquenard, of Springfield, 
Illinois, architect, and General Ed Wright 
as secretary of ihe board. They also 
made Mr. R. S. Finkbine superintendent 
of construction, and Mr. John G. Foote 
superintendent of finance. This organi- 
zation has been preserved to the present 
time, except so far as death has removed 
its members. In November, 1876, Mr. 
Piquenard, the architect, died, and the fol- 
lowing January Messrs. Bell & Hackney, 
two young men who had been in the em- 
ploy of Mr. Piquenard in this work, were 
selected to carry out the original design. 
On the fifth day ot February, 1879, Mr. 
Fisher was removed from the board by 
death, and Mr. Cyrus Foreman, of Osage, 
was appointed in his place. 

The present board of commissioners 
is, Governor Buren R. Sherman, presi- 
dent; General Ed. Wright, secretary; 
Peter A. Dey, Cyrus Foreman, John G. 
Foote, R. S. Finkbine. R. S. Fi nkbine, 
superintendent of construction; Ed 
Wright, assistant superintendent of con- 
struction ; John G. Foote, superintendent 
of finance. 

The building stands on an elevation of 
about 120 feet above the Des Moines 
river, presenting an appearance magnifi- 
cent in proportions, elegant in design and 
solid in construction. The massiveness of 
the structure is relieved by elegant domes 
at each of the four corners, while a larger 
one crowns the center of the edifice. Over 
the west entrance is the coat of arms of 
Iowa, handsomely sculptured in solid 
stone. The central dome commands a 
beautiful and extensive view of the sur- 
rounding country. 

The length north and south, including 
porticos, 363 feet, 8 inches. 

Length north and south, including por- 
ticos, 246 feet, 11 inches. 






IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



113 



Length north and south fronts, 175 feet. 
Length east and west fronts, 118 feet, S 
inches. 

Width east and west through arcades, 
100 feet, 10 inches. 

Height to top of main cornice, 92 feet, 
S inches. 

Height to top of balustrade, 99 feet, 8 
inches. 

Height to top of stylobate, 11-4 feet, 2 
inches. 

Height to top of dome balcony, 219 feet, 
1 inch. 

Height to top of lantern, 249 feet. 

Height to top of ball above lantern, 259 
feet. 

Height to top of finial, 275 feet 

Height to top of small domes, 152 feet. 

Height of basement story, 13 feet, 1 inch. 

Height of office story, 23 feet, 9 inches. 

Height of second story, 22 feet, 9 inches. 

Height of third story, 20 feet, 9 inches. 

From office floor to first balcony in 
dome, 101 feet, G inches. 

From office floor to second balcony in 
dome, 153 feet, 2 inches. 

From office floor to canopy, 172 feet, 5 
inches. 

The rotunda is in diameter, 66 feet, 8 
inches. 

The exterior diameter of dome is 80 
feet. 

The House of Representatives is 74 x 91 
feet, 4 inches, by 41 feet, 9 inches. 

The Senate Chamber is 58 feet x 91 feet 
4 inches, by 41 feet, 9 inches. 

The Library room is 52 feet, 6 inches x 
10S feet, by 44 feet, 9 inches. 

The Supreme Court room is 34 feet, 5 
inches x 50 feet, 2 inches, by 23 feet, 9 
inches. 

The ouilding covers 58,850 square feet 
of ground. 

The girth of the outside wall is 1,300 
feet. 

There are 398 steps from the ground up 
to the dome platform or lookout. 

height to top of the dome is 275 
feet. 

The partitions are all of brick or other 
fire proof material, aal »rs are 



made with iron beams and brick arches, 
with either an encaustic tile or wood cov- 
ering. 

The rooms are all warmed with steam, 
with both direct and indirect radiation 
from a battery of seven large boilers, lo- 
cated in a building across the street on the 
north side, and the rooms are all ventila- 
ted by exhausting the air through air ducts 
built in the walls. 

The roof is made of an iron frame work 
covered with porous terra cotta and slate 
laid in cement mortar. 

The corridor floors are all made of en. 
caustic tile laid in very rich patterns, and 
the wainscotings of the corridors and all 
the principal rooms of both office and sec- 
ond stoiy are made of domestic and for- 
eign marbles. The large columns in the 
House and Senate and those in the upper 
part of the Dome are made of Scagliola, 
not because it is a " cheap" imitation of 
marble, but because it is an imitation as 
good as marble and better suited to the 
places where used. 

The grand stairway is made of marbles 
on an iron frame work, while the other 
stairways are all of iron. 

The legislative portion of the building 
was completed and dedicated to its future 
use on the 17th day of January, 1884, and 
the Twentieth General Assembly held its 
deliberations in the spacious halls pro- 
vided for this purpose. 

It is designed to have the whole struc- 
ture completed by the 1st day of January, 
18S6. 

Varieties of Stone. — The foundation 
stone are principally from the " Bear 
Creek'' and " Winterset" quarries in this 
State. 

The basement story is from the Iowa 
City quarries. 

The bull-colored stone in the super- 
structure is from St. Genevieve, Mo., and 
the "blue stone is from Carroll county, 
Mo. 

The granite in the base course was par- 
tially procured from "prairie boulders'' 
in Buchanan county, but the dark colored 
pieces are from Sauk Rapids, Minnesota. 



114: 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



The outside steps and platforms are 
the "Forest City" stone, near Cleveland, 
Ohio. The rails are the Sauk Rapids 
granite. 

The pilasters and piers on the interior 
of basement are from Anamosa, in this 
State, and from Lemont, 111. 

All the columns, piers, and pilasters in 
the corridors of first story are from Le- 
mont, 111. 

The red granite columns in the second 
story are from Iron Mountain, Mo. The 
dark colored granite in base and cap of 
pedestals, is from Sauk Rapids, Minne- 
sota, while the carved capitals, pilasters, 
and piers are of the Lemont stone. 

Varieties of Marble.— Domestic. — 
"Old Tennessee," Knoxville, and Holstein 
River from Tennessee; Glens Fails and 
Empire Shell, from New York ; Moriah, 
from Vermont, and Virginia, from Vir- 
ginia. 

Foreign— Mexican Onyx, from Mexico; 
Lisbon, from Spain; Sienna, Verona Red, 
Siatuary White, Veined, Italian Dove, 
and Alps Green, from Italy; Languedoc, 
Rose Vif, Rouge Greotte, Greotte Renais- 
sance, and Yellow Eschalleon, from 
Fiance; Formosa and Bongord, from Ger- 
many; Belgian Black, from Belgium; 
Bardiglio, Brocatelle, and Seranto, from 
Italy; Juan Fleure, from France; Kil- 
kenny Green and Victoria Red, from Ire- 
land. 

There are twenty- nine varieties of mar- 
ble in the building. 

The varieties of wood employed in the 
building are: Ash, Red Oak, White Oak, 
Black Walnut, Butternut, Chestnut, 
Cherry, Mahogany, Poplar, Yellow Pine, 
White Pine, and Catalpa. 

Basement Story. — The whole of this 
story is used for storage purposes. 

First Story.— On this floor are located 
the State offices, the Supreme Court de- 
partment, and the Agricultural and Horti 
cultural Societies' rooms. 

In the west wing on the right as you 
enter the building, are the Governor's 
rooms and on the left the rooms of the 
Secretary of State. 



ble stair-case is located, are the Horticul- 
tural Society's rooms on the south side, 
and those of the custodian on the north 
side. 

In the south wing on the east side of the 
corridor, is the land department of the Sec- 
retary of State's office, rooms of the State 
Treasurer and the Superintendent of Pub- 
lic instruction. On the west side are the 
Auditor's rooms and two rooms for the 
Governor's department. 

In the North wing on the West side is 
the Supreme Court room, consultation 
room and five private rooms for the 
Judges, and also a room for the Attorney 
General. On the East side is the Supreme 
Court Clerk#ke Railroad Commissioners, 
and the office and museum of the Horti- 
cultural Society. 

Second Story. — In the South wing is 
located the Senate Chamber which is 58 
feet by 91 feet 4 inches and 41 feet 9 inch- 
es high. It is lighted by five large win- 
dows on each side, has a gallery in each 
end for spectators, and is lighted in the 
evenings by four large chandeliers. The 
wainscoting is of marble, but the large 
columns are a fine specimen of scagliola 
work. The finish of doors and windows 
is of oak and the furniture is all of ma- 
hogany. The walls are elegantly decora- 
ted with frescoes, including some very 
fine figure work representing Industry, 
Law, Agriculture, Peace, History and 
Commerce. There are fifty desks for the 
members of the Senate. Back of the 
Senate Chamber is the Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor's suite of rooms, clerk's rooms and 
committee rooms. 

In the North wing is the House of Rep- 
resentatives which is 74 feet by 91 feet 4 
inches and 47 feet 9 inches high. It is 
larger than the Senate Chamber, but de- 
signed to correspond with it in other re- 
spects. There are galleries at each end 
for spectators, similiar to those of the 
Senate Chamber. The finish and f urni-- 
ture of this room is of black walnut, 
with marble wainscoting. The frescoing 
is of a brighter tone, and instead of the 



IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 



115 



allegorical paintings which decorate the 
Senate ceiling, there has been introduced 
here, the portraits of the following per- 
sons: Presidents. Washington and Lin- 
coln ; Governors, Robert Lucas and James 
W. Grimes; Justices of Supreme Court, 
Caleb Baldwin and Charles Mason; Speak- 
ers of the House of Representatives, Rush 
Clark ami James P. Carlton ; Generals, M. 
M. Crocker and S. R. Curtis. There are 
one hundred desks for the members of 
the House. Back of the House of Repre- 
sentatives are rooms for the Speaker, 
clerks and committees. 

The Library is situated in the West 
wing and is 52 feet 6 inches by 108 feet 
4 inches, and 11 feet 9 inches high. It is 
finished in a>h and chestnut with marble 
wainscoting and pilasters, and has an en- 
caustic tile floor. 

In the East wing are the Legislative 
Post Office and committee rooms. 

Third Story. — The whole of the third 
story is devoted to committee rooms for 
the use of the General Assembly. 

It is but justice to the gentlemen who 
have been in charge of this work, to state 
that the money appropriated trom time 
to time, by the General Assembly, for the 
construction of the new capitol has been 
most judiciously and economically ex- 
pended by them, and so honestly and 
faithfully has every dollar been applied 
to the purpose for which it was intended, 
that it is a matter of astonishment to 
strangers and visitors generally, thai so 
magnificent an edifice could have been 
erected at so comparatively moderate an 
outlay. Thus far there has been expend- 
ed about $-.2,000,009 and it is estimated 
that to complete and furnish the building 
and properly improve the grounds sur- 
rounding it— consisting of ten acres — 
wi.l recprire the outlay of about $1,000,- 
JO more, thus making the total cost of the 
building and grounds about $ 3,00 3,000. It 
is expected that the capitol will be com- 
pleted by January 1, 



DEDICATION OF THE XEW CAPI- 
TOL, 



The following address was delivered 
by Hon. John A. Kasson, at the dedication 
©f the new Capitol on January 17, 1881: 

Gentlemen of the General Assembly, Officers of 

State and Fellow Citizens: 

For the people of Iowa, and especially 
for you, their representatives in the ex- 
ecutive, legislative and judicial depart- 
ments, this day may well be devoted to 
congratulations. The people will rejoice 
that this great structure, now so near 
completion, has been erected with econ- 
omy, honesty, and sound judgment, and 
without special taxation or debt. Their 
representatives rejoice that they can now 
enter into appropriate halls with abun- 
dance of Heaven's pure air and clear 
light, and with suitable chambers for the 
important work of their committees. 
Their executive and judicial officers have 
special reason to be glad that they are 
so m to leave the inconvenient and inse- 
cure quarters hitherto assigned them, for 
the safe and spacious rooms, where fire 
cannot destroy, where thieves caunot 
easily break through and steal, and where 
moth and rust are far less likely to cor- 
rupt. All our people, in public or in 
private life, will to-day experience pro- 
found gratification that all the high au- 
thorities of government, the elect of their 
suffrage, enter, in their name, into the 
possession of a State House befitting the 
intelligence and the wealth, the dignity 
and the worth of a State which is justly 
proud of her record of good government. 
It is the third time that the State has taken 
possession of a Capitol building. As the 
immigrating farmer willingly passes his 
first difficult years in a cabin of logs, and 
when his family is better grown, and the 
tide of steady prosperity has enriched 
him, erects a substantial dwelling in 
which, as he hopes, his children, and 
their children after them, may preserve 
his name and virtues in lasting memory, 
so Iowa, passing from her earlier official 
cabins, has devoted a part of her increas- 



116 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



ing wealth to the erection of this endur- 
ing mansion for the residence of her 
elected government during generations to 
come. 

Our first prayer beneath this high 
dome is, that here the moral and political 
foundations of this imperial State may be 
so deeply and so wisely laid that remote 
generations shall recall and celebrate tne 
wisdom and the virtues of their ancestors, 
who in the nineteenth century erected and 
occupied this solid mansion of the State. 

It is for us all a source of profound 
gratification that from the day when the 
present commissioners assumed control, 
with their accomplished superintendent of 
construction, the legislative bodies have 
never withdrawn from them their confi- 
dence. Not one act of speculation or 
spoliation, not one coin wasted or vainly 
spent, has defaced the bright record of 
their administration. It shall be a part 
of the legacy we leave to our children 
that all these vast and durable walls have 
been laid in the cement of honesty, and 
built by the rule of fidelity. More proud 
of this legend are we than of all these 
classic columns and brilliant domes which 
please the eye and gratify the taste. 

As this house of the government has 
been erected in integrity, without turmoil 
or disorder, so may neither corruption 
nor violence ever appear within its 
chambers. Let nothing be ever here 
transacted against patriotism, religion, 
morality or education, nor against the just 
principles of civil liberty, or public or 
private right. As the wheels of time roll 
on, as generations of men arise, act their 
part and decay, may each generation rep- 
resented in these halls leave to its posterity 
a newly-enriched inheritance of order, 
liberty and j ustice. Let us cherish the hope 
that for centuries to come the eyes of happy 
industry shall see with joy the beams of the 
rising day playing upon these bright 
domes ; and that there also, well-rewarded 
labor may look with contentment upon 
the rays of the declining sun, when the 
evening hour brings its welcome repose to 
toil. 



This noble Capitol to-day becomes a 
monument between two eras in the history 
of Iowa, dividing the frontier transitory 
record of the State from its grander his- 
tory begun with the census of 1880. The 
past of our State presents a brief record 
which is within the memory of living 
men. No misty traditions of antiquity 
have either obscured or illuminated our 
course. We have lived chiefly in our an- 
ticipated future, to which we have sought 
to give form and reality. When the bell 
of Independence Hall rang out the peal 
of Liberty in 1776, Iowa was unknown, 
except as a land whose borders had been 
discovered by the French. When Spain 
ceded the region to Napoleon, and Napo- 
lean in turn ceded it to the United States 
in 1803, it was still unexplored, unknown, 
and nameless. First attached in 1804, 
under the name of the "District of Louisi- 
ana," to the jurisdiction of the Territory 
of Indiana, it became, in 1805, part of the 
Territory of Louisiana, and in 1812, by 
change of name, part of the Territory of 
Missouri. In 1834 all the country north 
of the State of Missouri and west of the- 
Mississippi river, as far as the Missouri 
and White Earth Rivers, was attached to- 
the Territory of Michigan. Two years 
later, in 1836, Wisconsin Territory was 
created, and embraced all that had so 
lately been transferred to the jurisdiction 
of Michigan. After two years more, in 
1838, the Territory of Iowa was establish- 
ed, including what are now the States of 
Iowa aad Minnesota and a large section of 
Dakota. Seven years later, in 1845, Con- 
gress offered to admit us as a State by the 
side of Florida, on certain conditions, 
which established our western boundary 
at longitude 17 degrees, 30 minutes west 
of Washington, separating from us the en- 
tire Missouri 'slope.' This our people 
wisely refused ; and finally, in December, 
1846, Congress extended our western 
boundary to the proper limit of the Mis- 
souri River, and Iowa became one of these- 
United States. Thus, only thirty-seven 
years ago, Iowa with 130,000 people and 
two Representatives became a member of 
this great Union of States, which she now 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



117 



supports with nearly two millions of loyal 
people, with eleven Representatives in 
Congress, with over 21,000 school-houses, 
more than 2.2,000 teachers, and 464,000 
pupils ; and with a greater proportion of 
her people able to read than is shown by 
any other State of the Union. 

This record becomes the more notable 
when ic is remembered that the very hill 
upon which this Capitol stands, and all the 
valleys and plains for many leagues 
around, were forty years ago in the occu- 
pation of the aboriginal tribes. All this 
fair domain between the two great rivers 
of the continent was in the possession of 
roving or resident tribes until 1830. In 
that year the relinquishment of the Indian 
title began by a treaty which covered, 
with ill-defined boundaries, all the region 
•west of the divide between the Des 
Moines and Missouri Rivers, as 
far noith as the forks of ths Des 
Moines River, and thence westward, tak- 
ing in the valleys of the Boyer, Little 
Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to which was 
added a strip extending northeastward to 
the Mississippi River. These concessions 
were made by the Iowas, Otoes, Omahas, 
Missouri s, Sacs and Foxes, and four 
bands of Sioux, all of whom claimed 
rights in the districts relinquished to the 
United States The Sioux separately ced^ 
ed a strip of territory twenty miles wide 
running from the Mississippi River below 
La Crosse southwesterly to the Des 
Moines River, on which cession are now 
found the towns of Cresco, Osage, Charles 
City, and others as far as Dakota City. 
The Sacs and Foxes ceded a like strip im- 
mediately abjoining it on the south, on 
which are now many towns, embracing 
Waukon, West Union, Postville, and oth- 
ers to Fort Dodge. . This double concess- 
ion, forty miles in width, formed a neutral 
zone between alien tribes. All of Iowa 
north of these concessions was claimed 
by different bands of the Sioux until 1851, 
when their relinquishment was obtained. 
But these first concessions in 1830 seem to 
have been not so much in the interest of 
the whites as to prevent wars among the 



Indian tribes, disputing their respective 
rights to that territory. The advancing 
tide of immigration, however, was by 
this time ready to cross our great Medi- 
terranean River, and open up the country 
on its western bank. The Sacs and Foxes 
yielded to its demands, and in 1832 gave 
to white settlement a district equal to two 
or three tiers of counties up and down the 
Mississippi. Again, in 1837, they yielded 
to further pressure, and gave up one and 
a quarter million of acres along the Cedar 
and Iowa Rivers, including their chief % 
Keokuk's, village. This still left all cen- 
tral Iowa south of Fort Dodge and as far 
west as the Missouri water-shed, in pos- 
session of the allied tribes, who number- 
ed, all told, about two thousand two hun- 
dred and fifty souls. But the friendly 
character of these red men had given op- 
portunity to the whites to hear of these 
clear skies, this fruitful soil, and these 
wooded streams, and even to see these 
lands of promise, and so to covet them . 
Under the influence of the progressive 
human tide pressing on from the east, in 
1842 they finally threw themselves into 
the arms of the Federal Government to 
choose for them a new home further west ; 
and agreed to surrender all their imme- 
morial heritage in three years from that 
time. When, at midnight following the 
eleventh day of October, 1845, the signal 
gun from Fort Des Moines, on yonder 
point, announced the end of all aboriginal 
right, the last of these faithful tribes 
had left their ancestral grounds forever, 
and the complicated law of the white 
man succeeded to the simple usages of 
the native tribes. And so was the very 
ground now covered by the shadow of 
these walls transferred from the dominion 
of Asiatic tribal organization to the control 
of our European Christian civilization. 

These tribes of Sacs and Foxes were 
among the best Indians of their race. The 
testimony of our frontiersmen, and the 
official records of the government describe 
them as thoroughly entitled to the respect 
of our race. The United States agent at 
the Raccoon Agency, just before their mi- 



118 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



gration, attributes to them "the manly 
virtues and innate principles of honor and 
honesty." After their migration, the agent 
speaks in his reports of their " fidelity and 
regard for truth, their sense of honor and 
honesty, and pride of person and nation." 
It should be told to our children that these 
sons of the soil to whom we have suc- 
ceeded left behind them a noble name for 
manly virtues which we may well desire 
to emulate. Would that my voice might 
reach them now with these words of praise ; 
and that they might be consoled for the 
loss of this Eden-land of their ancient pos- 
session by knowing that the ground over 
which they roamed to find food for little 
more than two thousand souls, now gives 
home and food to near two million souls, 
under the protection of the same Great 
Spirit who rules both them and us. 

Those of us who have known the liberal 
pleasures as well as the struggles of the 
spacious frontier life, the invigorating con- 
tests with wild nature and wilder beasts, 
the simpler manly virtues which it devel- 
ops, the self-reliance, personal indepen- 
dence and courage which spring spontane- 
ous from it, may well indulge a feeling of 
sympathy in the passing away of those 
tribes who had for centuries enjoyed that 
life along these running waters, under the 
shade of these oaks and walnuts, and over 
these blossoming prairies, where some of 
us once wandered with gun and fishing-rod 
in the days that have fled with the game. 
Shall the restlesss and eager life of the 
white man be sweeter than the life of the 
peaceful savage whom we have displaced 
— savage only to his enemies? Shall our 
greed of wealth be more profitable to the 
human soul than his greed of game ? Shall 
truer virtue be found in our speculating 
marts of trade and in our crowded bins 
and stockyards, than that which was nour- 
ished in the sheltered tents of the red 
men, and under the influence of the bril- 
liant heavens that beamed over their un- 
plowed prairies? Shall the means of per- 
sonal happiness, now far removed from 
the simplicities of nature, be more fruitful 
for us than they were for them as they re- 



posed on the very breast of Nature ? Let 
the philosopher who shall live at the close 
of the twentieth century answer these 
questions. 

As the Indian with bow and arrow dis- 
appeared in the west, the frontiersmen ad- 
vanced from the east with axe and plow. 
They gathered around the meeting of the 
rivers in this valley, and believed they 
could see even then the dawning aurora of 
a brilliant future. They eagerly expected 
the rising sun of prosperity. But oh, the 
weary waiting for its coming! The cold 
blasts of winter, the overfloodings of the 
streams in spring, the unsold harvests of 
the autumn, the tedious roads to market, 
the hopeless improvement of navigation, 
the tired expectancy of promised railways ! 
Old settlers of central Iowa, you remem- 
ber the years that seemed decades, the 
decade that seemed a century. But we 
now hail the risen sun. The long expected 
time of prosperity has come. Instead of 
struggling wains, dragged by worn beasts 
over miring roads and across swollen 
streams, there now depart each day from 
beneath the shadow of this Capitol eighty 
trains of cars, propelled by a tireless 
power, and laden with busy men, or with 
the wealth of State and nation, over iron 
ways radiating to all points of the com- 
pass, directed to the interior of a continent 
or to the shores of two oceans, and to mar- 
kets in foreign lands. Instead of danger- 
ous fords, iron bridges span our streams. 
Tall groves and houses of comfort defy 
the wintry blasts of our prairies. Churches 
and school-houses illuminate the country 
and beautify the towns. The joy of this 
time would be complete if it had pleased 
Heaven to spare the lives of all our hardy 
pioneers to see this day. They were the 
daring scouts of ©ivilization — these early 
settlers who bore the severest hardships of 
the struggle, and opened the way for the 
happier multitude who now enjoy the 
ripened fruits of their planting. All hail 
to the memory of these departed, and a 
living welcome to you who survive ! May 
Heaven long preserve you in the well- 
earned comfort of your declining years. 

Taking leave of our past, what shall be 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



119 



our future in the history of the Republic? 
Shall we grow into a powerful member of 
this great Union of States, or bury our- 
selves in the fatness of our fruitful fields 
and populous pastures? The real facts 
which most concern our personal comfort 
and happiness are undoubtedly those 
which have for their scene our hearths, 
our farms, our churches, schools and 
workshops. But these are rarely gathered 
up by the pen of history. It is the larger 
communiiy, the State, which embodies the 
resulting character of all this local train- 
ing; the State which has its own rooftree 
and hearthstone, preserves its own records, 
and develops a character of its own;— it is 
the State which passes into histon% and 
by its perpetual record conveys to poster- 
ity the impressions which they shall en- 
tertain of their ancestors. The Legislature 
of the little emigrant colony of Plymouth, 
over two hundred years ago, declared: 
" Forasmuch as the maintenance of good 
literature doth much tend to the advance-, 
ment of the weal and flourishing state of 
societies and republics, this court doth, 
therefore, order that in whatever township 
in this government, consisting of fifty 
families or upwards, any meet man shall 
be obtained to teach a grammar school, 
said township shall allow at least twelve 
pounds, to be raised by rate on all the in- 
habitants.'' While we know little of the 
men who thus resolved, of their names, 
mode of living, or conditions, this noble 
record of their devotion to education has 
illuminated all the later pages of the his- 
tory of Massachusetts. Three States of this 
Union maintained for two generations a 
character among their sister States as in- 
dividual and disiinct as that of an eminent 
man amcng his associates. In proportion 
as the trails of State character are more 
marked and resolute, trie longer they en- 
dure. The influx of new elements among 
the masses of population in many of our 
States has subjected this character to mod- 
ifications, until even the family likeness 
is in some cases dangerously near to dis- 
appearance. Our Northwestern States are 
so miscellaneously settled, and are still BO 
young, that no artist can yet venture to 



draw a portrait which will be recognized 
as faithful a half century hence. But for 
the last quarter of a century the pulses of 
Iowa, and her impulses, have been so 
thoroughly felt, her tendencies and the 
influences working in her development 
are so clearly shown as to justify the in- 
dulgence of a noble hope of her future. 
Her liberality in the support of schools, 
and of religious and charitable institu- 
tions, the superiority of her people in the 
comparative tables of popular education, 
the more equal diffusion of wealth and 
comfort within her borders, her unques- 
tioned love of liberty, temperance and 
justice, and her military and civil courage 
in their maintenances so distinguish her 
as to lend a halo to the brightest promise 
of coming history. 

The dangerous influences which threaten 
to defeat this promise are visible, and de- 
mand your vigorous activity to suppress 
them. The State will rise no higher than 
the motives and the intellect of the men 
who, in all ranks, most prominently rep- 
resent it. If you allow your offices to be 
sold as patronage, or claimed as a per J 
sonal right, and fill them in response to 
personal solicitation, or party dictation, 
without regard to fitness, you fail in your 
duty to the State. If you listen to dema- 
gogues who appeal to prejudice against 
measures of justice, who defame the 
character of your elected officers to grat- 
ify malice or to obtain office for them- 
selves, you prepare the way for the deg- 
redation of all public life, and for the 
humiliation of the State itself. Some new 
Peter-the-hermit will yet arise among the 
people to preach a new crusade against 
the system of falsehood, forgery and de- 
famation, which are still tolerated as 
weapons of political warfare. Let your 
curse rest upon them, and your heel crush 
them out. They degrade us in the eye of 
all foreign nations, and they insult the 
puriiy and patriotism of our own people. 
As your vengeance should be swift upon 
those who are proved coirupt,so let it fall 
with the speed of a thunderbolt upon the 
forgers and libellers who fear not to cor- 
rupt the public mind with falsehood, and 



120 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



defame the reputation of the State and 
Nation by reckless assaults upon their 
representative officers. 

Let your indignation also flow in full 
tide against the corrupters of the ballot- 
box. Our laws are not yet severe enough 
against these enemies of the Republic. 
Tricks and deceptions which rob the voter 
of his sovereign right are not adequately 
punished. Fraudulent tickets are repeat- 
edly delivered to the ignorant and unwary. 
And yet a single vote has been known to 
shape the policy of a State. The ballot is 
the crown of popular sovereignty, and it 
should be guarded with a care like that 
bestowed upon the jeweled emblem with 
which kings go to their coronation. 

What influence will the five hundred 
and seventy periodical presses of Iowa 
exert upon the future character of our 
State? What will this enormous power 
for good or evil do to form the reputation 
and build up an honorable name and fame 
for our home Republic? Shall their col- 
umns be filled with a mixture of good and 
evil, of truth and falsehood, that they may 
thrive by ministering to all depraved as 
well as elevated tastes? The preaching of 
your churches and the teaching of your 
schools will be robbed of half their edu- 
cational force if the press fails to con- 
tribute its share to the elevation of public 
sentiment. The hurried demand of the 
daily page upon overtaxed brains leads 
too often to recklessness of assertion, to 
viciousness of argument, and even to the 
invention of facts, while verification of 
their statements awaits the leisure of 
their author. Meanwhile the public mind 
is led astray, and public opinion in part 
corrupted. The great majority of their 
issues, it is willingly believed, are useful 
instructors among the moral forces of the 
community. But from this central he arth- 
stone of the State we to-day invoke them 
all to recognize a higher responsibility 
to truth and justice, a more thorough 
emancipation from prejudice of party and 
of person, and a deeper appreciation of 
their influence upon the destinies of Iowa. 

Formidable social and economic ques- 
tions have in recent years risen in the 



political horizon, to which we direct our 
troubled gaze as we should look at some 
unknown comet stretching across the 
heavens. The simpler manners and the 
greater equality of fortunes have passed 
away. The progress of our raee in this 
nineteenth century has been so rapid, and 
signal discoveries of science occur so fre- 
quently, that when we pause to look back- 
ward along the line of our own advance 
we are filled with astonishment. The 
venerable man of four-score years who 
may listen here to-day, knew a time when 
no boat was propelled by steam ; while 
now all great seas and all inland waters 
are vexed by their ceaseless wheels. The 
mature man of three-score years knew a 
time when no vehicle for freight or pas- 
sengers moved rapidly on iron rails, gov-* 
erned by an unseen force ; while now their 
noise disturbs the tranquility of two con- 
tinents. Men of still more vigorous years 
know a time when electricity was an un. 
chained force; while now, subjected to 
our use, messages are instantaneously 
transmitted by it thousands of miles over 
laDd and under seas, annihilating time 
and outspeeding the coursers of the sun. 
The boy still at school, with satchel slung 
upon his shoulders, remembers the time 
when the human voice was lost at a short 
radius in the atmosphere, where now it 
travels, guided by a delicate wire, for 
scores of miles, and speaks gently in the 
ear which listens, even beyond the horizon 
of the human eye. Such events, so 
strange, so wonderful, occurring within 
our own time, surpass the imaginative 
compass of an Arab story, and fill us with 
awe and amazement. Unable to forecast the 
productive future, we tremble as its open- 
ing scenes are displayed to our bewildered 
sight. We ask, what is to be the effect of 
the enormous accumulations of wealth 
rendered possible by the numerous amaz- 
ing inventions of man? What shall be 
the fate of Labor, which applies all these 
discoveries to the production of this vast 
wealth? Shall it share in the improve- 
ment of human conditions, or be left to ret- 
rogradation ? Remembering that extreme 
wealth and extreme poverty are the two 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



121 



widely separated ends of the buinan 
chain, shall the great middle classes which 
so largely outnumber both the others, 
reconcile the rights of one with the inter- 
ests of the other, and so maintain our 
peaceful development? These pregnant 
questions, gentleman, will demand your 
unimpassioaed thought for years to come, 
for they must in part be hereafter resolved 
by legislation within the halls of which 
you this day take possession. The coun- 
try is feeling its way steadily toward their 
solution. Let Patience be a welcome guest 
at your deliberations, and let Justice con- 
trol them. For Justice is the richest 
jewel in the crown of government — justice 
to the low, justice to the high, justice to 
all. Legislation must not take away from 
industry, activity and extraordinary capac 
ity the legitimate earnings of these super- 
ior qualities . for that would be to discour- 
age the best labor and to retard the ad- 
vance of society. Nor, on the other hand, 
must it give to superior faculty such ad- 
vantages as will enable it to oppress hum- 
bler natures, or deprive them of their fair 
protection and their fitting share in the 
world's advance. The just principle must 
be found upon which proper social legis- 
lation shall be based. It may possibly be 
recognized by analogy to the care be- 
stowed by governments upon those in its 
military service who are wounded or dis- 
eased in the line of duty. It may be 
found in the compulsory and regular con- 
tribution from the profits of the enterprise 
to a beneficial fund, or in the principles 
of an insurance association. Voluntary 
efforts of enlightened wealth are already 
opening the way and blazing the path of 
future legislation. The principles of jus- 
tice, reinforced by the sentiment of Chris- 
tianity, will surely lead our fair minded 
countrymen to the settlement of these 
questions without the violence and dis- 
order which are so dangerously distract- 
ing the older nations of Europe. 

We, gentlemen, shall soon pass from the 
stage of public action. The hope of the 
country will soon pass to the next genera- 
tion. The fair flower of Iowa, now in her 
public schools or just leaping the fences 



into political life, will claim the control 
of the destinies of the State. I appeal to 
them to avoid the common road which 
leads through the passions and prejudices 
of men, and to choose the path which de- 
mands higher courage, but which leads 
assuredly to an honorable fame. The 
generosity of their years should easily 
lead them to resist the despotism of the 
strong, as well as to scorn the ways of the 
demagogue. To gain greatness for them- 
selves or for their State, they must be 
guided by the nobler sentiments of the 
human heart and by the higher qualities 
ot the human intellect. It is of the very 
nature of greatness that it represents these 
qualities, as it is developed by them. But 
it is cf the very nature of prejudice and 
passion that they cannot endure in leader- 
ship ; they must die of the moral mephitic 
gases which are evolved out of their own 
active heat. You may try to convert them 
to a better nature, but try not at all to 
build yourself upon them. They make a 
Marat, who flooded a city with blood ; but 
never a Napoleon, who curbed and con- 
quered them, and organized an empire 
upon their fall. Truth alone is indestruct- 
ible. 

"The eternal years of God are hers," 
as well in politics as in religion. Truth 
and you together are stronger then you 
and all the hosts of error in company. In 
a time of great passion and excitement 
John Milton wrote, " I care not what error 
is let loose into the field, so Truth be left 
free to combat it." One of the noblest 
things in this contest against popular error 
and prejudice on the one hand, and 
against the prejudices of organized wealth 
and position on the other, to which 1 sum- 
mon the youth of Iowa, is found in the 
manly qualities of courage and personal 
independence which it evokes. Slaves of 
party and slaves of self-interest and prej- 
udice abound, and will threaten you with 
defeat if you take sides against them for 
public justice and public honor in times 
of difficulty. But the battle, though pro- 
longed, is surely won in the end for truth 
and justice. It is not the skirmish, but 
the final victory, which wins the chaplet of 



rjii 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



immortality. We send these messages to- 
day from beneath this dome to the bios- 
soming manhood of our State, now in 
university, college and schools, who shall 
soon occupy our places in this Capitol, 
and shall here direct the affairs and estab- 
lish the fame of a greater State. 

One sentiment more demands expres- 
sion under these arches as they are dedi- 
cated to future centuries. Need I say to 
you, men of Iowa, who have so recently 
and so bountifully given your treasure and 
your blood to maintain it, that the strong- 
est hope of the future welfare of our 
State, under favor of the Almighty, is in 
the perpetuity of the National Union. In 
that well-rounded circle we dwell secure. 
Detached from that bond, a broken frag- 
ment, we should be the prey alike of in- 
ternal faction and of faithless and tran- 
sient external alliances. Jealousies of rivals 
on every side, obstructed intercourse, com- 
mercial exactions, and frontier broils, 
would impoverish the people, excite their 
passions, and destroy their peace. In the 
end we should fall like the petty Repub- 
lics of Greece under foreign domination, 
or like Rome seek relief from domestic 
faction in submission to a despot's rule. 
The rallying cry of all patriots must still 
be the Constitution and the Union. 
The victories of war and the glories of 
peace, won under the common flag, must 
never be divided. May each generation 
transmit from these halls to its succeeding 
generation the watchword: Let the 
Union remain forever. When, in 1851, 
being the seventy-sixth year of our Inde- 
pendence, the corner-stone was laid for 
the extension of the United States Capi- 
itol, Mr. Webster deposited a memorial of 
the ceremony in which he declared that if 
it should thereaf terbe the will of God that 
the structure should fall from its base and 
its foundations be upturned, that memor- 
ial should make it known that the Union of 
the States then stood firm, and the Consti- 
tution unimpaired, and grown stronger in 
the affections of the people than ever be- 
fore. 

Standing to-day in this noble presence 
of all departments of the Government, 



legislative, executive and judicial, and' 
of the people of the State, I would en- 
large the lofty words of that great states- 
man. If it shall hereafter be the will of 
God that the pillars and domes, towers 
and walls of this great structure shall fall 
prostrate, and even itsfoundations be bur- 
ied from the eyes of men, be it known 
that at this time, in the one hundred and 
eighth year of our Independence, the 
Union of the United States of Ameri- 
ca, having withstood the shock of two 
foreign wars, and of one more terrible 
civil war, still stands firm, and more 
strongly consolidated than ever before, 
having been cemented by blood; that 
their Constitution still exists unimpaired, 
and even improved by the introduction of 
universal human liberty within its entire 
jurisdiction ; and with more than its orig- 
inal usefulness and glory; that it grows 
every day stronger in the affections of the 
great body of the American people, and 
attracts more and more the admiration of 
the world. And all here assembled, wheth- 
er belonging to public or private life, with 
hearts devoutly thankful to Almighty God 
for the preservation of the liberty and the 
happiness of the country, and for the 
great prosperity of the State, unite in sin- 
cere and fervent prayers that these walls 
and arches, domes and towers, columns 
and capitals, may endure so long as the 
Republic and Liberty survive. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
IOWA STATE LIBRARY. 



THE 



BY MRS. S. B. MAXWELL, LIBRARIAN. 



The Twenty-fifth Congress, at its second 
session, passed the following act : 

" Chap. 96. — An act to divide the Terri. 
tory of Wisconsin, and establish the 
Territorial Government of Iowa." 
Section 18 of said act provides " That 
the sum of five thousand dollars be, and 
the same is hereby appropriated out of 
any money in the treasury not otherwise 
appropriated, to be expended by and un- 
der the direction of the Governor of said 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Jl23 



Territory of Iowa, in the r-urclmse cf a 
library, to be kept at the seat of govern- 
ment for the accommodation of the Gov- 
ernor, Legislative Assembly, judges, sec- 
retary, marshal and attorney general of 
said Territory, and such other persons as 
the Governor and Legislative Assembly 
shall direct." 

The first Legislative Assembly of the 
Territory was begun and held at Burling- 
ton, November 12, 1S3S, and Governor 
Robert Lucas in his message to this as. 
sembly, in reference to the proposed li- 
brary, says that, previous to leaving Ohio, 
he, with the assistance of several literary 
friends, had made out a catalogue of sucb 
standard works as are deemed most im- 
portant as the foundation of a public li- 
braiy. and commissioned an agent in Cin- 
cinnati to purchase the books, and this 
having been done, and the books expected 
in a short time, he recommended to the 
Assembly the appointment of a librarian, 
defining his duties, who should be the cus- 
todian of the library. 

The books selected were standard bio. 
graphical, historical, legal and miscellane- 
ous works, many of which, are still in the 
library, and in addition to these Dr. O. 
Fairchild, of Cincinnati, presented the 
library with a valuable set of maps. 

As his suggestions were not acted upon. 
Gov. Lucas caused to be fitted up a room 
on Jefferson street, belonging to Mr. J. S. 
David, and, April 10, 1839, commissioned 
Mr. T. S. Parvin, his private secretary, as 
librarian. This commission is framed 
and now bangs in the State Library, the 
gift of Mr. Parvin. 

He soon resigned his office, and Mr. 
Charles Weston was made " temporary" 
librarian. 

In 1840 the second Legislative Assembly 
passed an act for the appointment of a 
librarian, defining his duties, and Mr. 
Morgan Reno, treasurer of the Territory, 
was appointed by the Governor to dis- 
charge said duties at a salary of $210, be- 
ing required to give bond in the sum of 
$5,000. 
The library was kept open every day 



during the sessions of the legislature and 
Supreme Court, and during the remainder 
of the year, four hours on each Wednesday 
and Saturday afternoons. 

The Fourth Legislative Assembly met 
in Iowa City, the seat of government hav- 
ing been removed there, but the capitol 
not being ready for occupancy, temporary 
quarteis were prepared for the State offi- 
cers and the library. 

The first report of the librarian is that 
of Mr. Reno to the Fifth Legislative As- 
sembly, in 1842-43. The first catalogue of 
the library is a small volume of eighteen 
pages, containing the titles of about six- 
teen hundred "volumes, classed as follows: 
" Biography, history, jurisprudence, re- 
ports, laws, medicine, miscellaneous, peri- 
odicals, political, etc., poetry, science, etc., 
theological, voyages and travels,, and 
maps." 

In 1846, L. B. Patterson was appointed 
librarian by the First General Assembly 
of the State, at a salary of $150, and the 
bond was reduced to $2,000. 

At the session in 1848 this was made a 
circulating or rather a peregrinating 
library, as the judges of the Supreme and 
Districts Courts were allowed to take 
twenty volumes of law books to use in 
the courts of their respective districts. In 
1851 an appropriation of $500 was made 
to be expended by the Governor in books 
for the library. 

In 1852 Mr. Israel Kister was appointed 
librarian, and in his report to the Fourth 
General Assembly he gives the number of 
bound volumes at 2,627, with 1,100 un- 
bound volumes, documents, pamphlets, 
etc. The library had now been removed 
to more commodious quarters in the new 
Capitol. 

In 1852 a second appropriation of $500 
for the purchase of books was made, and 
Martin L. Morris, who succeeded Mr. 
Kister as treasurer and librarian, reported 
to the Fifth General Assembly, in 1854-55, 
a list of the books purchased therewith. 
This legislature also appropriated $1,000 
for the purchase of books, and passed an 
act forbidding the removal of the books 



124 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



from the seat of government. The libra- 
rian was also directed to number and label 
the books, and to make an alphabetical 
catalogue and report the same to the Gov- 
ernor to be printed. 

In the fall of 1857 the library was 
brought from Iowa City, in charge of Mr. 
John Pattee, Auditor of State, who was 
also librarian. The 3,000 volumes which 
the library then contained, were deposited 
in a room prepared for that purpose in the 
Capitol, and shortly after Mr. LI. Coulten 
was made librarian. 

In 1858 the legislature, in making an 
appropriation for the pay of a clerk to the 
secretary of the Board of Education, pro- 
vided that said clerk should also act as 
librarian, and this proviso appeared in 
each appropriation for ten years succeed- 
ing. The report of Mr. Coulten, in 1862, 
sh/)ws the^number of volumes to be 6.433. 

In 1866, 100 copies of the Supreme 
Court reports were given to the library for 
exchange, and at the suggestion of Gov. 
Kirkwood $3,000 were appropriated to be 
expended by the judges in the purchase of 
law books. With this sum 744 volumes 
were added to the library, making the to- 
tal number at this time 8,216. 

In 1868 the demands of the two offices 
became such that one person could not do 
justice to both, and the Legislature au- 
thorized the appointment of a librarian 
at a salary of $150, but failed to provide 
for the payment of this sum. The Census 
Board unwilling to see the library closed 
on this account decided to employ an ad- 
ditional janitor at a compensation of $2.00 
per day and place the library in his cus- 
tody. Thereupon Governor Merrill ap- 
pointed a young man by the name of John 
C. Merrill — not a relative, however — as 
librarian. This appointment was really 
the beginning of the library, as a library. 
Thenceforth it was kept open all dav, Mr. 
Merrill devoting his entire time to the 
work and interests of the library. Nearly 
thirty years had left it in a very undesir- 
able condition. Many of the volumes 
were lost or injured, and no systematic 
arrangement seemed ever to have been 



though! oL Mr. Merrill, however, brought 
order out of chaos by renumbering the 
entire collection and classifying and re- 
arranging the books. He introduced the 
card catalogue, and thus laid the founda- 
tion for the preservation of and access to 
information otherwise inaccessible. In 
1870 the Legislature made the judges of 
the Supreme Court " Commissioners of 
the State Library," with authority to man- 
age and control the same. An appropria- 
tion was made for the purchase of several 
hundred volumes of G. Green's Reports 
to be exchanged for the benefit of the law 
department. Many of the English, Irish 
and Scotch Reports were purchased about 
this time from the proceeds of the sale of 
Iowa Reports, and an effort was made to 
complete the sets of American Reports, 
and many law treatises, state papers, etc., 
were added to the library. " Young as 
Mr. Merrill was, for his really brilliant 
career of three years ended as he became 
of age, he ran*ked as one of the very best 
librarians of the country. But ambition 
and overwork proved too much for his 
physical frame, and in September, 1871, 
he passed from the life of earth to that of 
eternity." When Mr. Merrill left the work 
in September, 1871, the library contained 
14,079 volumes. 

Mrs. Ada North was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Merrill to fill the vacancy occa- 
sioned by the death of the librarian. The 
compensation still came through the hold- 
ing of a janitorship, but in 1872 the law 
concerning the library was revised, the 
office of State Librarian created with a 
salary of $1,200 per year, and the term 
fixed at two years. A board of trustees 
was created to have supervision over it, 
consisting of the governor, secretary of 
state, the superintendent of public in- 
struction, and the judges of the supreme 
court, an annual appropriation of $1,000 
to be expended by the governor in the 
purchase of new books for the library, and 
all the supreme court reports remaining 
after the distribution by the secretary of 
state was made, were to be given to the 
library to be disposed of by the trustees 
for law books. The librarian, the same 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



125 



year, made a catalogue of the books show- 
ing the entire number to be 14,500. "From 
this time there was more attention paid to 
the general library, though there was no 
cessation in the effort to make the Slate's 
collection of lawbooks complete, and this 
effort, begun at the instauce of Judge Cole 
and supervised by him so long as he re- 
mained on the bench, finally succeeded in 
making it one of the five best collections 
of law books in America." 

Mrs. North retained the position of 
State Librarian until 1S78, when she was 
succeeded by the present incumbent, Mrs. 
S. B. Maxwell. Mrs. North continued 
the good work begun by Mr. Merrill, and 
in her first reports she says that the Eng- 
lish, Irish and Scotch Reports and Statutes 
are complete to date. This was an error, 
but owing to the imperfect catalogues of 
the publishers at that time it was impossi 
ble to know what constituted a set of for- 
eign reports. I believe, however, that we 
now lack only one report, the 7 Vermont. 

The East India Reports were but re- 
cently received and will be catalogued as 
soon as time will permit. My predeces- 
sor's last report shows 15,836 volumes, ex- 
clusive of duplicates and pamphlets. The 
present number is about 27,000. 

In 18S0 an assistant librarian was au- 
thorized at a salary of $500 a year, the 
cash appropriation was increased to $2,000, 
but the supply of Supreme Court Reporcs 
which had been a goodsource of revenue, 
was cut off. 

In 1882 the appropriation was again 
increased, this time to $3,000. 

In January, 1884, the library was re- 
moved to the new quarters in the west 
wing on the second floor of the new Capi- 
tol. This room is 53 feet wide, 108 feet 
long and 45 feet high. It has four gal- 
leries, reached by winding stairs at either 
end of the room, is finished in ash and 
chestnut, with marble wainscoting and 
pilasters, and has an encaustic tUe floor. 
Including duplicates, there are over forty 
thousand bound volumes already upon 
the shelves; the full capacity of the 
library is about one hundred thousand 



volumes. The Twentieth General As- 
sembly made a special appropriation of 
$6,000 for the purchase of books for the 
general library, and this has been expend- 
ed in the purchase of the best books in 
every department of knowledge. This 
Legislature also authorized the librarian 
to emplo} 7- a second assistant at a compen- 
sation of $500 and a messenger at $300. 

The library contains twelve rooms, 
three in each corner, which have been 
fitted up as a librarian's office, workroom, 
cloak-room and private room for the 
judges on the main floor; on the first 
gallery, what I call the art room, a me- 
morial room, a room for law periodicals 
and a newspaper room; the gallery above 
the newspaper room is fitted with spring 
rollers for maps; upon the next floor, im- 
mediately above this, is another news- 
paper room and another room for maps. 
Four of these rooms do duty as duplicate 
rooms. 

Hon. Charles Aldrich, of Webster City, 
has donated to the library a large and in- 
teresting collection of autographs, photo- 
graphs, etc., which has been pk.ced in the 
library, in elegant cases prepared espec- 
ially for that purpose. 

I have made an effort to rescue from 
oblivion the rapidly vanishing scraps of 
the early history of the State, and also to 
collect everything written by Iowa au- 
thors. I have what I call the Iowa De 
partment, in regard to which I can do no 
better than to quote from Mr. Perkins' 
notice of my last biennial report: "The 
department was established over two 
years ago for the special purpose of 
rescuing from oblivion the material scat- 
tered here and there, throwing light on 
the early history of the State. The result 
has been the collection and classification 
of a large number of manuscripts, pam- 
phlets, records, old newspaper files, etc., 
which will be invaluable to the future 
historian of the State. * * * * In 
the same department there is an interest- 
ing and very complete collection of the 
books and writings of Iowa authors. 
* ii * * The exhibit of Iowa author- 



126 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



ship is constantly accumulating by new 
contributions, and already amounts to 
creditable proportions. The books of the 
entire library in all its departments have 
been catalogued, and the Legislature will 
be asked for an appropriation for its pub- 
lication. Not until such publication will 
the people generally have an adequate 
idea of the magnitude and value of the 
library that has been so carefully and un- 
ostentatiously collected." It is impossible, 
in a hastily-written sketch like this, to 
give an adequate idea of the magnitude 
and usefulness of the library. 



STATE UNIVERSITY. 

IOWA CITY, JOHNSON COUNTY. 

Of the State institutions, none are more 
worthy special mention than the Univers- 
ity, which stands at the head of the grand 
educational system of Iowa. Every citi- 
zen of the State has reason to be proud of 
this institution, for the great work which 
it is accomplishing, its students are 
drawn from nearly all parts of the Union, 
and from various classes of society, while 
its alumni are scattered throughout the 
country, filling with credit to themselves 
and their Alma Mater, positions of honor 
and trust. Since 1858, the date of the 
first commencement, there have been grad- 
uated from this institution nearly two 
thousand students. 

Under the judicious management of the 
Board of Regents, and their wisdom in se- 
curing the best instructors in all depart- 
ments, the University has grown and pros- 
pered until it has become one of the 
leading educational institutions of the 
West. 

The University fund arising from the 
sale of lands donated by the General Gov- 
ernment has been supplemented from 
time to time by legislative grant. The 
institution is now in receipt of an annual 
endowment, whereby the work and useful- 
ness of the University are greatly extend- 
ed. 

No preparatory work is done in the Uni- 



versity, that is left to the high schools* 
academies and colleges throughout the 
State. 

Believing that our readers will be inter- 
ested in a fuller knowledge of the Uni- 
versity, we give the following sketch of 
its foundation and development: 

" The origin of the State University of 
Iowa is found in an act of Congress, dated 
July 20, 1840. This act reads as follows: 
' That the Secretary of the Treasury be, 
and he is hereby authorized to set apart and 
reserve from sale, out of any public 
lands within the Territory of Io wa,to which 
the Indian title has been or may be ex- 
tinguished, and not otherwise appropri- 
ated, a quantity of land, not exceeding 
two entire townships, for the use and sup- 
port of a University within the said Ter- 
ritory, when it becomes a State, and for no 
other use or purpose whatsoever, to be 
located in tracts of not less than an entire 
section, corresponding with any of the 
legal divisions into which the public lands 
are authorized to be surveyed.' " 

The Legislature of the Territory of 
Iowa early recognized the importance of 
providing for such an institution, and 
February 25th, 1844, passed a series of 
resolutions on the subject, which General 
A. 0. Dodge, our delegate in Congress, 
was instructed to lay before the Secretary 
of the Treasury. 

The original grant made by Congress 
set apart 46,080 acres of land, which was 
to form the endowment of the University. 
The General Assembly, which convened 
in Iowa City, November 30th, 1846, ap- 
proved an act entitled 'An Act to Locate 
and Establish a State University/ on Feb- 
ruary 25th, 1817. 

The first meeting of the Board of 
Trustees appears to have been held in the 
early part of the summer of 1847. 

In March, 1855, the University was 
partially opened, for a term of sixteen 
weeks. This action appears to have been 
somewhat informal, as the records of the 
Board do not show any explicit authority 
for it. 

In compliance with ?n act of the Gen- 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



127 



•eral Assembly, approved January 25, 1855, 
for the re-location of the seat of govern- 
ment, the capital was located at Des 
Moines in the spring of 1856; but, as there 
were no suitable buildings there, the State 
officers continued to use the old ones, un- 
til suitable quarters were provided in Des 
Moines, although the capitol at Iowa City 
had been donated to the State for Univers- 
ity purposes. 

In December, 1S5T, the State officers 
vacated the buildings here, and removed 
their quarters to Des Moines, leaving the 
building in the possession of the University 
with the exception of the rooms occupied 
by the United States District Court. 

The Board of Education commenced its 
first session December 6th, 1858. It con- 
sisted of thirteen members, viz , the Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, who was presiding 
officer, the Governor, and one member 
from each of the eleven Judicial Districts, 
to be elected by the people. 

The "Act for the government and regu- 
lation of the State University of Iowa" 
was passed December 25th, 1858. 

It provided for a Board of Trustees, 
consisting of seven persons, to be elected 
by the Board of Education. They were 
authorized to appoint their own presiding 
officer, a treasurer, librarian, secretary, 
and a curator of the cabinet of natural 
history, and to fill vacancies in unexpired 
terms when the Board of Education was 
not in session. Their first meeting was to 
be held on the first "Wednesday in Febru- 
ary, 1S59, and the annual meeting on the 
last Tuesday in June of each year. 

Both sexes were admitted to all depart- 
ments of the University, on an equal foot- 
ing, in 1859. 

In 1860 there were eighty-nine students 
in attendance in the Normal Department, 
six of whom graduated. At a meeting of 
the Board held June 28th, 1860, it was re- 
solved to complete the organization of the 
University, and a plan submitted by 
President Totten was adopted. It provided 
for six departments, viz : 1, moral and in- 
tellectual philosormy and belles-lettres; 2, 
history and political economy; 3, ancient 



aud modern languages; 4, mathematics 
and astronomy; 5, chemistry and natural 
philosophy ; 6, natural history. 

The normal was made a separate depart- 
ment, aud placed under the exclusive con- 
trol of the Principal. Two students from 
each county in the S.ate were to be admit 
ted to this department, free of tuition 
charges, while all students of the depart- 
ment were required to sign a declaration 
of their intention to engage in teaching 
upon graduation. Under the new order 
of things, the first session was formally 
opened on Wednesday, September 19th, 
1860, and the organization of the Univers- 
ity may, with propriety, date from that 
time. 

The first class in the collegiate depart- 
ment graduated in 1863. 

The General Assembly convened on the 
second Monday in January, 1864, and by 
an act approved March 19, 1864, a=5 au- 
thorized by the Constitution, abolished the 
Board of Education, and restored the 
office of Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion. By this action the General Assem- 
bly resumed full jurisdiction over the 
subject of education. 

The first student of the University who 
received the degree of A. M. was of the 
class of 1864. 

In March, 1866, the General Assembly 
made liberal appropriations for the north 
hall or chapel, and for necessary repairs 
in the different buildings. 

The law department of the University 
was established by the board at the annual 
meeting in June, 1868. At a special 
meeting of the board, held September 17, 
1868, the committee on a law department, 
appointed at a previous meeting, reported 
an arrangement made with the Iowa Law 
School, at Des Moines, which had been 
organized and for three years previous in 
successful operation, under the charge of 
Hon. George G. Wright, Hon. C. C. Cole 
and Hon. William G. Hammond; and by 
this arrangement the institution, as it had 
existed at Des Moines, was transferred to 
Iowa City, and merged into the Law De- 
partment of the State University. 



128 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



At the same special meeting of the 
hoard, held September 17, 1868, a com- 
mittee was appointed to consider the 
question of the establishment of a medical 
department, and subsequently reported in 
favor of its establishment. Seven chairs 
.were constituted, and at the annual meet- 
ing of the board for 1869, held June 26, 
and continued until July 1, it was ordered 
that a part of the south hall be fitted up 
for the medical department. 

The first term of the medical depart- 
ment was opened October 24, 1870, and 
continued until March, 1871, at which 
time there were three graduates. At the 
session of the General Assembly, begun 
January 10, 1870, there was passed the 
act, approved April 11, 1870, for the gov 
ernment of the State University. Under 
this law was instituted the Board of Re- 
gents, as the governing power of the 
University, and it is at the present time 
the fundamental law of the institution. 

June 28, 187©, the board held its first 
f meeting, and was duly organized accord- 
' ing to the law of its appointment. 

The Board of Regents is constituted as 
follows : The Governor of the State, the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, and 
the President of the University are ex- 
officio members — the Governor of the 
State being, by virtue of his office, the 
president of the board. 

The General Assembly elects one person 
from each Congressional District of the 
State to hold office *f or six years. The 
regents are dirided into three classes, so 
arranged that the members of one class 
are elected at each biennial session of the 
Legislature. 

The Board of Regents is empowered to 
confer such degrees and to grant such 
diplomas as are usually conferred and 
j granted by other universities. 

I At a meeting of the board in June, 1872, 

| a committee of homoeopathic physicians 

J appeared before the board to request the 

establishment of a department for giving 

instruction in homoeopathy, and the board 

referred the subject to a committee, with 



instructions to report thereon at the next 
meeting. 

The committee reported that, consider- 
ing the condition of the finances of the 
University, it was impossible for the board 
to enlarge the operations of the medical 
department, and they referred the subject 
to the next General Assembly. 

At the June meeting of this year there 
was established a chair "to be slylcd the 
chair of military instruction." The Presi- 
dent of the United States was. requested to 
appoint an officer for the position, as pro- 
vided by law, and, accordingly, Lieutenant 
A. D. Schenck, of the Second Artillery, 
U. S. army, was detailed as " Professor of 
Military Science and Tactics," by order 
of the War Department, August 26th, and 
reported for duty September 10th. 

At the session of the Sixteenth General 
Assembly, 1876, by the act approved March 
17, 1876, the regents were directed to es- 
tablish a department of homoeopathy, in 
connection with the medical department 
of the University. 

It would occupy too much space to men- 
tion in detail all the improvements which 
have been made in the various depart- 
ments of the University, as well as in the 
buildings and grounds, during the past 
few years ; but it is sufficient to say, taken 
throughout the several departments, its 
work is thorough and progressive, and it 
maintains a high rank among the educa- 
tional institutions of ihe country. 



THE AGRICULTURAL COL- 
LEGE AND FARM. 



AMES, STORY COUNTY. 

The Iowa State Agricultural College and 
Farm were established by an act of the 
General Assembly, approved March 22, 
1858, and a board of trustees was ap- 
pointed, which met in June, 1859, and re- 
ceived propositions for the location of the 
college and farm from the various counties 
in the State, and in July the proposition 
of Story county and some of its citizens, 



IOWA RESOURCES AND I \ T DUSTRIES. 



129 



and by the citizens of Boone county, was 
accepted, and the farm and the site for the 
buildings were located. 

The college occupies a pleasant and 
healthful location, one and a half miles 
west of the town of Ames, on the Chicago 
& Northwestern railway, in the central 
county of the State (Story), and thirty- 
seven miles north of the city of Des 
Moines. 

Iu 1862 CoDgress granted to the State 
240.000 acres of land for the endowment 
of schools of agriculture and the mechan- 
ical arts, aud B'5,000 acres were located by 
the commissioner, in 1862-3. In 1864 the 
General Assembly appropriated $20,000 
for the erection of the college building, 
and an appropriation of $91,000 being 
made in 1866, the building was completed 
in 1868. 

Tuition in this college is made by law 
forever free to pupils from the State over 
sixteen years of age, who have been resi- 
dent of the State six months previous to 
their admission. Each county in the State 
has a prior right of tuition for three schol- 
ars from each county; the remainder, 
equal to the capacity of the college, are by 
the trustees distributed among the counties 
in proportion to the population, and subject 
to the above rule. All sale of ardent spir- 
its, wine, or beer are prohibited by law 
within a distance of three miles from the 
college, except for sacramental, mechan- 
ical, or medical purposes. 

The course of instruction in the Agricul- 
tural College embraces the following 
branches: Natural philosophy, chemis- 
try, botany, horticulture, fruit growing, 
forestry, animal and vegetable anatomy, 
geology, mineralogy, meteorology, ento- 
mology, zoology, the veterinary art, plane 
mensuration, leveling, surveying, book- 
keeping, and such mechanical arts as are 
directly connected with agriculture; also, 
such other studies as the trustees may 
from time to time prescribe, not inconsis- 
tent with the purposes of the institution. 

The manual labor required by law of 
the students in the college is divided into 
two kinds, viz., uninstructive labor, which 



shall be compensated by the payment of 
wages; and instructive labor, which shall 
be compensated by the instruction given 
and the skill required. 

Uninstructive labor shall comprise all 
the operations in the work-shops, garden, 
upon the farm, and elsewhere, in which 
the work done accrues to 'he Denefitof the 
college and not to the benefit of the stu- 
dent. Instructive labor shall embrace all 
those operations in the work-shops, muse- 
um, laboratories, experimental kitchen, 
upon farm and garden, in which the sole 
purpose of the student is the acquisition 
of skill and practice. 

Uninstructive labor is paid for rigidly 
according to value as settled by comparison 
with regular labor. 

Course in the Sciences Related to 
the Industries. — The purpose of this 
course is to give a scientific training in the 
branches which are related to the indus- 
tries, and to furnish a liberal and practi- 
cal education for young men and women 
in the several pursuits and professions of 
life. 

Course in Agriculture.— The design 
of the course in Agriculture is to furnish 
a broad and thoroughly practical educa- 
tion, giving it such direction as will be 
especially applicable to the life and duties 
of the farmer. The course has been 
framed to combine that knowledge and 
skill which will best prepare the pupil for 
the highest demands of agricultural indus 
try, and to meet the requirements of an 
educated citizenship. 

Course in Mechanical Engineering. 
— The object of this course is to impart 
such scientific knowledge and practical 
skill as are essential to success in mechan- 
ical engineering. This demands a thor. 
ough mastery of the principles of math- 
ematics and a diligent study of their ap- 
plication to the construction of machines. 
In addition to the technical instruction 
given, it aims to furnish the mean fo] 
obtaining a liberal and practical educa- 
tion. 

Course in Civil Engineering.— It is 
the object of this course to educate and thor- 



130 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



oughly train the student for the work of 
the Civil Engineer. It furnishes a thor- 
ough and practical course of instruction 
in the application of the mathematical and 
physical sciences to the profession of Civil 
Engineering. It furnishes a systematic 
drill in pure mathematics and includes, in 
common with the other courses, the stud- 
ies necessary to a liberal education 

The Course in Veterinary Science. 
—The purpose of this course is to furnish 
a thorough, practical and theoretical train 
ing in the veterinary specialty of medi- 
cine and surgery. It aims, furthermore, 
to prepare young men for the practical 
work of the veterinary profession. 

The course of study includes two years, 
and embraces a portion of the studies of 
the Course in Sciences related to the In- 
dustries, together with the lectures on the 
technical and special topics of the course 
and practice in the microscopical and an- 
atomical laboratories and the veterinary 
hospital. 

Vocal and Instrumental Music — 
Music is not, by law, a regular study in the 
College curriculum. Opportunities are 
given, however, to such as desire it, to 
take lessons upon the piano and organ, or 
in vocal training. 

The College domain includes 860 acres, 
and of this about 70 acres are set apart 
for college grounds. These occupy the 
high land southwest of the farm, and in- 
clude a large lawn, shrubbery plantations, 
young forestry plantations, the flower bor- 
ders and garden, with the surroundings of 
the professors' dwelling-houses. Excel- 
lent gravel walks and drives have been 
laid down, leading to all parts of the 
grounds and to the various buildings. 

This institution has facilities that are 
unusually abundant for giving instruction 
in the higher practieal and industrial 
branches of study. It offers a wide range 
in courses which fit the student for the 
various pursuits and professions of life. 
Ir supplies the complete means of a prac- 
tical education at an outlay which is lim- 
ited to the personal expenses of the 
student. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 



CEDAR falls, black hawk county. 



In 1876, by an act of the Sixteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly, the State Normal School 
was established at Cedar Falls, and the 
Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home 
were required to turn over to the directors 
of the new institution all the property in 
their charge belonging to the Home, lo- 
cated at Cedar Falls. This was satisfac- 
torily done, and properly receipted for, as 
prescribed by law, and the school opened 
September 6, 1876, with an enrollment of 
eighty-seven students during the first term. 
Each student receiving free instruction is 
required to sign a declaration that in be- 
coming a studeut of the Iowa State Nor- 
mal School, it is his purpose to prepare 
himself for the business of teaching; that 
it is his intention to teach in Iowa after 
leaving the school, and that he will report 
to the principal as often as twice a year 
during the first two years, and once every 
year thereafter while engaged in teaching. 

The work of the normal school is to 
prepare teachers for their profession, and 
the course of study embraces the branches 
taught in both the common and higher 
schools, but the special province of the 
school is to give instruction in the phi 
losophy of education, and the methods of 
teaching. The teacher needs fuller and 
more critical mastery of the branches to 
be taught than is necessary for the ordi- 
nary business of life, and this thorough- 
ness and fullness of knowledge in these 
subjects is the preparation for teaching 
which the normal school gives. The full 
course of study requires four years ; the 
examinations are thorough and compre 
hensive, and upon completing the didactic 
course the student receives a certificate, 
showing the course of study and his pro- 
ficiency therein. Those graduating in 
the scientific course receive diplomas. 

The State Normal school is no longer an 
experiment, but a success beyond all 
doubt, and it has been brought to its 
present excellent condition chiefly through 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



131 



the untiring efforts of its very efficient 
faculty. More than a thousand students 
have been graduated from this institution 
to engage in teaching in Iowa, and the 
influence of the school must necessarily 
be felt upon our public schools. 



IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE 
BLIND. 



VINTON, BENTON COUNTY. 

History. — This institution was opened 
for the reception of pupils at Iowa City, 
April 4th, 1853. On July 10, 1862, it 
was removed to its present location, Yin- 
ton. The building is three hundred feet 
long, with an average width of sixty feet. 
It is heated by steam, is well ventilated, 
is four stories in height and is well ap. 
pointed throughout. 

Foundation. — -To meet current ex- 
penses there is appropriated out of the 
State Treasury $40 per quarter for each 
pupil in attendance. The sum of $10,000 
per annum is appropriated for salaries of 
officers, teachers and employes. For the 
biennial period ending June 30, 1883, an 
appropriation of $1,000 was made for 
securing the services of an oculist; and 
for the present biennial period ending 
June 30, 1885, the sum of $1,500 has been 
appropriated for the same purpose. The 
total expenditure of the institution for the 
last biennial period was $54,318.70. 

Management. — Six trustees, appointed 
for four years by the Legislature, and three 
of them retiring every two years, have the 
general supervision of the institution, 
adopt rules for the government thereof, 
provide teachers, employes and neces- 
saries, and perform all acts needed to 
carry out the purpose of its establishment. 

The officers and faculty consist of a 
principal, steward, and matron, six liter- 
ary, three music, and three industrial 
teachers. The principal is J. J. McCune. 
The employes number one engineer, one 
fireman, one assistant steward, one porter, 
one night watchman, three chambermaids, 
three dining-room girls, three laundry 



girls, two kitchen girls, two nurses, and 
one cook. 

Literary Department.— The law gives 
the trustees power of determining the time 
each student shall enjoy the privileges of 
the institution. They have arranged a 
course of study for twelve years, requiring 
to complete the primary, intermediate, 
and academical divisions, four, two, and six 
years respectively. This is one of the few 
blind schools in which special attention is 
given to advanced literary education, and 
in which systematic grading has been 
made a success. The department is sup- 
plied with a library of twelve hundred em- 
bossed books, and one of thirteen hundred 
seeing or printed books. The supply of 
apparatus is moderate, but will be in- 
creased five hundred dollars worth the 
present term. 

Music Department. — Every student 
capable of receiving musical instruction is 
given the full benefit of this department. 
Twenty-three pianos, three cabinet organs, 
one pipe organ, and a sufficient number of 
violins, guitars, bass viols, clarionets, and 
brass instruments, constitute the equipment 
in the course. The science of harmony re- 
ceives daily attention. 

Industrial Department.— B el i eving 
that work, whether profitable or un. 
or unprofitable, is conducive to happiness, 
the trustees aim to establish every trade 
practicable for the blind. Bead-work, 
cane seating, knitting, crocheting, fancy 
work, hand sewing, machine sewing, mat- 
tress making, broom making, carpet weav- 
ing, hammock netting, horse netting, and 
door mat weaving are in present opera- 
tion. Many former pupils are earning 
good livings through one or more of these 
occupations. 

Treatment. — Dr. C. M. Hobby, oculist, 
of Iowa City, visits the institution several 
times during the term, prescribes treat- 
ment, and when necessary or desired, per- 
forms operations. All these services, as 
well as those of the regular institution 
physician, Dr. C. C Griffin, of Vinton, are 
at the expense of the State. 

Results. — The number of students in 



132 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



present attendance is one hundred and 
thirty-five. Whole number admitted and 
educated to date, five hundred and fifteen. 
From all available information, the conclu- 
sion is reached that about one-third of 
those discharged have been and are mak- 
ing their own living. With very few ex- 
ceptions, however, all have been fitted to 
take their places as useful, happy, and 
contented members of society. 



IOWA INSTITUTION FOR 
THE DEAF AND DUMB. 



The act establishing the Iowa Institu- 
tution for the Deaf and Dumb was ap- 
proved in January^ 1855, and a school 
for mutes which had been carried on by 
Mr. W. E. Ijams on a small scale at Iowa 
City, adopted by the State as a nucleus for 
the Institution. Mr. Ijams was chosen 
principal and his wife matron. In the 
year 1870 the Institution was removed 
from Iowa City to Council Bluffs, Rev. 
Benjamin Talbot having meanwhile, in 
1863, become principal in place of W. E. 
Ijams, who resigned. 

The Institution is located about half a 
mile southeast from the city limits of 
Council Bluffs, and can be easily seen 
from the trains on four railways, one of 
which, the Wabash, passes through part 
of the grounds belonging to the Institu- 
tion, and two, the Rock Island, and Mil- 
waukee and St. Paul, by the other side of 
it. 

The location has proved a good one for 
the health of the inmates, very little sick- 
ness having occurred. First-class medi- 
cal skill is promptly employed where 
needed, and combined with careful nurs- 
ing, all serious cases of illness have been 
brought safely through, the only excep- 
tions in the last six years being two of 
consumption. 

Council Bluffs is, of all cities in Iowa, 
most accessible; being the terminus of 
eight railways, the managers of which 
have generously given special rates to 
the deaf and dumb when going to and re- 
turning from school. 



All children in the State of Iowa, too 
deaf and dumb to be educated in the com- 
mon schools, of sound mind and free 
from contagious disease, between the age 
of nine and twenty-one, are admitted and 
provided with tuition, board and books 
free of charge. 

The ordinary course covers eight years. 
Those capable of profiting by a higher 
course of study are allowed three years in 
addition, during which time they can fit 
themselves for admission to the National 
Deaf Mute College at Washington, which 
is maintained by the U. S. government, 
Iowa at present has more students in at- 
tendance on that college than any other 
State. The system of instruction in use 
at the Iowa Institution is known as the 
combined; articulation and sign classes 
being carried on simultaneously. 

The pupils of the Iowa Institution are 
provided with means to acquire a trade. 
Shoemaking, carpentering, printing and 
dressmaking are taught by instructors 
w r ell posted in these branches, and the 
pupils who improve their advantages can 
leave the school possessed of a means of 
earning their living. Specimens of 
pupils' work in these lines have been sent 
to the New Orleans Exposition. 

By act of the last legislature, an appro- 
priation was made for school buildings, 
which is being expended in accordance 
with the most approved plans suggested 
by many years of experience on the part 
of the leading educators in this line in the 
United States. These buildings, which 
will soon be available, will enable the In- 
stitution to accommodate three hundred 
and fifty pupils. 



SOLDIERS' ORPHANS 
HOME. 

DAVENPORT, SCOTT COUNTY. 

This institution was organized in De- 
cember, 1863, as a home for soldiers* 
orphans. Sioice then some twenty-five 
hundred children have enjoyed the com- 
forts, education and training- of this insti- 



IOWA RESOURCES AND I SDUSTRIE3. 



133 



tution. In July, 1876, it was opened to 
all indigent children. The present en- 
rollment is '.260. Their ages range from 
two to fifteen years. There are 120 girls 
and 140 boys. The home is conducted 
upon the cottage plan; though not the 
most showy, it is the most comfortable 
and healthful. The allowance by the 
State for the maintenance of each child is 
$100 a year. Attention is given to indus- 
trial pursuits to as gieat an extent as our 
limited means will allow. It is our aim 
to keep all of our children regularly em- 
ployed. "We have four thoroughly graded 
schools, taught by the best of teachers 
nine months in the year. Regular habits 
and plain, wholesome food in all cases 
produces healthy children. We scarcely 
ever have any sickness among our chil- 
dren, though we receive them from the 
Jower classes and in bad physical condi- 
tion. As an illustration I will state tha<t 
from August, 1869, to January, 1873, 
(three years and five months) with an 
average daily attendance of 308, we had 
no death. From June, 1877, to June 
1S79, with an average attendance of 140, 
we had no death; and from July, 1883, 
till the present time we have had no death, 
with an average attendance of over 200. 

Of those cared for here 99 per cent, 
have become useful citizen. We take 
children of untidy, slothful and intemper- 
ate habits and acquainted with vice, and 
fit them for useful citizens. I question 
whether any expenditure of the State is 
better calculated to promote the public 
welfare The hope of a State is its youth. 
The prevention of pauperism and crime 
demands the earnest attention of every 
American citizen. 



IOWA INSTITUTION FOR 

FEEBLE-MINDED 

CHILDREN. 



GLENWOOD, MILLS COUNTY. 

The Sixteenth General Assembly passed 
"an act to provide for the organization 



and support of an as^yluni at Glenwood, 
in Mills county, for feeble-minded chil- 
dren," which should have for its object, 
"the care, support, training and instruc- 
tion" of this class of unfortunate persons. 
This organic act provides for the ap- 
pointment of a board of trustees, consist- 
ing of three persons; and Hon. J. W. 
Cattell, A. J. Russell and Dr. W. S. Rob- 
ertson were accordingly appointed as such 
trustees. 

The building formerly used for the 
"western branch of the Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home " had been set aside for the pur- 
poses of the latelj'-established asylum, and 
the newly-appointed trustees found before 
them the task of repairing and renovating 
the building so that it might be better 
adapted to its new uses. 

Under these circumstances the Iowa 
institution had its birth. Its friends, from 
that time on, have never failed in their 
trust. Prominent among the founders of 
the institution were John Y. Stone and 
Dr. W. S. Robertson, of our own !State> 
combined with the valuable efforts and 
counsel of Dr. C. T. Wilbur, at that time 
the superintendent of the Illinois Institu. 
tion. To these men too much praise can- 
not be given for their zealous and di>in- 
terested efforts in behalf ©f the unfortunate 
children in Iowa. 

The building and grounds were put in 
as good condition as the limited appro- 
priation of one thousand dollars would 
allow, and in July, 1876, Dr. O. W. Archi- 
bald, formerly assistant physician to the 
Hospital for the Insane at Mt. Pleasant, 
assumed the duties of superintendent. 

The first child was admitted in Sep- 
tember, 1876, the people of the State then 
looking upon the new charity as an ex- 
periment, and although there were many 
children who were proper wards for the 
institution, parents naturally felt un- 
willing to trust their children until some 
one else should have tested its worth. 
From that time forward the confidence of 
the people has steadily increased, until 
now the different wards accommodate 
two hundred and fifty children, that num- 



13± 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



ber being their fullest capacity at present, | 
and the applications now on file number 
nearly six hundred. 

The object of this institution is to pro- 
vide special means of instruction for that 
class of children so deficient in mind, or 
afflicted with such marked peculiarities 
of intellect, as to deprive them of the ben- 
efits and privileges of other educational 
institutions and ordinary methods of in- 
struction. 

The education imparted to this class in- 
cludes not only the simple elements of 
instruction of our common schools, where 
that is practicable, but embraces a course 
of training in the more practical matters 
of every day life, the cultivation of habits 
of cleanliness, propriety and self-reliance, 
and to develop and enlarge their capacity 
for useful occupations. 

To promote these objects, children re- 
ceive such moral and hygienic treatment 
as their peculiar and varied conditions 
demand. 

Mental imbecility depends upon some 
abnormal or imperfectly developed condi- 
tion of the physical system, a condition in 
which the nervous organization is espec 
ially defective, preventing the harmonious 
and natural development of the mental 
and moral powers. 

Idiots and imbeciles are, as a rule, fee- 
ble in body as well as in mind. Their 
gait and voluntary movements are gener- 
ally awkward and slow, and their special 
senses inactive and undeveloped, and are 
wanting in nervous and muscular power. 
Physical training and developments, 
therefore, are essential in order that their 
mental improvement may become perma- 
nent; hence the importance and necessity 
of gymnastic and calisthenic exercises in 
their treatment. 

The very feeble power of attention must 
be cultivated and increased by the most 
attractive means. The special senses must 
be trained and educated, vicious habits are 
to be corrected, and the idea of obedience 
and moral obligation must be planted and 
nourished. 

Some, who are only backward, and are 



undeveloped from being misunvleratood 
or abused, can be brought out and re- 
claimed by special means. Many others 
can be arrested in their downward course, 
made orderly and obedient, docile and 
industrious; and all can be improved in 
their general condition and habits. 

In order to secure these blessings to this 
afflicted class, they must have that special 
care, treatment and instruction, which can 
not be obtained in the family at home, or 
in private medical practice, or by any of 
the ordinary methods of education; and 
it is only in some insitution arranged and 
directed for the accomplishment of these 
objects, that they can receive such benefits. 
Each individual casemu^t be studied, and 
treated as its peculiarities demand. 

Every child and youth residing in the 
State, between the ages of five and eight- 
een, who, by reason of deficient intellect, 
is unable to acquire an education in the 
common schools, is entitled to receive the 
physical and mental training of this insti- 
tution at the expense of the State. 

The special system of instruction, train- 
ing and management adhered to in this 
institution, renders it a desirable home for 
all children of this class. 

The school department at present com- 
prises six regular day schools, taught by 
earnest, hard-working ladies. In these 
schools the children are taught according 
to their ability to receive instruction; 
from the simplest means of fixing the at- 
tention and calling forth an effort, how- 
ever feeble, of the benighted intellect, to 
the rooms in which the common elemen- 
tary branches are taught. 

In addition to these there are as special 
classes, a drawing class; many evincing 
considerable aptitude in this direction ; a 
singing class, which is a great source of 
enjoyment to all, and two sewing classes, 
where the girls are instructed in sewing, 
both by hand and with the sewing ma- 
chine. 

A night school is maintained for the 
larger boys and girls who are at work dur- 
ing the day. 

Twice each week a dance is given for 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



135 



the children. In these they learn polite- 
ness, ease of manner, and a good carriage, 
as well as spending a very enjoyable eve- 
ning. These are held in the calisth-enic 
room, a hall thirty by sixty feet. 

During good weather from six to ten 
boys are regularly detailed to work on the 
farm and grounds, which comprise a 
tract of one hundred and eighty acres. 
The farm has already proven a source of 
revenue, and furnishes all vegetables used 
on all the tables during the summer and 
fall months. The cows pastured on the 
farm, furnished during the past year Dearly 
ten thousand gallons of milk. 

There is also in successful operation a 
broom shop, and a shoe shop, in 
both of which the boys are mak- 
ing very satisfactory progress. It is 
certain that each year as the managers 
of institutions become more acquainted 
with the results of manual instruction, 
this department of all institutions will 
form an important part in their make-up. 
The Iowa Institution is located upon a 
hill just south of Glenwood. The site 
commands a most charming view of the 
little city of two thousand inhabitants, 
lying some distance below the buildings 
of the Institution. 

The general arrangement of the build- 
ings is in the form of a hollow square, 
the design being to have the boys' and 
girls' departments entirely separate. The 
plan is only partly completed. There are 
at present but two separate cottages, built 
of brick, three stories high, one used by 
boys, the other by girls. 

There is now being built a new central 
or administrative building, to cost, when 
completed, $75,000, This will give much 
long needed room for the better systema- 
tizing of the work. 

A water tower one hundred and twenty 
feet high has just been finished at a cost 
of $10,000. This will be used for the en- 
tire water supply for all purposes, the 
water being forced into the tanks by steam 
pumps. Its tank capacity is thirteen hun- 
dred barrels. 



Beginning eight years ago with one old 
building, this Institute has gradually 
grown and added to its buildings each 
year. The valuation of the land and 
buildings now is $50,000. 

Those who labor in the Iowa Institution 
have much cause for encouragement. The 
good results which have been accomplish- 
ed by the work in its infancy, should give 
them great hope that year by year as the 
Institution grows older, and as they become 
better fitted for their work, they may see 
greatly increased good as the result of 
their labor. 

It is certainly a noble thing to strengthen 
and bring forth the feeble mind ; in some 
instances almost creating an intellect 
where it seemed there was none before, 
and letting in a ray of light, however 
small, upon the mind which must other- 
wise have been forever in total darkness. 
To the men whothave given their lives 
and best efforts for the founding and up- 
building of this work in America, Dr. Se- 
guin, Dr. Howe, and Dr. Hervey Wilbur, 
the American people owe an everlasting 
debt of gratitude. 



IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE 

INSANE. 



MT. PLEASANT, HENRY COUNTY. 



The first suggestion of the necessity for 
a Hospital for the Insane in Iowa was 
made by Governor Grimes in his message 
to the Fifth General Assembly, in 1855. 

During that session of the Legislature, 
Dr. D. L. McGugin, in a public lecture, 
urged an appropriation in accordance with 
this recommendation, and a commission 
was appointed, consisting of the Governor, 
Edward Johnson, Esq., of Lee county, and 
Dr. Charles S. Clark, of Henry county, 
and an appropriation of $50,000 was made. 
The first meeting of the commission was 
held March 15, 1855. 

One hundred and seventy-three acres of 
land was purchased near Mt. Pleasant, and 



136 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



after the adoption of plans, work was com- 
inenced October 22, 1855, under the super- 
vision of Henry Winslow, and a portion 
of the building was ready for the recep- 
tion of patients February 27, 1861, when 
the first inmate was admitted, six years 
after the first appropriation was made. 
The hospital consisted of a central or ad- 
ministrative building, four stories high, 
with wings extending east and west, three 
stories high, and consisting of three sec- 
tions each, the whole structure facing 
north. Extending south in the rear are 
buildings containing the chapel, employes 
sleeping apartments, kitchens, bakery, 
laundry, engine room, boiler and coal 
houses. The exterior walls are of cut 
stone about five inches thick, and lined 
with brick, the division walls inside being 
exclusively of brick. The roof is of gal- 
Tanized iron. 

The institution was constructed for the 
accommodation of 350 patients, with the 
necessary officers and employes to care for 
them. It is heated by steam and lighted 
by gas. The farm has been enlarged by 
more recent purchases of land, so that it 
now consists of 350 acres, and much of the 
necessary farm produce used in the Hos- 
pital is raised here, giving healthful ex- 
ercise to patients, and furnishing fresh 
vegetables, etc., for the tables. 

The organization of the hospital at first 
consisted of a board of trustees, seven in 
number, who had control of the property 
of the institution. They appoint the 
superintendent and treasurer, and, upon 
the nomination of the superintendent, 
confirm the assistant physicians, steward 
and matron. The number of trustees has 
been reduced to live since the act consti- 
tuting the first board was passed. The 
first board of trustees consisted of the 
following named gentlemen: M. L. 
Fisher, president; Harpin Riggs, Samuel 
McFarland, D. L. McGugin, J. D. Elbert, 
John B. Lash, G. W. K incaid. 

R. J. Patterson, M. D., of Ohio, was 
elected superintendent in 1860, and Henry 
Winslow, steward and treasure-. D. C. 



Dewey, M. D., assistant physician; and 
Mrs. Catharine Winslow, matron. 

Dr. Patterson continued in charge of 
the institution for a period of about five 
years, when he resigned, and Mark Ran- 
ney, M. D., of Massachusetts, was ap- 
pointed to fill the vacancy. 

Dr. Ranney resigned in 1873, and Dr. 
H. M. Bassett succeeded him for two 
years. Upon his resignation, Dr. Ranney - 
was re-appointed, and continued in dis- 
charge of the duties of the position until 
his death, January 31, 1882. 

Dr. H. A. Gilman, of Jacksonville, Illi- 
nois, was elected to fill the vacancy thus 
made July 25, 1882, and took charge of 
the institution October 16, 1882. 

An additional wing is being constructed 
for the accommodation of two hundred 
more patients, which will be furnished, 
ready for occupancy, next year. The 
present medical superintendent is H. A. 
Gilman, M. D. ; matron, Mrs. F. V. Cole. 

There are nearly three thousand insane 
in the State, and advanced steps are being 
taken for the care of those unprovided 
lor in the present institutions. 



HOSPITAL FOR THE IN- 
SANE. 



INDEPENDENCE, BUCHANAN COUNTY. 



The Iowa Hospital for the Insane, at 
Independence, is in the northeastern part 
of the State, and was established in 1868. 

This act of the General Assembly pro- 
vided, that the location should contain 
320 acres of J and, that the exterior of the 
buiiding should be of stone, and that it 
should be erected piecemeal. 

E. G. Morgan, of Port Dodge, Maturin L. 
Fisher, of Farmersburg, and G. W.Bemis, 
of Independence, were the building com- 
missioners. Upon the death of Mr. Fisher 
in 1879, A. tx. Case, of Charles City, was 
appointed to fill the vacancy. 

The hospital is situated two miles south- 
west of town, it fronts towards the east; it 
consists of an administration building 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



137 



and two wings, one extending north fox 
male, and the other south for female pa- 
tients. 

The foundation of the entire building is 
granite, furnishing a basement which rises 
four feet above the general surface of the 
ground. 

The walls of the central building are 
four stories high; these are capped with a 
mansard roof, which adds another story. 
Each wing is divided into three longitud- 
inal and . three transverse sections, which 
are so linked together as to cause the ex- 
tremities of the wings to recede. The 
wings are three stories in height. The 
cornice is iron and the roofs are either tin 
or slate. The institution is to a great ex- 
tent made fire-proof. 

In 1872 A. Reynolds, M. D„ of Clinton, 
Iowa, was elected superintendent of the 
hospital by its trustees. In October, 1881, 
Dr. Reynolds resigned on account of im- 
paired health, and Dr. Gershom H. Hill, 
who had been assistant physician for sev- 
en years, was elected his successor. On 
the 1st of May, 1873, four wards were 
opened for the reception of patients, and 
not until May, 1884, eleven years after the 
institution was opened, were the last sec- 
tions made ready for occupancy. The 
portico over the main entrance has just 
been completed and now the entire build- 
ing is finished. The institution, with its 
chapel, kitchen, laundry, boiler house, gas 
house, wagon house, barn and farm, up to 
the beginning of the year 1884, had cost 
the State $850,000. It has sufficient ac- 
commodation for six hundred patients, be- 
sides room for officers and employes. All 
this money has been carefully and hon- 
estly expended. Our commonwealth has 
thus an institution of which she may well 
be proud, for it compares favorably with 
any of its kind in the sisterhood of States. 

The appropriations of the last General 
Assembl}- increase the cost of the hospital 
to $000,000, but this adds eighty acres to 
the farm, together with a cow barn, a 
house for cold storage, a carpenter shop, 



and a detached building for incurable in- 
sane men, that will accommodate 100 more 
patients. 

The cold storage building, carpenter 
shop, and detached building or cottage 
have granite foundations, brick walls, iron 
cornices and slate roofs. They are two 
stories in height; plain but neat, durable 
structures. The cottage will cost, with 
furniture, $25,000, and will be ready for 
occupancy early next spring. 

Steam-heating, in which direct and indi- 
rect radiation are combined, is used 
throughout. Since the extensive system 
of drive-well points was planted there has 
been an abundance of pure, fresh water. 
A large duplex Worthington pump draws 
the water, and at the same time lifts it into 
tanks under the roof of the main build- 
ing. Twelve hundred feet of one inch 
three-ply rubber hose is distributed at suit- 
able points, and kept constantly connected 
with water-pipes; besides five hundred 
feet of the best two and a half inch fire- 
engine hose is reeled near the force pump, 
which will reach to the extremities of the 
wings, the cottage, the carpenter shop, or 
barn; when coupled with the pump and 
at work a large stream can be thrown over 
the top of any of the buildings. 

Gas, made of naptha in a house on the 
premises, lights all parts of the institu- 
tion. During the last year the entire ex- 
| pense of lighting was $1,300. 

The law does not allow permanent im- 
provements to the hospital to be made out 
of the current expense fund. Even 
costly repairs are made by appropriations 
out of what is called the repair and con- 
tingent fund. The current expense 
fund is used to pay the wages of regular 
employes, to purchase fuel, food, clothing, 
drugs, and other supplies. It is drawn, 
through the State treasury, from the fifty- 
five counties lying in the north half of 
Iowa and tributary to this institution. In 
1884 the amount of this fund was $102,- 
159. The average number of patients for 
the year was just 600; making the cost 
per patient, $170.26, or $14.18 per month. 



138 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



The following table shows the work of 
the hospital up to June 30, 1884: 



> 

< 

<-t 
go 

CD 
O 

E* 

o" 

o 


Number admissions. 
Number recovered.. 
Per cent ot recov 

eries on number ad 

mitted 

Number under treat 

ment 

Number deaths 

Per cent of deaths on 

number treated 


B B 
Q 


o 
<} 

B 

g 

a 

1-3 
o 
•=1 


to 

GO 


to to to 

co- w. to CO 

CO -5 CO i— » -3 CO 


1874. 


o 

CI 

M 


tO 

1— *■ 
1— I 

to 


01 

OT to »-»• h-* CO-3 

CD CO i-* 00 O h- 


1875. 


to- 

o 

B 
o 

B 
o 

K| 

B 

> 


to 

OJ 

co 

en 

k— k 
to 


-q. ■ • £*.= to 

CO -3 to OIO 

to rfi. tO OS COCO 


187G. 


GO 
CO 


OT 

OT tO 
-3 CO ^ (-»■ ^ tO 
CO M-.H-* CO CO h-i 


1877. 


CO 

CO 

cs 

OS 


OS 

OT tO 
tO CO -3 f-» *>■ tO 

co cs -a co i— k — ' 


1878. 


1— 1 

o 
B 




OT 

--i to 

CO CO CO i— ' ^ CO 
*- CO to OT 4^ CO 


1879. 


B 

o 


00 


—i to 

OT CO O tO Or £*. 
Cn tO OT tO »U. tO 


1880. 


B 

o 

B 


►fe. 

GO 
CO 


CO to 

_q CO i--- l-i k^CO 
OS CO CO OT CO OS 


1881. 


OT 

CO 

C7T 

to 


~3 

GO tO 

CO cs to t-J. OT -3 
to OlO CO to GO 


1882. 


a 

B 

w 

o 

3 


OT 

co 


^ go to 

^ CO -3 h-i OT CO 
GO COM. GO to t— > 


1883. 


tr 1 


Or 
GO 

o 


CO CO 
OT O h-» OT tO 

CS I**.!-*- GO CO >-k 


1834. 









The present medical superintendent of 
the institution is Gershom H. Hill, M. D. 
Matron, Mrs. Lucy M. Gray. 



THE PENITENTIARIES 



AT FORT MADISON, LEE COUNTY, AND ANA- 
M0SA, JONES COUNTY. 



The first act of the Territorial Legisla 
ture, relating to a Penitentiary in Iowa, 
was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth 
section of which authorized the Governor 



to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated 
by an act of Congress, approved July 7, 
1838, for public buildings in the Territory 
of Iowa. It provided for the building of 
the Penitentiary, which should be located 
within one mile of the public square in 
the town of Fort Madison, Lee county, 
provided Fort Madison should deed to the 
directors a tract of land suitable for a site, 
and assign them a spring or stream of 
water for the use of the Penitentiary. To 
the Directors was given the power of ap- 
pointing the Warden ; the latter to appoint 
his own assistants. The present Warden 
is L. W. Crosley. The citizens of the 
town of Fort Madison executed a deed 
conveying ten acres of land for the build- 
ing site. The building was designed of 
sufficient capacity to contain one hundred 
and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to 
cost $55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th 
of July; 1839 ; the main building and War- 
den's house were completed in the fall of 
1841. Other additions were made from 
time to time till the building and arrange- 
ments were all complete according to the 
plan of the Directors. 

The labor of the convicts in the Iowa 
Penitentiaries, as in most others in the 
United States, is let out to contractors, 
who pay the State a certain stipulated 
amount therefor, the State furnishing the 
shops, tools and machinery, as well as the 
supervision necessary to preserve order 
and discipline in the prisons. 

By an act of the Fourteenth General 
Assembly, approved April 23. 1872, com- 
missioners were appointed to locate and 
provide for the erection and cortrol of an 
additional Penitentiary for the State of 
Iowa. These commissioners met on the 
4th of the following June, at Anamosa, 
Jones county, and selected a site donated 
by the citizens, within the limits of the 
city, and work was commenced on the 
building on the 28th day of September 
1872. May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were 
transferred to Anamosa from the Fort 
Madison Penitentinry. The entire enclos- 
ure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage 
of 603 feet, and the accommodations are 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



139 



now sufficient for 640 convicts. The pres- 
ent Warden is Ancil E. Martin. 

There is a prevailing fallacy that be- 
cause a man has been convicted of crime 
and sentenced to the State prison, there- 
fore the voice of conscience is forever 
silenced, and all hope of. reformation by 
the use of ordinary agencies. is gone. The 
objects of punishment are to protect soci- 
ety in the enjoyment of life, liberty and 
property; to deter others from commit- 
ting crime, and to reform the evil-doer. 
The State does not entertain malice to- 
ward the violators of law, but upon con- 
viction for offenses removes the malefac- 
tor from society for a time, with the hope 
of reformation, and thereby rendering 
him a fit subject to again mingle in social 
life, and properly discharge his duties to 
his family, his God and the State. With 
this end in view the discipline maintained 
is most humane, at the same time requir- 
ing obedience to all the rules and regula- 
tions, which are strict and firm but not 
severe. The lessons taught inculcate rev- 
ertnee for human and divine law, inspire 
the convict with better and livelier hopes, 
promote self-respect, impress the mind 
with clearer views of duty to society, 
friends, human government, and to God, 
and in every way tend to elevate, purify, 
and refine the mind and the moral nature, 
and to develop the nobler qualities of the 
heart, and restrain its baser passions and 
evil tendencies. There is no human being 
so low but that he or she may be influ- 
enced by the law of love, and raised to a 
higher plane of existence by educational 
and christianizing influences, and tbese 
influences^ exercised over the convicts 
through the Sabbath school, the pulpit 
and the school-room, are valuable aids in 
the maintenance of good order, and to a 
prompt acquiescence in the mandates of 
the officers. 

The rules of the prison require that a 
copy of the Holy Scriptures be placed in 
every cell, and this has a most salutory in- 
fluence on many of the prisoners. Until 
their confinement here, 10 many of them 
it has been a sealed or neglected book; 



but now with time and opportunity afford- 
ed them for reading and reflection, its 
promises and threatenings often present 
themselves with wonderful power, fre- 
quently leading them to the Saviour of 
mankind. Religious services are held 
Sunday morning and Sabbath school in 
the afternoon. Recognizing the rest, re 
creation and reformation which may be 
had through its instrumentality, the full 
and free use of the library is accorded to 
all, believing that the habit of reading 
good books produces thoughtfulness., self- 
respect and manliness, and lays an intelli- 
gent basis for the necessity and acknowl- 
edgement of self-control and discipline. 
An evening school is conducted in the 
prisons and many of the inmates are per- 
manently benefitted by the instruction 
given here, while the interest manifested, 
and the attainments made are very grat- 
ifying. 

The food of the prisoners is good, sub- 
stantial and of a great variety for the 
healthy working convict; and for the sick, 
an appropriate diet is provided, including 
even luxuries. The greatest cleanliness 
is observed throughout the institution, 
and the sanitary regulations are strictly 
enforced. 

In this connection we deem it well to 
notice the Prisoner's Aid Association of 
Iowa, an organization which was formed 
about two years ago for the purpose of 
giving aid and encouragement to ex-pris- 
oners. 

In one of his reports the chaplain of the 
State Prison says : 

"Perhaps none, unless connected with 
the prison, and but few even of those, 
have the remotest idea of the difficul- 
ties which a discharged convict, without 
friends, has to meet before he obtains em- 
ployment. Many, when liberated, do not 
wish to return to the place from which 
they were sent. Why, I know not, unless 
realizing their disgrace, they are unwill- 
ing to go back where it is known. Many 
have no friends or relatives, and as a rule, 
not only prefer to go, but do go where 
they are unknown. The stigma of the peni 



140 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



tentiary resting upon them, the strength 
of public opinion against them, and near- 
ly penniless, they are almost compelled 
to do one of three things— beg, starve or 
steal; and, alas for the weakness of good 
resolutions, the latter at times is resorted 
to. I most heartily recommend that a 
State Prison Aid Association be organ- 
izecl, with a branch in every county, and 
that persons with large sympathy and 
warm hearts be encouraged to assist in 
this noble enterprise, thus procuring for 
all who desire to reform, places to work 
where they can earn an honest livelihood, 
by this means shielding them from idle- 
ness, and from the merciless attacks of un- 
kind and evil disposed persons." 

The objects of the association and the 
importance of the work undertaken may 
be briefly stated. As a State we annually 
dismiss from our penitentiaries and other 
penal institution's of the State, some six 
hundred or more of those who have been 
imprisoned for crime. These ex-prisoners 
are turned out of our prisons upon society, 
usually without money or character or 
friends or means of self support ; and, with 
the reproach of the convict resting upon 
them, find it almost impossible to obtain 
honorable employment. Moreover they 
are met by a class of professional crimi- 
nals who lie in wait for them, and who 
take advani age of their disgrace and ne- 
cessities to press them into the commis- 
sion of other crimes. So that an alarming 
proportion of our ex-prisoners are led 
back into lives of crime, and become an 
element of danger and a source of vast ex- 
pense to our commonwealth. We believe 
it to be the duty of the State to exercise 
over these ex-prisoners a limited guar- 
dianship beyond the term of their impris- 
onment; to find for such as are willing to 
accept it, a place of useful employment, 
upon which they may enter immediately 
upon the expiration of their sentence. 
And to make it possible for such as seek 
to reform, to win their way back to re- 
spectability and honorable citizenship. Re- 
formation is cheaper than punishment. 
And f* any considerable proportion of 



these men can be influenced to lives of 
honest industry, and saved from re em er- 
ing the ranks of the criminal and danger- 
ous classes, it will greatly lessen the crimi- 
nal expenses of the State, aside from all 
consideration of moral obligation. The 
success which has attended the efforts of 
similar organizations in other States, en- 
courages us to believe that the successful 
carrying out of the purposes of this Asso- 
ciation will not only reduce our criminal 
expenses, but also add largely to the peace 
and security of society. Our last General 
Assembly, convinced of the practical im- 
portance of this work, appropriated the 
sum of $2,000 of the public funds of the 
State to aid in accomplishing the objects 
of this Association. This Association 
cherishes no false sentimentality toward 
the criminal classes. Its chief object is to 
prevent crime and to encourage those who 
wish to reform; and, incidentally to fur- 
nish such information respecting the resi- 
dence, character and associations of ex- 
prisoners as may lead to the detection 
and arrest of such as return to criminal 
pursuits. 



STATE REFORM SCHOOL. 



FOR BOYS AT ELDOBA, HABDIN COUNTY 
— FOB GIBLS, MITCHELLVILLE, POLK 

COUNTY. 



By "an act to establish and organize a 
State Reform School for Juvenile Offend- 
ers," approved March 31, 1868, the Gen- 
eral Assembly established a State Reform 
School at Salem, Henry county; provided 
for a board of trustees, to consist of one 
person from each Congressional District. 
For the purpose of immediately opening 
the school, the trustees leased White's Iowa 
Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, with 
the lands, buildings, etc., of the Institute, 
and at once proceeded to prepare for and 
open a reform school as a temporary 
establishment. 

April 19, 1872, the trustees were directed 
to make a permanent location for the 
school, and $45,000 was appropriated for 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



141 



the erection of the necessary buildings. 
They were further directed, as soon as 
practicable, to organize a school for girls 
in the buildings where the boys were then 
kept, which was done in 1873. 

The trustees located the school at El- 
dora, Hardin county, and in the Code of 
1873 it is permanently located there by 
law. 

The institution is managed by five 
trustees, who are paid mileage, but no 
compensation for their services. 

The object is the reformation of the 
children of both sexes, under the age of 
sixteen years and over seven years of age, 
and the law requires that the trustees 
shall require the boys and girls under 
their charge to be instructed in piety and 
morality, and in such branches of useful 
knowledge as are adapted to their age and 
capacity, and in some regular course of 
labor, either mechanical, manufacturing 
or agricultural, as is best suited to their 
age, strength, disposition and capacity, 
and as may seem best adapted to secure 
the reformation and future benefit of the 
boys and girls. 

A boy or girl committed to the State 
Reform School is there kept, disciplined, 
instructed, employed and governed, under 
the direction of the trustees, until he or 
she arrives at the age of majority, oris 
bound out, reformed or legally discharged. 
The superintendent is B. J. Miles. 

In 1879 the building and grounds of 
the Universal ist Seminary, at Mitchell- 
ville, were purchased, and the girls' de- 
partment of the reform school was estab- 
lished there, with Mrs. L. D. Lewelling, 
matron. As in the cases of children who 
never enter this school, the career and 
destiny of these waifs of society are var- 
ied, some will go to the penitentiary and 
others will become honored and useful 
citizens; but it is estimated that seventy 
per cent, of those committed to this insti- 
tution leave it reformed in purpose and 
conduct. Too muah cannot be said in 
praise of the discipline of the school, 
which is gentle and home-like, and the 
instruction imparted is thorough and 



efficient. The best estate of childhood is 
the Christian home, and to the institution 
which most nearly resembles this, the 
wails of society and the wards of the 
State can be more safely trusted than else- 
where. 



BOARD OF RAILROAD 
COMMISSIONERS. 

The Railroad Commission of Iowa 
was created by the Seventeenth General 
Assembly, and was organized at the Capi- 
tol in Des Moines on the 4th day of April. 
1878, It consists of three members, who 
elect their own secretary. The first board 
was composed of Peter A. Dey, James 
McDill, and Cyrus C. Carpenter. J. S. 
Cameron was elected secretary. 

The board was intended to be, and was 
by the terms of the law, an amicable ar- 
bitrator or umpire between the carrier and 
the shipper, the people and the railroads ; 
whose findings, recommendations, and de- 
cision?, were by virtue of their just and 
equitable character to commend them- 
selves to the contestants without ordinary 
legal methods of enforcement, by writ, 
and officer serving the same. 

How well the board has succeeded in 
the accomplishment of the object for 
which it was created, is evidenced b}' the 
fact that since the organization of the Iowa 
commission, not a suit has been brought in 
any of the courts of the State— so far as I 
am informed — involving questions of over- 
charges or extortion, while under the law 
which was in operation from 1874 to 1878, 
hundreds of such suits were instituted, 
many of which are still pending. It is 
fast becoming a settled conviction in the 
public mind, not only of the people of 
Iowa but of other States, that the commis- 
sion, acting as it does in the capacity of a 
board of arbitration, before which com- 
plaints may be inade, evidence taken, and 
matters Of difference promptly adjusted, 
and whose decisions when rendered, have 
all the moral weight of judicial decrees, 
with the great saving of time and expense 



142 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



attendant, gives much better results than 
can be derived from the more tedious and 
expensive processes of courts. 

An inspection of the reports of the com- 
mission from the first organization of the 
board down to the present year will reveal 
the fact that there has been an almost uni- 
versal acquiescence in and obedience of 
the orders and recommendations of the 
board. Nor has this acquiescence and 
obedience resulted from the fact so per- 
sistently stated by the enemies of the sys- 
tem, that all orders made by the board 
were pleasant and palatable to the railroad 
companies. No intelligent and candid 
person will fail upon inspection of the de- 
cisions to see and admit that many of the 
decisions have been adverse t© the compan- 
ies. Some of them have been deemed 
illegal and extra jurisdictional, yet the 
orders have generally been obeyed. 

In the original law, all failures to obey 
the orders of the board were to be report- 
ed to the Governor and through the chief 
executive, knowledge of the disobedience 
came to the General Assembly, the direct 
representative of the people, but the Twen- 
tieth General Assembly passed an act ap- 
proved April 3d, 1884, "authorizing ac- 
tions against railroad companies to be 
brought in the name of the State upon 
recommendation of the board of railroad 
-commissioners." 

By this act the Circuit and District 
Courts of the State are to have jurisdic- 
tion of actions brought to enforce orders 
made by the railroad commissioners affect- 
ing public right, if authorized to be made. 

There are two classes of cases which 
the board has power to consider. First, 
that class which affects public right, which 
seeks to compel the railroad companies to 
perform a public duty, to fulfill a public 
obligation, and in such cases, when the 
board has authority to deal therewith, the 
courts will enforce their orders. Second, 
it deals with a class of cases affecting pri- 
vate right. In this case the board occu- 
pies purely the position of an umpire or 
arbitrator. It may investigate , conclude 
.and recommend : but it cannot order. 



We quote as follows from the seventh 
annual report of the commission : 

"The methods of dealing with railroads 
and transportation companies in their re. 
lations to the public are still the subject 
of much discussion. Varied and conflict- 
ing views still exist, and sharp and acri- 
monious criticism is being made by 
different theorists. Yet, in spite of all 
this, the commissioners, in taking a view 
of the situation in the State in 1878, and 
the changing attitudes of the question 
during the years which have passed down 
to the present time, that being the period of 
the commissioner system in Iowa, are able 
to report a more intelligent and tolerant 
understanding and discussion of the sub- 
ject than has ever before been known in 
the State. The seven annual reports of 
the board of railroad commissioners con- 
stitute a concise history of what has been 
done in the State during that time, and 
no one can intelligently discuss the trans- 
portation question without mastering the 
details of these volumes." 

The present board consists of Peter A. 
Dey, J. W. McDill, and L. S. Coffin, with 
E. G. Morgan, secretary. 



BUREAU OF LABOR STA- 
TISTICS. 



The following circular, issued by the 
Commissioner of Labor Statistics, is ex- 
planatory of the objects and the work of 
this department : 

The Twentieth General Assembly cre- 
ated a Bureau of Labor Statistics, and 
provided for a commissioner thereof. 

In several of the States this office has 
been productive of great good to their 
varied industries, and it is hoped the same 
result may be reached in Iowa. The pro- 
visions of this law are briefly these : 

To collect, assort, systematize and pre- 
sent in biennial reports to the Governor, 
on or before the 15th day of August pre- 
ceding each regular meeting of the Gen- 
eral Assembly, statistical details relating 
to all departments of labor in the State, 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



143 



especially in its relations to the commer- 
cial, social, educational and sanitary con- 
ditions of the laboring classes, and to the 
permanent prosperity of the mechanical, 
manufacturing and productive industries 
of the State, and as fully as practicable, 
collect such information and reliable re- 
ports from each county in the State the 
amount and condition of the mechanical 
and manufacturing interests, the value 
and location of the various manufacturing 
and coal productions of the State, also 
sites offering natural or acquired advan- 
tages for the profitable location and oper- 
ation of different branches of industry; 
by correspondence with interested parties 
in other parts of the United States impart 
such information as may tend to induce 
the location of mechanical and producing 
plants within the State, together with such 
other information as shall tend to increase 
the productions, and consequently em- 
ployment of producers ; and in said bien- 
nial report the Commissioner shall give 
a statement of the business of the bureau 
since the last regular report, and shall 
compile and publish therein such infor 
mation as may be considered of value to 
the industrial interests of the State, the 
number of laborers and mechanics em- 
ployed, the number of apprentices in each 
trade, with the nativity of such laborers, 
mechanics and apprentices, wages earned, 
the savings from the same, with age and 
sex of laborers employed, the number and 
character of accidents, the sanitary con- 
dition of institutions where labor is em- 
ployed, the restrictions if any which are 
put upon apprentices when indentured, 
the proportion of married laborers and 
mechanics who live in rented houses, with 
the average annual rental, and the value 
of property owned by laborers and me- 
chanics. And he. shall include in such 
report what progress has been made in 
sthools now in operation for the instruc- 
tion of students in the mechanic arts, and 
what systems have been found most prac- 
tical, with details theieof. 

These reports, when published, are to 
be disposed of as follows, viz: To the 



public libraries in the State, to the vari- 
ous trades organizations, agricultural and 
mechanical societies, and other places 
where the Commissioner may deem 
proper, and best calculated to accomplish 
the furtherance of the industrial interests 
of the State. 

As will be seen, all industries of the 
State are included in this act. It is the 
earnest desire of the Commissioner to 
make the office largely beneficial to these 
industries and to the State at large. To 
this end he hopes for the hearty co-opera- 
tion of the various unions, organizations, 
societies and schools, and of county offi 
cers and citizens generally. 

From time to time blanks will be sent 
out, and it is urged that prompt attention 
be given in filling and returning them, 
and speedy replies made to communica- 
tions from this office. 

Mutual interest on the part of the pub" 
lie and the Commissioner will make this 
feature of great value to Iowa. 

Statistics of Labor, furnished us by 
Commissioner E. R. Hutchins. are pub- 
lished in connection with the chapter on 
Manufacturing. 



STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 



This is another of those organizations 
which derive support and encouragement 
from the State, having been established 
and its powers and duties defined, by the 
Eighteenth General Assembly. By the 
terms of the act the attorney-general of 
the State, a civil engineer, and seven phy- 
sicians compose its membership. The 
board was organized in May, 1880. The 
act referred to appropriated $5,000 a year, 
or so much thereof as was necessary, to 
carry on the work of the board. 

The principal work of the board is to 
educate the people as to the importance 
of better sanitary and hygienic conditions, 
to impress upon them the clearly ascer- 
tained fact that many diseases are prevent- 
able, and to disseminate the knowledge of 
avoiding such diseases. The efficiency of 



lU 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



the board of health has been clearly dem- 
onstrated during the prevalence of con- 
tagious diseases in the State, and the sani- 
tary measures adopted by them have forci- 
bly brought to the notice of the people the 
relation of cause to effect, in preventable 
diseases. New sources of danger to the 
public health are constantly being investi- 
gated and the old more vigorously restrict- 
ed. An impression has been made upon 
the people, as is proven, not only by the 
action of individuals, but of communities, 
and public sentiment is aroused to the im- 
portance of improved sanitary conditions. 
The rapid increase of periodicals devoted 
to sanitary and hygienic topics; the nu- 
merous organizations of voluntary health 
associations.comprising the ablest minds of 
all professions and trades, all indicate pro- 
gress in this direction, and when we look 
at the evidence of the advancement of san- 
itary science, we have reason for devout 
thankfulness. 

The reports of the board cover a vast 
amount of valuable information regard- 
ing the diseases incident to our popula- 
tion, and also to the live stock of the State. 
They embrace essays on many subjects re- 
lating to infectious diseases and matters 
pertaining to sanitary science, which have 
been contributed by the members of the 
board, and the leading scientists and phy- 
sicians of the State. The information con. 
tained in the reports is of great value to 
our people. 

The present board consists of William 
S. Robertson, of Muscatine, president; 
Wilmot H. Dickinson, of Des Moines; S. 
B. Olney, of Fort Dodge; J. M. Hull, of 
Lake Mills; P. W. Lewellen, of Oarinda; 
Henry H. Clarke, of McGregor ; Ephraim 
M. Reynolds, of Centerville; James L. 
Loring, Civil Engineer, of Dallas Center; 
A. J . Baker , of Centerville, attorney gen- 
eral, ex officio; L. F. Andrews, of Des 
Moines, acting secretary. 



PHARMACY COMMISSION. 



The Eighteenth General Assembly, in 
response 10 a general public demand 



therefor, enacted a law organizing a Phar- 
macy Commission, the object of which 
was to regulate the sale of medicines and 
all poisonous drugs and liquids, in order 
to the better protection of the people. By 
the provisions of the act, the executive was 
required to appoint, "with the advice of 
the Executive Council," ''three Commis- 
sioners of Pharmacy." Said Commission- 
ers were to have power to make the neces- 
sary regulations to carry out the provi- 
sions of the act. The board was organ- 
ized April 26, 1880, and is made up of men 
skilled in their profession, and the general 
purpose of the law has received the un- 
qualified endorsement of the State Phar- 
macoutical Society. None but educated 
and experienced persons should be allow- 
ed to deal out drugs and medicines to the 
public, the evidence of qualification being 
the certificate of the Commissioners. 

As shown by the report of the Commis- 
sion there are at present eighteen hundred 
and twenty registered pharmacists in the 
State. 

The p.esent Board consists of George H. 
Shafer, of Ft. Madison, Charles A. Weav- 
er, of Des Moines, and Robert W. Craw- 
ford, of Ft. Dodge. 



IOWA FISH COMMISSION- 



fish COMMISSION — LOCATION OF HATCHING 
HOUSES — NATIVE FISH — SUCCESS A- 
CHIEVED WITH IMPORTED FISH— PAPER 
BY HON. A. A. MOSHER, ASSISTANT FISH 
COMMISSIONER. 

By an act of the General Assembly, 
there was located at Anamosa in 1876, an 
establishment for the propagation and cul- 
ture of fish, and although it has not long 
been in operation, it has demonstrated the 
fact that the depleted waters of the State 
can be successfully stocked, not only with 
native fish, but also with varieties of great 
value not heretofore found in Iowa waters. 

The buildings are located three miles 
from Anamosa, on a tract of twenty acres 
of land, belonging to the State. Several 



IOWA RESOURCES AND I SDUSTRIES. 



145 



ponds well stocked with fish of different 
sizes and varieties, are adjacent to the fish 
house, besides a series of ponds for the 
cultivation of the German carp, in which 
great success has been attained. The 
present Commissioner is A. W. Aldrich. 
The establishment of the fish commission 
was so successful and the industry had 
reached such proportions, that the Legis- 
lature in 1880, established a branch at 
Spirit Lake, in Dickinson county. 

At this place the buildings are located 
on an isthmus between Okobiji Lake and 
Spirit. Lake, and it would be difficult to 
imagine a better location for the purpose. 
The lakes in their character are well 
adapted to fish culture, having a bed of 
every kind, from mud to clear sand, peb 
bles and large stones. The water is clear 
and pure, and in places one hundred feet 
or more in depth. The level of Spirit 
Lake is four feet higher than that of Oko- 
boji. giving the requisite fall for hatching 
purposes. The success achieved by this 
establishment is illustrated by the fact 
that out of 300,000 trout eggs, 94 per cent 
were successfully hatched and planted in 
the lakes ; and of 500,000 white fish eggs 
99 per cent were hatched. Land-locked 
salmon, lake trout, brook trout, black and 
striped bass, wall-eyed pike, sun-fish, cat- 
fish, eels and many other varieties have 
been successfully propagated, and planted 
in many of the lakes and rivers of the 
State. Several streams which never had 
a trout in them until planted by the Fish 
Commision, are now good brook trout 
streams furnishing these fish weighing 
from three to four pounds. The German 
carp, which is a most valuable fish for 
food, and often attains a weight of eight- 
een pounds, is now being successfully cul- 
tivated in Iowa waters.. 

In addition to the culture of fish at the 
hatching-houses, the Fish Commission has 
saved from destruction millions of young 
naive fish, which have heretofore died 
each fall, in the drying up of the sloughs 
of the Mississippi, and planted them in 
th" partially barren waters of Iowa. 

The fact that the fish planted by the 



Commission have since been caught in 
considerable numbers and of good size, 
proves that they have become established 
in waters which are adapted to their future 
propagation and growth, and that they 
may in the future become valuable addi- 
tions to the number and variety of the 
food supply of these waters, a result of 
which it would be hard to estimate the 
value. 

We give below an article from the pen 
of Hon. A. A. Mosher, Assistant Fish 
Commissioner of Iowa, who is in charge 
of the establishment at Spirit Lake, on the 
fish of Iowa: 

" The State of Iowa is not called a pis- 
ca'orial State. Still it might not be amiss 
to let the outside world know that we have 
fish, and plenty, too, of various kinds. 
Being bounded on the east by the Miss- 
issippi and on the west by the Missouri, 
the State has a vast reservoir for the nat- 
ural propagation of fish, could the natural 
advantages be utilized. It could and 
would readily take a prominent position 
as a fish-producing State. 

" As it, is, our rivers (and we have plenty 
of them), are the natural home of the 
walleyed pike, the large yellow wall-eye 
pickerel, some of very large size, weigh- 
ing up to thirty pounds; the bass, the 
king of game fish ; croppy, catfish, sun- 
fish, eels, silver or striped bass; buffalo, 
weighing from five to seventy-five pounds, 
perch, etc. 

"All ihe above named are found in the 
various lakes here, and we have many 
beautiful ones, especially in the northern 
part, among the most notable of which are 
Spirit Lake, the Okobojis, Lost Island, 
Clear and Storm Lakes. These lakes are 
swarming with game fish of many kinds, 
and those piscatorially inclined can follow 
their- own sweet will and choose time, 
place, and kind of fish. The above lakes 
are really good fishing, especially those 
in Dickinson county. They can be reached 
by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & North 
ern Railroad and the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul Railroad. 

" This season, 1884, more fish than usual 



146 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



were caught in these lakes, and those of 
the very best quality and game. In some 
parts of this State speckled trout are na- 
tives, and now that the streams are being 
restocked with trout, and other native fish 
in the near future, as good fishing can be 
had iu Iowa as anywhere. Carp do well 
here, and are being raised all over the 
State. 

"Superintendent Aldrich, of the Com- 
mission, is doing splendid work in break- 
ing up seine fishing. He has taken sev- 
eral hundred nets of various kinds since 
April, 1884, and is still at it. Once stop 
these lawless characters and good fishing 
in the future is assured." 



IOWA IN THE REBELLION. 



The population of Iowa at the begin- 
ning of the war, was only about 675,000, 
and she was one of the youngest of the 
States, having been admitted only fifteen 
years previously, but she has reason to be 
proud of her record during the war of the 
rebellion, from 1861 to 1865. Of her en- 
tire population, only about 100,000 were 
available for military duty, and of this 
number 75,475 men volunteered their ser- 
vices. Thus it is seen that three-fourths 
of those competent to bear arms marched 
to the field in the defense of their coun- 
try. The first call for Iowa volunteers to 
move to the field was received June 13th, 
1861. 

Her contribution to the armies of the 
Republic was a genuine offering of man- 
hood and patriotism. From her fields, 
her workshops, her counting houses, her 
offices, and the halls of her schools and 
colleges, she contributed tbe best muscle, 
sinew and brain of an industrious, enter- 
prising, and educated people. 

The record of Iowa troops during the 
war was a proud and glorious one. 

The brilHancy of their exploits on the 
many fields where they served won for 
them the highest praise, both in military 
and civil circles. Multiplied were the 
terms in which expression was given to this 



sentiment, but these words of one of 
the journals of a neighboring State, "The 
Iowa troops have been heroes among he- 
roes," embody the spirit of all. 

No stronger proof of loyalty and patri- 
otism can be found in any State or country 
than was exhibited by Iowa soldiers. The 
first regiment of Iowa soldiers fought the 
baltle of Wilson's Creek after their term 
of enlistment had expired, and after they 
were entitled to a discharge. They were 
citizen soldiers, each of whom had a per- 
sonal interest in the struggle. It was to 
them no question of enlistment, of bounty 
or of pay. When the gallant General 
Lyon placed himself at their head, and 
told them that the honor of Iowa and of 
the Nation was in their hands, he ad- 
dressed men who knew what the appeal 
meant, and to whom such an appeal was 
never made in vain. 

From the Des Moines River to the Gulf, 
from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, in 
the mountains of West Virginia, and in 
the Valley of the Shenandoah, the Iowa 
soldier made his presence known and felt, 
and maintained the honor of the State 
and the cause of the Nation. They were 
with Lyon at Wilson's Creek, with Tuttle 
at Donekon. They fought with Siegel 
and with Curtis at Pea Ridge; with 
Crocker at Champion Hills; with Reid at 
Shiloh. They were with Grant at the 
surrender of Vicksburg. They fought 
above the clouds with Hooker at Lookout 
Mountain. They were with Sherman in 
his march to the sea, and were ready for 
bxttle when Johnston surrendered. They 
were with Sheridan in the Valley of the 
Shenandoah, and were in the veteran ranks 
of the Nation's deliverers that stacked 
their arms in the National Capital at the 
close of the war. 

Their gallant and heroic deeds did not 
go unrewarded, for of the promotions 
made by the United States Government 
from Iowa regiments, four were to the 
rank of Major General, twenty-one to Brig- 
adier Genera], five were promoted to Ma- 
jor General by brevet, and sixteen to Brig- 
adier General by brevet. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



147 



In Adjutant General Alexander's Report 
for 1880, he says : " That the government, 
during the war of the rebellion, was en- 
abled to place such large bodies of troops 
in the field, and so rapidly convert them 
into effective soldiers, was due in a great 
measure to the amount of reliable military 
information furnished by our military 
academies, and in the ranks of the militia. 
In support of this statement I desire to 
call attention to some facts shown by the 
records of this office. Under President 
Lincoln's first call for 75,000 men Iowa's 
apportionment was one regiment, and so 
quickly was the requisite number of men 
tendered the State, that none but organ- 
ized companies could be accepted. That 
regiment furnished for Iowa alone (and 
many are known to have accepted com- 
missions from other States): One major 
general, four brigadier generals, four bre- 
vet brigadier generals, ten colonels, eight 
lieutenant colonels, seven majors, fifty- 
seven captains, eighty-five lieutenants.-" 

The citizens of Iowa were early and 
constant workers in the sanitary field, aod 
by their liberal gifts and personal efforts 
for the benefit of the soldiery, placed our 
State in the front rank of those who be- 
came distinguished for their exhibitions 
of patriotic benevolence during the period 
covered by the war. Agents appointed by 
the Governor were stationed at points con- 
venient for rendering assistance to the 
sick and needy soldiers of the State, while 
others were employed in visiting, from 
time to time, hospitals, camps and armies 
in the field, and doing whatever the cir- 
cumstances rendered possible for the 
health and comlort of such of the Iowa 
soldiery as might be found there. The so- 
cial life of the people was made up to a 
great extent of meetings to raise means 
for sanitary and hospital supplies. Socia- 
bles were held, concerts given, festivals 
made; all with one object— to raise mon- 
ey for the sanitary commissions. The 
hearts of the women of Iowa followed 
their loved ones to the field; and their 
every thought was, how they could alle- 
viate the sufferings they were not per- 
mitted otherwise to share. In the Adju- 



tant's Department at Des Moines, are pre- 
served the shot-riddled colors and standards 
of our regiments. Upon them, by special 
authority, were inscribed, from time to 
time during the war, the names of the bat- 
tlefields upon which these regiments gain- 
ed distinction. These names constitute the 
geographical nomenclature of two-thirds 
of the territory lately in rebellion. 

LIST OF FLAGS 

IN THE AKSENAL CARRIED RY IOWA REGI- 
MENTS DURING THE WAR OF THE 
REBELLION. 



ARM OF SEBVICE. 



CAVALRY. 

First Regiment 

Second Regiment , 

Third Regiment 

Fourth Regiment 

Fifth Regiment 

Seventh Regiment 

Eighth Regiment 

ARTILLERY. 

First Battery 

SecondBatery 

Fourth Battery 

INFANTRY. 

Second Regiment 

Third Regiment 

Fourth Regiment 

Fifth Regiment 

Sixth Regiment 

Seventh Regiment 

Eighth Regiment 

N inth Regiment 

Tenth Regiment 

Eleventh Regiment 

Twelfth Regiment 

Thirteenth. Regiment 

Fourteenth Regiment 

Fifteenth Regiment 

Sixteenth Regiment 

Seventeenth Regiment 

Eighteenth Reg ment 

"Nineteenth Regiment. ... 

Twentieth Regiment 

Twenty-first Regiment 

Twenty -second Regiment 

Twenty-third Regiment 

Twenty-fourth Regiment 

Twenty- filth Regiment 

Twenty -sixth Regiment 

Twenty seventh Regiment 

Twenty 'eighth Regiment 

Twenty-ninth Regiment 

Thirtieth Regiment 

Thirty-first Regiment 

Thirty-second Regiment 

Thirty-third Regiment 

Thirty-fourth Regiment 

Thirty-fifth Regiment 

Thirty-sixth Regiment 

Thirty-ninth Regiment 

Fortieth Regiment 

Unknown.. 

COLORED TROOPS. 

First Infantry (60thTJ.S.Vols.A.D ) 



NUMBER 
4ND KIND. 



Total. 61 54 



12 127 



148 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



IOWA REGIMENTS DURING THE WAR OF 
THE REBELLION. 



REGIMENTS. 



1st Battery 

2d Battery 

3d Battery 

4th Battery 

1st Cavalry 

2d Cavalry 

3d Cavalry 

4Wi Cavalry 

5th Cavalry 

6th Cavalry 

7th Cavalry 

8th Cavalry 

9th Cavalry 

Sioux City Cavalry. . . . 
Co. A, 11th Pa. Cavalry. 

1st Infantry 

2dlnfantrv 

3dlnfantrv 

2d and 3d Inf. Cons'd. .. 

4th Infant'-y 

5th Infantry 

6th Infantry 

7th Infantry 

8th Inlantry 

9th Infantry 

10th Tnfantry 

11th Infantry 

12th Infantry 

13th Infantry 

14th Infantry 

14th Inf. Res. Batt 

15th Infantry 

16th Infantry 

17th Infantry 

ISth Infantry 

19th Infantry 

20th Infantry 

21 st Infantry 

22d Infantry 

23d Infantry 

24th Infantry 

25th Infantry 

26th Infantry 

27th Infantry 

28th Infantry , 

29th Infantry 

30th Infantry 

31st Infantry 

32d Infantry 

33d Infantry 

34th Infantry 

31th Consolidated.- .. 

35th Infantry 

36th Infantry 

37th Infantry 

38th Infantry 

39th Infantry 

40th Infantry 

41st Infantry 

44th Infantry 

45th Infantry 

46th Infantry 

47th Infantry 

48th Infantry 

1st African Infantry. . . 



Totals 



o 

149 

123 

142 

152 

1,478 

1,394 

1,360 

1,227 

1,245 

1,125 

562 

1,234 

1,178 

93 

87 

859 

1,247 

1,074 



1.184 

1,037 

1013 

1,138 

1,027 

1,091) 

1.027 

1022 

981 

988 

840 

1*196 

918 
950 
875 
985 
925 
980 

1,108 
961 
959 
995 
919 
940 
956 

1,005 
978 
977 
925 
985 
953 

"984 
986 
914 
910 
933 
900 
294 
867 
912 



346 

U03 



o o 

n3 m 






124 
62 

79 

17 
513 
602 
770 
59M 
4:52 
193 
402 
274 
258 

5 
165 

758 
749 

28 
973 



761 
973 
739 
61 
76 
852 
526 
11 
1,029 
819 
614 
449 
562 
359 
531 
634 
570 
761 
584 
562 
530 
696 
511 
646 
540 
589 
580 
561 
72 
510 
619 
503 
431 
406 
361 
17 
15 
22 



10 



13d 
89 
61 
33 
86 
13 
66 

105 
69 

111 
61 
69 
21 
76 



27 



33 

5 

187 

191 

224 

186 

127 

59 

92 

91 

162 



4 

7 

107 

99 

9 

237 

90 
124 
135 
137 
2>8 
134 
148 
243 
182 
122 



194 

217 

97 

109 

91 

130 

157 

126 

196 

197 

199 

204 

162 

180 

248 

233 

2>1 

203 

196 

228 

13 

182 

226 

141 

310 

119 

179 

2 

14 

17 

23 

45 

4 

331 



56,364 30,394 3,139 8,695 



It will be seen that in the above table of 
casualties, only the totals of those who 
were killed inaction, or died from wounds 



or disease are given, which tota's aggre 
gate 12,843. If to this aggregate is added 
8,282 wounded ; 9,968 discharged for dis 
ability ; 115 missing ; 109 deaths by drown- 
ing; 78 by accidental killing, and 8 by 
suicide ; all of which are shown in the 
corrected report of casualties as made to 
the Legislature by the late Adjutant Gen- 
eral N. B. Baker, in his report for 1867, 
then we have the grand total of casualties 
as shown in the table aggregating 30,394. 

The foregoing list of casualties only 
shows those occurring among enlisted 
men ; but in addition to these there were 
casualties among the commissioned offi- 
cers amounting to 2,321, of which number 
133 were killed, 88 died of wounds receiv- 
ed in battle, and 115 of disease contracted 
in the service. By the Adjutant General's 
report we also find that in addition to the 
men assigned to the regiments as set forth 
in the table, there were 19,155 enlistments 
of Iowa men in regiments of other States, 
making a grand total of 75,519. Of this 
number it is estimated that less than 20,- 
000 are now living in Iowa. 

A movement has been inaugurated in 
the State, through the medium of the 
Grand Army of the Republic, to erect a 
suitable monument commemorative of the 
twenty thousand brave men of Iowa, who 
gave their lives for the perpetuity of the 
Union. This monument is to be placed in 
the Capitol grounds, which will soon be 
laid out and beautified in a manner in 
harmony with tuat magnificent structure 
of which the people of Iowa are so justly 
proud. 

Some of the benevolent people of the 
State early conceived the idea of estab- 
lishing a home for such of the children of 
deceased soldiers as might be left in des- 
titute circumstances. This idea first took 
form in 1863, and in the following year a 
home was opened at Farmington, Van 
Buren county, in a building leased for 
that purpose, and which soon became 
filled to its utmost capacity. The institu- 
tion received liberal donations from tbe 
general public, and also from the soldiers 
I in the field. In 1865, it became necessary 



IOWA RESOURCES AND I INDUSTRIES. 



149 



to provide increased accommodations for 
the large number of children who were 
seeking the benefits of its care. This was 
done by establishing a branch at Cedar 
Falls, in Black Hawk county, and by se- 
curing, during the same year, Camp Kins- 
man, near the city of Davenport. This 
property was soon afterward donated to 
the institution, by act of Congress. 

A more extended account of the Or- 
phan's Home will be found in connection 
with the State institutions. 



IOWA NATIONAL GUARDS 



GOVERNOR BUREN R. SHERMAN, COMMAND- 
ER-IN-CHIEF. W. L. ALEXANDER, ADJU- 
TANT GENERAL, 



The military arm of the State govern- 
ment consists of forty-eight companies, 
forming two brigades of three regiments 
each, well drilled and equipped. The 
headquarters of the first brigade is Mus- 
catine; second brigade, headquarters, Du- 
buque. 

First regiment, headquarters Marshall- 
town. The companies of the first regi- 
ment are located as follows: Co. A, 
Boone; Co. B, Tipton; Co. C, Lisbon; Co. 
D, Marshalltown ; Co. E, Carroll ; Co. F, 
Eldora; Co. G, Nevada; Co. H, Tama 
City; Co. I, Jessup. 

Second regiment, headquarters Center- 
ville. Co. A, Fairfield ; Co. B, Davenport ; 
Co. C, Muscatine; Co. D, Washington; 
Co. E, Centerville; Co. F, Columbus Junc- 
tion; Co. G, Ottumwa; Co. H, Burlington. 

Third regiment, headquarters Marengo. 
Co. A, Des Moines; Co. B, Greenfield; Co. 
C, Iowa City; Co. D,' Indianola; Co. E, 
Des Moines; Co. F, Oskaloosa; Co. H, 
Stuart; Co. K, Marengo. 

Fourth Regiment, headquarters, Inde- 
pendence; Co. B, Waterloo; Co. C, Man- 
chester; Co. D, Postville; Co. E, New 
Albin; Co. F, Waverly; Co. G, West 
Union ; Co. H, Independence ; Co. I, Wau- 
kon ; Co. K, Dubuque. 

Fifth regiment, headquarters, Villisca ; 



Co. A, Osceola; Co. B, Villisca; Co. C, 
Glenwood; Co. D, Afton; Co. E, Shenan- 
doah; Co. I, Bedford; Co. K, Red Oak. 

Sixth regiment, headquarters, Osage; 
Co. A, Mason City; Co. B, Osage; Co. 
Webster City ; Co. D, Pattersonville ; Co! 
F, Charles City; Co. H, Hampton; Co. K, 
Nora Springs. 

This is a volunteer service, the term of 
enlistment being five years, and the mem- 
bers receive pay only when actually upon 
duty. The organization, equipment, dis- 
cipline and military regulations of the 
Iowa National Guards conform strictly 
to the regulations for the government of 
the army of the United States, and all 
orders governing troops are binding upon 
the Iowa National Guard. All persons 
serving five years consecutively are en- 
titled to an honorable discharge, exempt- 
ing them from military duty, except in 
war or public danger. 

All able-bodied male citizens of the 
State, between the ages of eighteen and 
forty-five years, who are not exempted 
from military duty according to the laws 
of the United States, shall constitute the 
military force of the State; provided, that 
all persons who have served in the United 
States service, and have been honorably 
discharged therefrom are exempt from 
duty under the military laws of the State; 
but nothing herein contained shall be con- 
strued to prohibit any person from be- 
coming a member of anv military organ- 
ization, or holding any office in the militia 
of this State. 

NUMBER OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO 
MILITARY DUTY, 

AS PER REPORT OF COUNTY AUDITORS, 1884. 
COUNTIES. NUMBER. 

Adair 1 9?2 

Adams 1,466 

Allamakee 2,100 

Appanoose 2,C46 

Audubon 1,308 

Benton 2.826 

Black Hawk 2 918 

Boone 3,153 

Bremer.... 1,493 

Buchanan 2 057 

Buena Vista 1,616 

Butler 2,057 

Calhoun 1,185 

Carroll 2,850 

Cass 2,348 

Cedar 2,332 



150 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Cerro Gordo 1,358 

Cherokee 1,460 

Chickasaw 1,949 

Clarke 1,721 

Clay 873 

Clayton 3,621 

Clinton 3,886 

Crawford 802 

Dallas 2,900 

Davis 2,232 

Decatur 2,330 

Delaware . 2,008 

Des Moines 2 864 

Dickinson 273 

Dubuque 5723 

Emmet ? 194 

Fayette 2 835 

Floyd l'754 

Franklin 1578 

Fremont... 2 660 

Greene ... 2 238 

Grundy 1 9>5 

Guthrie 2'231 

Uamilton.... .. 1'545 

Hancock '494 

Hardin 2 666 

Harrison. 2'389 

Hanry 2 ! 210 

Howard 1 : 3S4 

Humboldt '826 

Ida 150 

Iowa 2178 

Jackson... 2,770 

Ja3per 3,393 

Jefferson 2 48> 

Johnson 2,86G 

Jones 2,294 

Keokuk 3 06; 

Kossuth 1,201 

Lee 3,567 

LiUii 4,516 

Louisa 1,579 

Lucas 2,255 

Lyon 221 

Madison 2,347 

Mahaska 2,668 

Marion 2,891 

Marshall ...... 2,669 

Mills 2,128 

Mitchell l',46a 

Monona 1199 

Monroe 1,783 

Montgomery '. 1*823 

Muscatine . 2995 

O'Brien '636 

Osceola 38^ 

Page. "... .... 2,313 

Palo A lto 726 

Plymouth 1 352 

Pocahontas 507 

P°ik 6,077 

Pottawattamie 4,384 

Poweshiek 2 474 

Ringgold i 2',000 

g ac 1,595 

kcott 6099 

bhelby 2 444 

Sioux .'I..".'"!"". '833 

Story 2,014 

Tama 2,477 

Taylor ...'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'. 2J069 

Union 1662 

Van Buren 2,422 

Wapello 3775 

Warren .'.'."." .. .* *. 2 272 

Washington ".' 2,583 

Wayne 2,164 

We'oeter 1,926 

Winnebago ". '678 

Winneshiek 2,649 

Wo dbury '.. 1.420 

Worth v)42 

Wright 770 

Total 209 2-18 



STATE, COUNTY AND MU- 
NICIPAL GOVERN- 
MENT. 

BILL OF EIGHTS— RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE- 
GENERAL ASSEMBLY — EXECUTIVE DE- 
PARTMENT — -JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT — 
MILITIA — STATE DEBTS — AMENDMENTS — 
COUNTY OFFICERS — TOWNSHIP OFFICERS 

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT — - SCHOOL 

GOVERNMENT — LIMITATION OF ACTIONS 
— RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN — EX- 
EMPTIONS FROM EXECUTIONS. 



Iowa's prosperity is largely due to the 
wise legislation by which she has been 
governed, and it is worthy of note that her 
affairs have been so prudently and eco- 
nomically administered as to reflect great 
credit upon her Legislators and State 
officials. The general prosperity which 
prevails throughout the State indicates 
that wise management has also controlled 
our county and municipal affairs. 

We quote the following extracts on the 
government of our State, and its sub-di- 
vision and certain statutes, from the 

CONSTITUTION OF IOWA: 

We, the people of the State of Iowa, 
grateful to the Supreme Being for the 
blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling 
our dependence on him for a continuation 
of those blessings, do ordain and establish 
a free and independent government, by 
the name of the State of Iowa. 

STATE GOVERNMENT. 

The supreme law of Iowa is its consti- 
tution, in which is set forth the rights of 
the people, and in which the powers and 
duties of the various departments, and 
the officers connected therewith, are pre- 
scribed and defined. 

The government is divided into three 
departments, the legislative, executive and 
judicial, each actiog within its own special 
sphere, but all in harmony. 

The first department enacts the law, 
the second attends to the execution of it, 
and the third is to declare, when called 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



151 



upon so to do, whether such law is in ac- 
cord with, or contravenes, the Constitution- 
Bill of Rights.— The first article of 
the Constitution treats of the " Bill of 
Rights," which, among other things, con- 
tains the following : 

Men, by nature, are free and equal, and 
have certain inalienable rights. 

All political power is inherent in the 
people, and government may be altered 
or reformed by them when deemed neces- 
sary for the public good. 

No law shall be passed respecting an 
establishment of religion, or prohibiting 
the exercise thereof. No religious test 
shall be required as a qualification for of- 
fice. Duelling is prohibited under the pen- 
alty of disqualification from holding office. 
All general laws shall be uniform in oper- 
ation, and no citizen, or class of citizens, 
shall be granted privileges or immunities 
which, upon the same terms, shall not be- 
long to all. No law shall be passed to re- 
strain the liberty of the press or of speech. 
The right of the people to be secure in 
their persons and property, shall not be 
violated, and no warrant shall issue unless 
supported by oath or affirmation. The 
right of trial by jury shall remain invio- 
late. No person, after acquittal, shall be 
tried for the same offense; and all per- 
sons are bailable except for capital offenses. 
The writ of habeas corpus shall not 
be suspended or refused, unless in case 
of rebellion or invasion. The military 
shall be subordinate to the civil power. 
No person shall be convicted of treason 
unless on the evidence of two witnesses to 
the same overt act. Excessive bail shall 
not be reouired, nor excessive fines im- 
posed, nor cruel and unusual punishment 
inflicted. Private property shall not be 
taken for public use without just compen- 
sation first being made. No person shall 
be imprisoned for debt unless in case of 
fraud. The people have the right freely 
to assemble together; to make known 
their opinions to their representatives, and 
to petition for redress of grievances. No 
bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law 
impairing the obligations of contracts 



shall ever be passed. Foreigners who are, 
or may become residents of this State, 
shall enjoy the same rights in respect to 
the possession, enjoyment, and descent of 
property, as native born citizens. There 
shall be neither slavery, nor involuntary 
servitude in this State, unless for the pun 
ishment of crime. 

Rights of Suffrage.— The second arti- 
cle treats of the "Right of Suffrage," and 
prescribes the qualifications necessary to 
become an elector. It provides that elec- 
tors shall, in all cases, except treason, fel- 
ony, or breach of the peace, be privileged 
from arrest on the days of election, dur- 
ing their attendance at such elections, go- 
ing to and returning therefrom, and that 
all elections by the people shall be by 
ballot. 

Legislative.— The third article vests 
the legislative authority in a general as- 
sembly, and prescribes how, and when, 
the members shall be chosen; who are 
eligible to be members, and what consti- 
tutes eligibility; how elections to that 
body are determined, and what shall con- 
stitute a quorum; fixes the authority of 
the houses and the privileges to which 
memOers are entitled ; tells how vacancies 
are to be filled, where bills might origin- 
ate, and how they shall be passed; gives 
the governor power to return bills with- 
out his approval, and sets forth how a bill 
may be passed over his objections; power 
of impeachment vested in the house, and 
triable by the senate; designates who may 
be impeached for misdemeanor or mal- 
feasance in office, and to what extent judg- 
ment in such cases may go; impeach- 
ment does not preclude the parly impeach- 
ed from indictment, trial and punishment 
according to law ; no senator or representa- 
tive shall be appointed to any civil office 
of profit under the State during the term 
for wmich he shall have been elected ; no 
person holding any lucrative office under 
the United States, or this State, shall be 
eligible to hold a seat in the general as- 
sembly ; fixes compensation and mileage 
ot members; provides when laws of a 
general nature shall take effect ; no divorce 



15^ 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



shall be granted by the general assembly, 
nor shall any lottery be authorized by the 
State, or sale of lottery tickets allowed ; 
declares that each act shall contain but 
one subject, and forbids the passage of lo- 
cal or special laws in certain cases; pre. 
scribes the oath to be taken by members, 
and fixes the time for taking the census; 
limits the number of senators and repre- 
sentatives, and directs how they shall be 
apportioned; gives the general assembly 
power to fix the ratio of representation, 
and directs that in all elections by the 
general assembly the members shall vote 
viva-voce, and the votes shall be entered 
on the journal. 

Executive. — The fourth article treats 
of the "executive" department, and de- 
clares in whom the executive power shall 
be vested, who shall be styled the gover- 
nor of the State of Iowa; direcls how the 
governor shall be elected, and also the 
lieutenant governor, and what are the re- 
quirements for eligibility thereto; makes 
the governor commander-in-chief of the 
militia, army and navy of the State; pre- 
scribes his duties, and empowers him to 
fill vacancies in certain offices; he may, 
on extraordinary occasions, convene the 
general assembly by proclamation; when 
the two houses disagree as to the time of 
adjournment, gives the governor power 
to adjourn the general assembly ; declares 
that no person shall, while holding any 
office under the authority of the United 
States, or this State, execute the office of 
governor; fixes the official term of gover 
nor at two years; vests him with pow- 
er to grant reprieves, commut itions and 
pardons after conviction, for all offenses 
except treason, ;:nd in cases of impeach- 
ment : declares on whom the powers aDd 
duties of the office shall devolve in case 
of the death, impeachment, resignation, 
removal from office, or other disability of 
the governor, makes the lieutenant gover- 
nor president of the sena f e, and gives him 
the privilege of voting when the senate is 
equally divided; makes the governor 
keeper of the seal of the State, and directs 
that all grants and commissions shall be 



in the name and by the authority of the 
people of the State of Iowa, sealed with 
the great seal of the State, signed by the 
governor and countersigned by the secre- 
tary of state. Directs also that there shall 
be elected by the qualified electors, a secre- 
tary of state, auditor of state and treas 
urer of state, who shall continue in office 
tevo years. These latter officers, and the 
governor, constitute the executive council, 
whose duties are various, among which 
are equalizing assessments, canvassing 
election returns, visiting the various insti- 
tutions of the State, and having general 
control of the State property. 

Judicial. — The fifth article treats of the 
judicial department, and by this article all 
the judicial power of the State is vested in 
a supreme court, district court, and such 
other courts, inferior to the supreme court, 
as the General Assembly may, from time 
to time, establish. Since the Constitution 
was adopted, in 1857, two additional judges 
have been added to the supreme bench, 
making the number of supreme judges in 
the State five. 

Our present judicial system comprises 
a supreme court, district courts and circuit 
courts. The supreme court has appellate 
jurisdiction only in cases of chancery, 
and is a court for the correction of errors 
at law, and has power to issue writs and 
processes necessary to secure justice to 
parties, and to exercise a supervisory con- 
trol over all inferior judicial tribunals 
throughout the State. 

The district court is presided over by 
but one judge, and has general original 
jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, 
where not otherwise provided, and appel- 
late jurisdiction in all criminal matters. 

The circuit court has general original 
jurisdiction concurrent with the district 
court in all civil actions and special pro- 
ceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all 
appeals and writs of error from inferior 
courts, tribunals or officers. 

All the judges of the courts are elected 
by the people, the supreme judges for the 
term of six years, and the district and cir- 
cuit judges for four years. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



153 



For judicial purposes the State is di- 
vided into fourteen districts and circuits. 
The jurisdiction of both courts is the 
same, except in criminal and probate 
cases, the former belonging exclusively 
to the district court, and the latter to the 
circuit. 

The officers of the supreme court, aside 
from the judges, are clerk, reporter and 
attorney general, all of whom are chosen 
by the electors of the State. The clerk 
records all the judgments and proceedings 
of the court; the reporter collates and 
publishes in book form all the decisions 
of the court, which are known as the 
" Iowa Reports ;" and the attorney general 
represents the State in any court where 
its interests are involved, and is also the 
advisor and counselor of the General As- 
sembly and State officers. Each county 
in the State elects a clerk of the district 
and circuit courts, and sheriff, who act as 
officers in both the district and circuit 
courts. 

In each judicial district a judge and 
district attorney is elected, whose term of 
office is four years, the duty of the latter 
being to prosecute all cases in which the 
defendant is charged with having com- 
mitted an offense against the peace and 
dignity of the State of Iowa. In addition 
to these officers a short-hand reporter may 
be employed by the court when deemed 
necessary. 

The other articles of the Constitution 
refer to the militia of the State, State debts, 
corporations, education and school fund, 
amendments, miscellaneous, and schedule, 
and may be summarized as follows: 

Article 6, Militia. All able-bodied male 
citizens, between the ages of eighteen and 
forty-five, are liable to militia duty. 

Article 7, State Debts. The credit of 
the State shall not be given or loaned to 
any individual or corporation, and no in- 
debtedness exceeding $250,000 shall be 
contracted. 

Article 8, Corporations. No corporation 
shall be created by special law; the Gen- 
eral Assembly must provide general laws. 
The State nor no municipal corporation 



can become stockholders in any banking 
institution. 

Article 9, Education and School Funds 
and Lands. The board of education pro- 
vided for by this article was abolished in 
accordance with section fifteen by the 
General Assembly, and the duties were 
distributed between the offices of State 
Auditor and State Superintendent. 

Article 10, Amendments. All amend- 
ments before being submitted to the peo- 
ple must pass two General Assemblies. 

Article 11, Miscellaneous. Gives jus- 
tices jurisdiction to the amount of $100, 
and by consent of parties to $300. No 
sounty or municipal corporation can con- 
tract a debt to exceed five per cent, of the 
value of taxable property. 

Article 12, Schedule. Provides for car- 
rying into effect the provisions of the 
Constitution regarding elections, etc. 

COUNTY GOVERNMENT. 

For taxation and other purposes the 
State is divided into counties, and to carry 
these objects into fuller effect, the coun- 
ties are in turn subdivided into townships, 
the latter also being cut up into smaller 
subdivisions known as school and. road 
districts. 

The counties of Iowa number ninety- 
nine, the boundaries and names of which 
are fixed by the Legislature, the townships, 
boundaries and names by the connty boards 
of supervisors, and school districts each 
being arranged by the people locally inter- 
ested. 

The county officers are elected for two 
years, and consist of the following : Three 
supervisors (in large counties from five to 
seven), auditor, treasurer, clerk of courts, 
sheriff, recorder, superintendent, coroner 
and surveyor. The supervisors are the 
general business managers of the affairs 
of the county. They levy the State and 
county taxes, examine and allow bills 
against the county, provide for changes in, 
and making of new roads and bridges, 
canvass the vote, and have general charge 
of the property and buildings of the coun- 
ty. The auditor is ex officio clerk of the 
board of supervisors, and performs cer- 



154: 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



tain duties in relation to the school funds 
and lands, makes up the tax lists, has 
charge of the road and land transfer books, 
and is custodian of the official papers of 
the county. The treasurer collects the 
taxes and pays out the money according to 
law. The clerk of the district and cir- 
cuit courts keeps a record of their pro- 
ceedings, and has charge of the seals and 
papers. The sheriff attends each court, 
makes arrests, serves legal processes, has 
charge of the jail and prisoners, and per- 
forms various other duties. The recorder 
makes a full copy of deeds, mortgages^ 
and other similar papers made in the 
county, in books provided for that pur- 
pose. His books show the ownership of 
the lands of the county. The superin- 
tendent has charge of the common schools 
of the county, and issues certificates to 
persons qualified to teach. The coroner 
holds inquests in case a person is supposed 
to have died by unlawful means. He acts 
as sheriff in case of vacancy. The sur 
veyor makes surveys of land whenever 
called upon. The notary public, though 
not a county officer, is commissioned by 
the governor to administer oaths and take 
acknowledgment of legal papers within 
his county. Any proper person can be- 
come a notary. 

TOWNSHIP GOVERNMENT. 

For sundry purposes each county is di- 
vided into townships. Townships are of 
two kinds, civil and congressional; the 
former a part of the system of govern- 
ment, and the latter a part of the system 
of national surveys. The civil township 
usually takes the area of the congressional 
township, consisting of thirty-six square 
miles. The township has the following 
officers: Three trustees, clerk, assessor, 
two justices, (more if needed) and two 
constables (more if needed.) All elected 
for one year, except justices, the latter for 
two. The trustees have general manage- 
ment of internal affairs, act as judges of 
elections and also as overseers of the 
poor, and divide the townships into the 
necessary road districts. The clerk keeps 
a record of the proceedings of the trus- 



tees. The assessor makes a list of all 
property in his township that is liable to 
taxation, affixing a value to each piece, and 
returns the list to the county auditor. The 
justices and constables, though elected by 
the townships, are in part county officers 
also, their acts being legal in any part of 
the county. The justice tries disturbers 
of the peace and holds preliminary trials 
of persons charged with crime, binding 
the accused over to a higher court when 
deemed guilty. He has jurisdiction in 
the collection of debts to the amount of 
$100, and by consent of parties to $300. 
He also performs the marriage ceremony. 
The constable bears the same relation to 
the justice's court that the sheriff does to 
the district and circuit courts. Each towc- 
ship is divided into road districts, with 
an elective supervisor in each, whose duty 
it is to superintend the roads and require 
every man between twenty-one and fifty 
to work two days in each year, or pay the 
wages of a man to do it. 

Municipal Government. — Besides the 
county and township organizations there 
are also incorporated cities and towns, 
having a separate system called a munici- 
pal government. Cities are of two classes, 
graded according to population. Cities of 
the first class must have at lea?t 15,000 
population, while those of the second 
cla^s must have 2,000. A city is governed 
by a mayor and council, the latter con- 
sisting of trustees elected from wards, 
into which the city is divided. The mayor 
is the chief officer, presides at council 
meetings and holds a court for the trial of 
offenses against the city ordinances. The 
council passes laws called ordinances for 
the government of the city, levies taxes, 
etc. The city also has other officers — mar- 
shal, treasurer, and solicitor. Cities of 
the first class have additional officers — 
auditor and police judge, the former at- 
tending to the financial books, while the 
latter relieves the mayor of the duties of 
a magistrate. Incorporated towns may 
comprise any number of people up to 
2,000. They have mayor and council. 

School Government. — The State is 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



155 



divided into school districts, each civil 
township constituting a district. For con- 
venience each district is divided into sub- 
districts. Cities, towns and townships 
may organize as independent districts. 
The money for the support of the schools 
is derived from taxes and from several 
other sources. The school money consists 
of three lands : a teacher's fund, a school- 
house fund and a contingent fund. 

The teacher's fund is derived from the 
following sources : 

1. Proceeds from the sale of the 16th 
section in each Congressional township. 

2. A donation of 500,000 acres of land 
in 1841, also by Congress. 

3. Five per cent of the price received 
for public lands sold by the national gov- 
ernment. 

4. Estates of persons who die without 
will or heirs. 

5. Fines inflicted for violation of the 
penal laws of the State. 

0. Proceeds of sales of lost goods and 
es rays. 

7. Forfeitures in cases of usurious in- 
terest. 

8. Money paid for exemption from 
military duty. 

9. A tax levied by the county super- 
visors of not less than one, nor more than 
two and one-half mills, on the taxable 
property of the county. 

The contingent fund is derived from an 
annual tax levied by the county supervis- 
ors to meet the expenses ot fuel, repairs, 
etc. 

The school -house fund is derived from 
a special tax levied by the county super- 
visors upon the property of the subdistrict 
wherein the house is to be built, at the 
request of the directors of the township 
in which the subdistrict is located. 

Both township and independent districts 
are governed by directors. When town- 
ships are divided the directors are called 
subdirectors, each having general charge 
of affairs in his subdistrict The inde- 
pendent districts are not divided and its 
managing officers are called d. rectors. In 
the large districts the schools are graded 



into primary, intermediate, grammar and 
high school departments. County high 
schools can be established in certain cases 
Teachers' institutes are held during one 
month in each year in each county, when 
lectures are delivered and teachers discuss 
matters pertaining to their profession. 

Every child between the ages of five 
and twenty-one years is entitled to free 
education in the schools of the State, for 
not less than six months in the year. 

LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 

Actions for injury to the person or repu- 
diation, for statute penalties, and to en- 
force mechanics' liens, must be brought 
within two years. Those against a public 
officer, within three years. Those foundo d 
on unwritten contracts, for injuries to 
property, for relief on the ground of fraud, 
and all other actions not provided for, 
within five years. Those founded on 
written contracts, judgments in courts 
other than those in courts of record, 
within ten years. Those founded on 
judgments in courts of record, within 
twenty years. The foregoing limitations 
except those for penalties and forfeitures, 
are extended in favor of minora and insane 
persons until one year after the disability 
is removed. Time, during which defend- 
ant is absent from the State on account of 
change of residence, shall not be included 
in computing any of the limitation per- 
iods. 

Action for the recovery of real property 
sold for the non-payment of taxes, must 
be brought within five years after the 
treasurer's deed is executed and recorded, 
except where a minor, or convict, or in- 
sane person is the owner, and in these 
cases five years is allowed after the disa- 
bility is removed. 

MARRIED WOMEN. 

A married woman may own, in her own 
right, real and personal property acquired 
by descent, gift or purchase, and may 
dispose of the same in the same manner 
that the husband can property belonging 
to him. Where property is owned by 
either the husband or wife, the other has 



156 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



no interest therein which can be the sub- 
ject of contract between them, or which 
will make the same liable for the con- 
tracts or liabilities of the one who is not 
the owner. The husband is not responsi- 
ble for civil injuries committed by the 
wife. Conveyances, transfers, or liens, 
made between husband and wife, are 
valid to the same extent as if made be- 
tween other persons. Either husband or 
wife may be constituted attorney in fact 
for the other. A wife may receive the 
wages of her personal labor and maintain 
an action therefor i»n her own name, and 
hold the same in her own right Neither 
husband nor wife is lkible for the debts 
or liabilities of the other incurred before 
marriage. Neither husband nor wife can 
remove the other, nor their children, from 
their homestead without his or her con- 
sent. 

EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTIONS. 

If the debtor is a resident of this Stale, 
and is the head of a family, he may hold 
exempt from execution ihe following 
property: All wearing apparel of him- 
self and family kept lor actual use and 
suitable to their condition, and the trunks 
or other receptacles necessary to contain 
the same; one musket or rifle and shot- 
gun; all private libraries, family bibles, 
portraits, pictures, musical instruments 
and paintings not kept for the purpose of 
sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor 
or his family in any house of public wor- 
ship; an interest in a public burying 
ground, not exceeding one acre for any 
defendant; two cows and a calf; one 
horse, unless a horse is exempt as herein- 
after provided; fifty sheep and the wool 
therefrom; six stands of bees; five hogs 
and all pigs under six" months; the neces- 
sary food for all animals exempt from ex- 
ecution, for six months ; all flax raised by 
the defendant on not exceeding one acre 
of ground, and the manufactures there- 
from; one bedstead and the necessary 
bedding for every two in the family ; all 
cloth manufactured by the defendant, not 
exceeding one hundred yards in quantity; 
household and kitchen furniture, noi ex- 



ceeding two hundred dollars in value; all 
spinning wheels and looms, one sewing 
machine and other instruments of do- 
mestic labor kept for actual use; the 
necessary provisions and fuel for the u-b 
of the family for six months; the proper 
tools, instruments or books of the deb:or, 
if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergy- 
man, lawyer, physician, teacher or pro- 
fessor; the horse, or the team, consisting 
of not more than two horses or mules, or 
two yoke of cattle, and the wagon or other 
vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, 
by the use of which the debtor, if a physi- 
cian, public officer, farmer, teamster, or 
other laborer, habitually earns his living; 
and to the debtor, if a printer, there shail 
also be exempt a printing press and the 
types, furniture and material necessary 
for the use of such presses and a news- 
paper office connected therewith, not to 
exceed in all the value of $1,200. The earn- 
ings of a debtor for his personal services 
or those of his family, at any time within 
ninety days next preceding the levy, ate 
also exempt from execution and attach- 
ment. There is also exempt to an unmar- 
ried person, not the head of a family, 
ordinary wearing apparel and trunk nec- 
essary to contain the same. Where a 
debtor absconds and leaves his family, 
such property shall be exempt in the 
hands of the wife and children, or either 
of them. 



STATE OFFICERS, COMMIS- 
SIONS, BOARDS, ETC. 

STATE OFFICERS. 

Buren R. Sherman, Governor. 

Welker Given, Private Secretary to 
Governor. 

Orlando H. Manning, Lieut enant-Gov- 
erner; P. O., Council Bluffs. 

Wm. P. Wolf, Speaker of the House of 
Representatives; P. O., Tipton. 

Frank D. Jackson, Secretary of State. 

Daniel W. Smith, Deputy Secretary of 
State. 

John L. Brown, Auditor of State. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



157 



Samuel F. Stewart, Deputy Auditor of 
State. 

Voltaire P. Twombly, Treasurer of 
State. 

John Whitten, Deputy Treasurer of 
State. 

A. J. Baker, Attorney-General ; P. O., 
Centerville. 

Gilbert B. Pray, Clerk of Supreme 
Court. 

Chiistopber T. Jones, Deputy Clerk 
Supreme Court. 

Ezra C. Ebersole, Reporter Supreme 
Court. 

John W. Akers, Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Instruction. 

Geo. H. Nichols, Deputy Superinten- 
dent of Public Instruction. 

Geo. E. Roberts, State Printer. 

Matt. Parrott, State Binder until May, 
1885. 

L. S. Merchant, State Binder after May 
1, 1885. 

Mrs, S. B.Maxwell, State Librarian. 

William L. Alexander, Adjutant-Gen. 
eral, 

Parker C. Wilson, State Mine Inspector. 

E. R. Hutcbins, Commissioner of La- 
bor Statistics. 

B. W. Blanchard, State Inspector of 
Oils; P. 0., Dubuque. 

Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superinten- 
dent of Weights and Measures; P. O., 
Iowa City. 

NOTE.— Where not otherwise stated, the post- 
office address of State Officers is Des Moines 



TWENTIETH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 

OFFICERS OF THE SENATE. 

President, Orlando H. Manning, Council 
Bluns. 

Secretary, Frank D. Jackson, Greene. 

1st Assistant Secretary, E. R. Zidler, 
Winterset. 

2nd Assistant Secretary, E. R. Eutchins, 
Des Moines. 

Enrolling Clerk, Ida Little, Newton. 

Engrossing Clerk, Mira E. Troth Hamp- 
ton 



Sergeant-at-Arms, J. C. Mason, Green- 
field. 

Asst. Sergeaut-at-Arms, Lizzie Christ, 
Des Moines. 

Doorkeeper, Theo. Schreirjer, Mt. Pleas 
ant. 

1st Asst. Doorkeeper, W. T. Lyon, Bucl 
Creek. 

2nd Asst. Doorkeeper, G. W. Beall, Cen- 
terville. 

Janitor, Henry McCravcns, Des Moines. 

MEMBERS OF THE SENATE. 

Lot Abraham, Mt. Pleasant. 
Henry A. Baker, Ossian. 
Orsmond M. Barrett, Sheldon. 
Frank D. Bayless, Elkader. 
John C. Bills, Davenport. 
Moses Bloom, Iowa City. 
Cassius M. Brown, Sigourney. 
Timothy J. Caldwell, Adel. 
John W. Carr, Milton. 
George Carson, Council Bluffs. 
Edward R. Cassatt, Pella. 
John C Chambers, West Branch. 
Charles C. Chubb, Algnna. 
Talton E. Clark, Clarinda. 
Wickliffe A. Coiton, De Witt. 
William G Donnan, Independence. 
Francis A. Duncan, Columbus City. 
Enoch W. Eastman, Eldora. 
Edward J. Gault, Cincinnati. 
John D. Gillett, Ogden. 
John D. Glass, Mason City. 
Julius K. Graves, Dubuque. 
Benton J. Hall, Burlington. 
Herman C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls. 
John W. Henderson, Cedar Rapids. 
James S. Hendrie, Pacific City. 
Cephas B. Hunt, Greenfield. 
Joseph G. Hutchinson, Ottumwa. 
Gilman L. Johnson, Maquoketa. 
John L. Kamrar, Webster City. 
William Larrabee, Clermont. 
Thomas M. C. Logan, Logan. 
Ben McCoy, Oskaloosa. 
John McDonough, Woodburn, 
Chapman A. Marshall, Nashua. 
Lewis Miles, Corydon. 
Pliny Nichols, West Liberty. 
Alfred N. Poyneer, Montour. 
Gifford S. Robinson, Storm Lake. 



158 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



Henry W. Rotbert, Keokuk. 
John W. Russell, Jefferson. 
John Ryder, Vinton. 
Hiram Y. Smith, Des Moines. 
A. P. Stephens, Crescent. 
Egbert C. Sudlow, Sully. 
Preston M. Sutton, Marshalltown. 
J. Henry Sweney, Osage. 
Alvin M. Whaley, Aplington. 
Charles E. Whiting, Whiting. 
Eli Wilkin, Winterset. 

OFFICERS OF THE HOUSE. 

Speaker, William P. Wolf, Tipton. 

Chief Clerk, Sidney A. Foster, North- 
wood. 

First Assistant Clerk, Frank S. Rice, 
Rockwell City. 

Second Assistant Clerk, J. F. Weaver, 
Colfa*. 

Engrossing Clerk, Alice G. Smith, Des 
Moines. 

Enrolling Clerk, Lizzie L. Wilson, Ke 
osauqua. 

Sergeant-at-Arms, J. H. Fisher, Spencer. 

Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms, D. F. John- 
ston, Hampton. 

Doorkeepers, T. A. Cheek, Des Moines ; 
J. C. Stoughton, Battle Creek; A. D. Gas- 
ton, Ames. 

Janitors, W. W. Wilcox, Centerville; 
G. H. Cleggett, Des Moines. 

MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTA- 
TIVES. 

Dreugman O. Aaker, Ridgeway. 
Washington I. Babb, Mt. Pleasant. 
Isaac W, Baldwin, Cascade. 
Peter G. Ballingall, Ottumwa. 
Elijah Banta, Lamoni. 
Rufus S. Benson, Hampton. 
George C. Boggs, Russell. 
Lemuel R. Bolter, Logan. 
Samuel T. Brothers, Malvern. 
Henry C. Brown, Dumont. 
John G. Brown, Marshalltown. 
Charles Bullock, Denison. 
William Butler, Clarinda. 
Martin H. Calkins, Wyoming. 
Daniel Campbell, Blenco. 
Henry Canfield, Ottumwa. 
Cyrus C. Carpenter, Ft. Dodge. 



William H. Chamberlain, lndepend 
ence. 
Benj. F. Clayton, Macedonia. 
Hardin B. Cloud, Columbia. 
Samuel A. Converse, Creeso. 
John Coie, Tingley. 
William B. Culbertson, Burlington. 
Henry C. Curtis, Le Mars. 
Albert R. Dabney, Winterset. 
Edwin W. Davis, Avoca. 
Norman Densmore, Rockwell. 
George Derr, Creston. 
Chas. Doerr, Fort Madison. 
Chas. W. Filraore, Peterson. 
Lewis Forclyce, Liberty ville . 
John M. Gilliland, New Hampton. 
WhaakerM. Grant, Davenport. 
Henry H. Green, Plainfield. 
W. H. Hall, Osceola. 
Dennis Hamblin, Conway. 
Baptist Hardy, Bloomfield. 
Thomas W. Harrison, Emmetsburg. 
Squire W. Haviland, Salix. 
George W. Hayzlett, Waterloo. 
Albert Head, Jefferson. 
Loran R. Henderson, Anderson. 
L. G. Hersey, Earlville. 
James S. Hogeland, Colton. 
Joseph M. Holbrook, Manchester. 
Norman B. Holbrook, Marengo. 
William T. R. Humphrey, Clarion 
John P. Huskins, Washington. 
John V. Johnson, Red Oak. 
Julius M. Jones, Webster City 
Samuel Jordon, Moulton. 
Jesse Kennedy, Ida Grove. 
Daniel Kerr, Grundy Center. 
John Killen, Monona. 
Jacob Kuhn, Anita. 
John L. Linehan, Dubuque. 
Oliver H. P. Linn, Letts. 
Philip Livingston, Moingona. 
Edward W. Lucas, Iowa City. 
Wm. Lynch, Kingston. 
James A. Lyons, Guthrie Center. 
Thomas C. McCall, Nevada. 
Timothy F. McCarty, Keota. 
William H. McCulloch, Newburg. 
D. J. McDaid, Sac City. 
Josiah D. McVay, Lake City. 
John Mandercheid, Cottonville. 
Charles Mentzel, Elkader. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



159 



Nathaniel A. Merrell, De Witt. 
James H. Millen, Indianola. 
Michael Miller, Carroll. 
Henry C Miller, Ft. Madison. 
Welcome Mowry, Waltham. 
Theo. Nachtwey, Lansing. 
Jonathan J. Nugent, Nugent. 
Jacob A. Overholtzer, Yiola Center. 
David J. Pattee, Perry. 
Mathew Picken,Eddyville. 
Cyrus S. Ranck, Iowa City. 
Edward Rice, Brush Creek. 
James J. Russell, Muscatine. 
George W. Schee, Primghar. 
William O . Schmidt, Davenport. 
Geo. C Scrimgeour, Belle Plaine. 
Lorenzo D. Sherman, Iretm. 
Robert Smyth, Mount Vernon. 
Joel Stewart, Grinnell. 
John A. Story, Fontanelle. 
James M, Tuttle, Des Moines. 
Larkin Upton, Clinton. 
Clarence C. Yanderpoel, West Mitchell. 
Byron C. Ward, Prairie City. 
Charles L. Watrous, Des Moines. 
George F. Wattson, North wood. 
Silas M. Weaver, Iowa Falls. 
William R. Wherry, Keosauqua. 
Benjamin Widner, Corning. 
Ethelbert W. Wilber, Rockford 
Samuel Wright, Clio. 
Christian J. Wyland, Harlan. 



STATE INSTITUTIONS, OF- 
FICERS AND COM- 
MISSIONS. 



STATE UNIVERSITY. 



IOWA CITY, JOHNSON COUNTY. 

J. L. Pickard, President. 
Board of Regents — Governor Buren R. 
Sherman, ex-omcio President. 
William O. Crosby, Centerville. 
Horace Everett, Council Bluffs. 
J. N. W. Rumple, Marengo. 
Thomas S. Wright, Des Moines. 
H. H. Burrell, Washington. 
D. N. Richardson, Davenport. 
H. C. Huntsman, Oskaloosa. 



J. F. Duncombe, Fort Dodge. 
John S. Dunning, Jefferson. 
H. C. Bulis, Decorah. 
M. M. Ham, Dubuque. 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

AMES, STORY COUNTY. 

Leigh Hunt, President. 
Trustees — Henry G. Gratton, Waukon. 

C. S. Stryker, Creston. 
S. R. Willard, Denmark. 
W. T. Rigby, St an wood. 
H. D. Peck, Sac City. 

D. W. Mott, Hampton. 

J. S. Clarkson, Des Moines. 
Joseph Dysart, Dysart. 
John Morrison, Sigourney. 
R. P. Spear, Cedar Falls. 
Piact Wicks, Harlan. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 



CEDAR FALLS, BLACKHAWK COUNTY. 



J. C. Gilchrist, Principal. 
Trustees.— Carlton C. Cory, Pella. 
Edward H. Thayer, Ciinton. 
W. M. Fields, Cedar Falls. 
D. J.McDaid, Sac City. 
J. W. Satterthwaite, Mt. Pleasant 
J. C. Milliirian, Losan. 



INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND 
DUMB. 



COUNCIL BLUFFS, POTTAWATTAMIE CO. 

A. Rogers, Superintendent. 
Trustees. — B. F. Clayton, Macedonia. 
Louis Weinst-in, Burlington. 
Thos. H. Elder, Albia. 



COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. 

VINTON, BENTON COUNTY. 

J. J. McCune, Principal. 
Trustees. — J. S. Barclay, Sibley. 
Milton H. Westbrook, Lyons. 
Jacob Springer, Watkins. 
C. O. Harrington, Vinton. 
Sanil. H. Watson, Vinton. 
G. M. Miller, Hazelton. 



160 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



SOLDIERS ORPHANS HOME. 

DAVENPORT, SCOTT COUNTY. 



S. W. Pierce, Superintendent. 
Trustees.— Clinton Orcutt, Durant. 
Seth P. Bryant, Davenport. 
Hugh McConnell, Morning Sun. 

HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 



MT. PLEASANT, HENRY COUNTY. 



H A. Gilman, Snperintendent. 
Trustees.— T. Whiting, Mt. Pleasant. 
P. W. Lewellen, Clarinda. 
G. R. Henry, Burlington, 
D. A. Hunt, Oskaloosa. 
John H. Kulp. Davenport. 

HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 

INDEPENDENCE , BUCHANAN COUNTY 

G. H. Hill, Superintendent. 
Trustees. — Albert Reynolds, Clinton. 
Lewis K. Smith., Algona. 
J. L. Whitlev, Osage. 
Frederick 6. Thomas, Carson. 
Jed Lake, Independence. 



ASYLUM 



FOR FEEBLE-MINDED 
CHILDREN. 



GLEN WOOD, MILLS COUNTY. 



T. M. Powell, Superintendent. 
Trustees.— W. H. Hall, Osceola. 
E. R. S. Woodrow, Glenwood. 
A. H. Lawrence, Le Mars. 



PENITENTIARIES. 



FORT MADISON, LEE COUNTY, AND ANA- 
MOSA, JONES COUNTY. 



L. W. Crosley, Warden, Fort Madison. 
A. E, Martin, Warden, Anamosa. 



STATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. 



ELDORA, HARDIN COUNTY, AND MITCHELL- 
VILLE, POLK COUNTY. 



B. J. Miles, Superintendent, Eldora. 
Mrs. A. 0. Lewellin<r, Assistant Super- 
intendent, Mitchellville. 
Trustees— W. J. Moir, Eldora. 



John A. Parvin, Muscatine. 

W.A. Stow, Hamburg. 

Thomas Mitchell, Mitchellville. 

Louise Hall, Burlington. 

Thomas E. Corkhill, Mount Pleasant. 



STATE COMMISSIONS. 



CAPITOL COMMISSIONERS. 

Governor Buren R. Sherman, ex-officio 
President. 

Johu G. Foote, Burlington. 

Robert S. Finkbine, Des Moines. 

Peter A. Dey, Iowa City. 

Cyrus Foreman, Osage. 

Robert S. Finkbine, Superintendent. 

Ed Wright, Secretary and Assistant Su 
perintendent. 



RAILROAD COMMISSIONERS. 

Peter A. Dey, Iowa City. 
L. S. Coffin, Fort Dodge, 
J. W. McDill, Afton. 
E. G. Morgan, Secretary. 

STATE MINE INSPECTOR 
Parker C. Wilson, Des Moines. 



COMMISSIONERS OF PHARMACY. 

George H. Shaffer, Fort Madison. 
C. A. Weaver, Des Moines. 
R. W. Crawford, Fort Dodge. 

BUREAU OF LABOR" STATISTICS. 

E. R. Hutchins, Commissioner, Des 
Moines. 

COMMISSIONERS OF NEW INSANE 
HOSPITAL. 



CLARINDA, PAGE COUNTY. 



J. D. M. Hamilton, Ft. Madison. 
E. J. Hartshorn, Emmetsburg. 
Geo. B. Yan Saun, Cedar Falls. 



FISH COMMISSIONERS. 



Anson W. Aldrich, Anamosa. 
A. A. Mosher, Assistant Commissioner, 
Spirit Lake. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND I SDUSTRIES. 



161 



EDUCATIONAL BOARD OF EXAM- 
INERS. 

J. W. Akers, ex officio President. 
Jno. M. Rowley, Keosanqua. 
Ella A. Hamilton, Des Moines. 
J. C. Gil.hrist, ex officio, Cedar Falls. 
J. L. Pickard, ex officio, Iowa City. 

STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 

W. S. Robertson, President, Muscatine. 
W. H. Dickinson, Des Moines. 
S. B. 01ney,Ft. Dodge. 
Justin M. Hull, Lake Mills. 
P. W. Lewellen, Clarinda. 
Henry H. Clark, McGregor. 
Ephraim M. Reynolds, Centeiville. 
J. L. Loring, Dallas Center. 
A.J. Baker, Centerville. 
L. F. Andrews, acting Secretar}', Des 
Moines. 



BOARD OF DENTAL EXAMINERS. 



Wm. P. Dickinson, Dubuque. 
E. E. Hughs, Des Moines. 
James Hardman, Muscatine. 
J. F. Sanborn, Tabor. 
J. T. Abboit, Manchester. 

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 



M. Stalker, Ames. 

J. C. Milnes, assistant, Cedar Rapids. 



STATE OIL INSPECTOR. 
B. W. Blanchard, Dubuque. 
STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

IOWA CITY, JOHNSON COUNTY. 

Trustees. — D. N. Richardson, Daven- 
port. 
W. O. Crosby, Centerville. 
Henry C. Bulis, Decorah. 
Wm. Tomen, Independence. 
J. N. W. Rumple, Marengo. 
John F. Duncombe, Ft. Dodge. 
H. A. Burrell, Washington. 

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Officers. — President, Willian T. Smith, 
Oskaloosa. 



Vice President, H. C. Wheeler, Odebolt, 
Secretary, John R. Shaffer, Fairfield, 
Treasurer, Geo. H. Maish, Des Moines. 
Directors. --George C. Duffield, Keo- 
sauqua. 
J. D. Brown, Leon. 
H. B. Griffin, Maquoketa. 
R. C. Webb, Des Moines. 
L. F. Neweil, Agency City. 
J. J. Snouffer, Cedar Rapids. 
Fitch B. Stacy, Stacyville. 
L. C. Baldwin, Council Bluffs. 
Frank N. Chase, Cedar Falls. 
L. S. Coffin, Fort Dodge. 

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Officers.— President, Silas Wilson, At- 
lantic. 

Vice-President, A. J. Haviland, Fort 
Dodge. 

Secretary, J. L. Budd, Ames. 

Treasurer, H. Strohm, Iowa City. 

Directors. — First District, G. B. Brack- 
ett, Denmark. 

Second District, F. W. Taylor, Creston. 

Third District, H. A. Terry, Crescent 
City. 

Fourth District, Suel Foster, Muscatine. 

Fifth District, H. W. Lathrop, Iowa 
City. 

Sixth District, John Wragg, Waukee. 

Seventh District, L. J. Van Sands, Ode- 
bolt. 

Eighth District, R. P. Speer, Cedar 
Falls. 

JSinth District, W. C. Haviland, Fort 
Dodge. 

Tenth District, A. H. Lawrence, La 
Mars. 

Eleventh District, Elmer M. Reeves, 
Waverly. 

Twelfth District, Daniel C. Tipp, Em- 
metsburg. 



IOWA IMPROVED STOCK BREED. 
ER'S ASSOCIATION. 



Officers.— President, D. M. Moninger. 

Vice-Presidents, Henry Wallace, W. R. 
Bowman, A. Hinkle, C. S, Barclay, Jus- 
tus Clark, W. F. Wiley. 

Secretary and Treasurer, Fitch B. Stacy, 
Stacyville. 



162 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 




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1(54 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



INDUCEMENTS TO 
GRANTS. 



IMMI- 



CLIMATE — SOIL — WATER — CHARACTER OF 
THE POPULATION — SOCIAL AND MORAL 
INFLUENCES — RELATIVE PRICE OF PROP- 
ERTY AND LABOR — PROPERTY RIGHTS — 
PRICES OF LAND — CONGRESSIONAL 
GRANTS — VALUE OF REAL ESTATE — TAX- 
ATION — HON. C. F. CLARKSON'S VIEWS OF 
"THE FUTURE 10 WA" — PAPER BY HON. 
J. R. SHAFFER. 



Iowa offers great inducements to the 
home seeker, by her healthful climate, her 
rich soil, capab'e of yielding abundantly 
all kinds of cereals, her mineral wealth, 
natural advantages, and her excellent 
transportation facilities, all insuring a rea- 
sonable degree of success in agriculture, 
manufacturing and the various commer- 
cial and industrial pursuits. The stranger, 
without seeing this land of general excel- 
lence, can form no adequate idea of the 
greatness and grandeur of this rapidly de- 
veloping and progressive commonwealth. 

The agriculturist, the manufacturer, 
mechanic, merchant, tradesman, capitalist 
and the laborer, can all find ample oppor- 
tunities in Iowa, with her rich and varied 
resources, for the prosecution of their re- 
spective branches of industry. Hereto- 
fore, New England and the Middle States 
have contributed most of our population, 
although we have received considerable 
numbers from the various German States, 
Scandinavia, Holland and the British 
Isles. Irish immigration has scattered 
over the State, making about two per 
cent of the population; Germans form 
about one per cent in the newer counties 
and about ten per cent in the Mississippi 
river counties ; the Canadians, English and 
Welsh form about one-twentieth, and 
large bodies of Swedes and Norwegians 
have settled in colonies, making about one- 
twentieth of the population. The tenth 
Federal census gave the population of 
Iowa at 1 ,624,620, of which 1,362,965 were 
of American birth, and 261,655 were for- 
eign. The man of limited means, as well 



as the capitalist, finds here an opening, 
for there is always a demand for the great 
staples of our State, and thy diversified 
products of our farms and factories find a 
ready market at remunerative prices, 
while the social, moral and intellectual 
advantages are of such a character as to* 
attract the better classes to Iowa, and to 
such she will always extend a welcome^ 
whether they be of native or foreign 
birth. 

Believing that we have given sufficient 
information of our beautiful State to in- 
duce such persons as are desirous of mak- 
ing a new home or investing capital in the 
West, to come and examine for themselves 
the advantages presented by Iowa, we de- 
sire to call attention to the transpjrtatton 
facilities for reaching all portions of the 
State. The immigrant train from the 
East via Chicago has a choice of five 
direct lines by which he may reach Iowa, 
viz., the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Chi- 
cago & Northwestern, Chicago, Milwau- 
wee & St. Paul, pud the Illinois Central. 
If coming via St. Louis he can make choice 
of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific, the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, St. Loui-\ 
K' okuk & Northwe-tern, in connection 
with the Chicag \ R >ck lslind & Pacific,, 
or of the Missouri Pacific, in connection 
wiih the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Coun- 
cil Bluffs. Arrived wi;hin the borders of 
the State he can readily visit any portion 
which he pleases by means of branches 
from these great trunk lines, and by other 
roads north and south, east and west, as 
there is not a county in the entire State 
without one or more railroads. 

Here he finds the advantages in moral, 
educational and social influences equal to 
those in many of the Eastern States, with 
substantial and imposing public buildings, 
elegant church edifices, and handsome 
and commodious college and school build- 
ing5. These are not confined exclusively 
to the cities, but handsome churches and 
school-houses dot the landscape through- 
out the State. Hence the newcomer is 
relieved of the taxation usually exacted 
for these improvements in a new State, as- 



IOWA RESOURCES AND I * PUSTRIES. 



165 



he finds them here awaiting him. You 
are invited to make your homes with a 
people whose intelligence, education, mor- 
ality and energy have given them an emi- 
nent position in the nation, where Chris- 
tian influences and teachings will be 
thrown around you, where the home is 
sanctified and the Sabbath is held sacred, 
and where every one is free to worship 
God according to the dictates of his own 
conscience. These, with many other priv- 
ileges and advantages Iowa offers you, on 
condition that you become loyal, true and 
law-abiding American citizens. 

At the relative price of property and 
labor, a sober, industrious man can, in a 
short time, acquire a home ; and there is, 
perhaps, no country on earth where there 
is such an equality of condition as regards 
property, and "where so many enjoy a com- 
petence. The law exempts from execu- 
tion a homestead, with the necessaries of 
life, to every head of a family. As educa- 
tion is free, so also are the avenues of 
success open in every pursuit ana calling, 
and the highest incentive exists to exer- 
tion and industry. 

The farmer or mechanic, industrious and 
skilled in his profession, though coming 
among us with small capital may in a few 
years, become the owner of the farm ol- 
factory to which he first devotes his ener- 
gies, and which, by diligence, will lead 
him to wealth, no matter in what part of 
the State he chooses to make his home. 

In 1846. when Iowa was admitted to the 
Un ; on it was ordained in her fundamental 
law that "Foreigners who are, or may 
hereafter become residents of this State, 
shall enjoy the same rights in respect of 
the possession, enjoyment and descent 
of property, as native born citizens." In 
1863 the law was amended and re-enacted, 
so that it provides that "Aliens, whether 
they reside in the United States or any 
foreign country, may acquire, hold and 
enjoy property, and may convey, devise, 
mortgage, or otherwise encumber the 
same in like manner, and with the same ef- 
fect as citizens of the United Stites." It 
will be seen that by this liberal policy a 



foreigner may come to Iowa, acquire prop- 
erly and hold or dispose of it at his pleas- 
ure, and if he shall choose to return to 
his native land, he may still hold and con- 
trol the property he has acquired here. 
Again, it a foreigner desires to remain in 
his own land, and yet establish his chil- 
dren or others in homes in Iowa, he may 
do so, and at the same time hold the title 
to said property if he so elect, or he may 
purchase property here for any other pur- 
pose, and such property remains under 
his control and at his death passes to his 
heirs, the same as though it was under 
his own surveillance and in his own 
country. 

Iowa is pre-eminently an agricultural 
State. Of her 35,228,800 acres, 24,752,700 
acres are in farms, 4,886,159 acres of this 
being held for hay and pasturage ; 2,312,- 
659 acres are in native timber, leaving 
about 8,163,000 acres still unimproved. 
Though it is true, that no desirable gov- 
ernment lands can now T be purchased in 
Iowa, the days of "Government Land 
Sales" having passed, yet the man with 
limited means can purchase land and se- 
cure himself a home on as advantageous 
conditions as heretofore. Iowa is no lon- 
ger a frontier State, but for such as desire to 
avail themselves of the benefits afforded 
by well established laws, first class educa- 
tional facilities, refined and cultured soci- 
ety, and rapidly developing country, 
"Iowa still wears the laurels of the Great 
West." There are lands located in almost 
every county in the state, which can be 
bought upon very reasonable terms. 
These lands unimproved will cost from 
$10 to $25 per acre according to location, 
and are cheaper than government lands in 
frontier states; from the fact that the ex- 
pense of securing railroad facilities, of 
erecting school houses, churches, county 
and public buildings, the cost of building 
bridges, improving public highways and 
the various outlays neccessary in a new 
country, have been already met by the en- 
terprising citizens that have heretofore 
come and taken possession of this goodly 
land. Good markets with all the elements 



166 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



of good society having been already se- 
cured, the new comer will enjoy a greater 
per cent of benefits during any given time 
hereafter. 

To the tiller of the soil in the East, we 
say why waste your energies in a hopeless 
effort to draw from the impoverished land, 
more than it is able to bestow? Come 
where plenty will reward your labor, and 
where you will not only be enabled to pro- 
vide amply for the present, but lay aside 
that which will insure you comforts in the 
future. 

Congress has at various times, made lib- 
eral grants of land to the State of Iowa, 
of which the following is a statement as ap 
pears in the certified lists and patents in 
the land department of the office of the 
Secretary of State 



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These lands were all granted for some 
specific purpose. The 16th section grant 
and the 500,000 acre grant, were for the 
benefit of the common schools, of which 
about 182,000 acres are yet unpatented. The 
grant of university and saline lands was 
for the benefit of the State University, 
and is under the control of the Board of 
Regents of that institution. Of the 
university lands, 2,860.79 acres, and of the 
saline lands 3,767.75 acres are yet unpat- 
ented. The entire amount of land re- 
ceived by the State for the benefit of the 
Iowa Agricultural College was 224 010.36 
acres, of which there yet remains unpat 
ented 173,186.82. The grants known as 
the Des Moines River Lands were for the 
improvement of navigation in the Des 
Moines River. This scheme proved a 
failure, as the water was not of sufficient 
depth for successful navigation, but the 
lands were retained by the parties receiv- 
ing them as compensation for said im- 
provements, but have since been disposed 
of to speculators and actual settlers, and 
there is very little left for sale. The 
swamp lands were granted to the State for 
the purpose of reclaiming them by meats 
of levees and drains. In regard to these 
lands, the last biennial report of the Sec- 
retary of State, of July 1, 1883, from 
which this information is derived, says : 
" The object had in view in the passage of 
the act granting these lands was an excel- 
lent one, and had the end been attained 
which was anticipated, doubtless the State 
would have been greaily benefitted there- 
by. But the General Assembly after hav- 
ing granted these lands, by act of Janu- 
ary 12, 1853, to the several counties in 
which the same were situated, to be used 
for the purposes expressed in the act of 
( 'ongress, saw fit, by act of March 22, 1858, 
to permit the counties 'to devote the same 
or the proceeds thereof, either in whole or 
in part, to the erection of public buildings 
for the purpose of education, the buiiding 
of bridges, roads and highways, for build- 
ing institutions of learning, or for making 
railroads through the county or counties 
to whom such lands belong.' " 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



167 



Various railroad companies in the State 
received large grants of land to aid in the 
construciion of their roads, aggregating 
upwards of 3,500,000 acres of land, most 
of these grants being made as early as 
1856. From the report of the Iowa Rail- 
road Commission for the year ending 
June 30, 1883, we learn that 136,672 acres 
of these lands were still unsold at that 
date. They are located in various coun- 
ties in the State through which these 
railroads extend, and are offered for sale 
to actual rettlers at reasonable rates and 
on good terms, and while they can- 
not be purchased at as low prices as in 
former years, the terms of payment, with 
all the advantages afforded by the present 
railroad facilities, social and educational 
advantages, and the improved condition 
of the State, more than compensates for 
the additional cost of the land. 

Large tracts of land in various counties 
in the State are held by speculators, and 
until recently have not been offered for 
sale, but many of these tracts have been 
placed in the hands of real estate men for 
sale, and compare very favorably, in re- 
gard to location and fertility, with the im- 
proved lands in the State. 

The value of Iowa real estate in 1880, 
as shown by the Tenth Federal Census, 
was $100,000,000, and from the report , 
then made, the property was assessed at 
only one-third of its true value. The law 
at present limits the levy for State tax to 
23^ mills, and this limit has heretofore 
proved ample for all State purposes. This 
is an exhibit equal to any State in the 
Union, and much better than many. The 
same judicious management which has 
characterized the State government, has 
been exercised also in our county and mu- 
nicipal affairs. It is provided in our State 
constitution that "no county or municipal 
corporation shall be allowed to become 
indebted in any manner or for any pur- 
pose, to an amount in the aggregate ex- 
ceeding five per cent of the taxable prop- 
erty within the limits of such county or 
corporation." The municipalities have, 
with few exceptions, shown no disposi- 



tion to rush recklessly into debt and the 
same is true also of the counties, many of 
them having =o indebtedness. The State 
is entirely out of debt. 

To the merchant, manufacturer, capital- 
ist, or mechanic, as well as the farmer, 
Iowa offers the best of inducements, and 
while our agricultural advantages are al- 
most unsurpassed, and offer the farmer a 
rich reward for his labor, it is quite evi- 
dent that our facilities for manufacturing 
are unexcelled, and that capital judicious- 
ly invested in manufacturing will yield 
as large a per cent of profit as in almost 
any other State. Our fertile lands, inex- 
haustible coal fields, our excellent water 
power and transportation facilities, the 
certainty of a ready market and remuner- 
ative prices for our products, are consider- 
ations wnich should encourag3 the es- 
tablishment of various productive indus- 
tries in our State. There are a number 
of cities in Iowa which offer special in- 
ducements to manufacturers, and the de- 
mand for a large class of manufactured 
articles, with the great increase in the 
number of our manufacturing establish- 
ments and the success which they have 
attained, point with certainty to a time, 
when Iowa will be classed with the manu- 
facturing States of the Union. 

There are many skilled mechanics in 
the East who have accumulated some sur- 
plus capital, and who, by union of effort, 
might establish productive industries in 
Iowa which would, with judicious man- 
agement, return large dividends on the 
capital invested. 

Iowa, however, with her millions of 
acres of unoccupied lands, has no room 
for the shiftless and indolent, and she has 
no inducements to offer to those not in- 
clined to industry, but to farmers, mer- 
chants, mechanics, manufacturers and 
laborers, as well as to all who come with 
brave, honest hearts, noble purposes and 
willing hands, she extends an invitation 
to come and see for yourselves this garden 
spot of the world so appropriately named 
Iowa. 



163 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 



INDUCEMENTS FOR IMMIGRA- 
TION TO IOWA. 

BY JOBTN R. SHAFFEE. 

Iowa has steadily grown the past quar- 
ter of a century in every direction, mater, 
ial and moral. Manufactories have in- 
creased. Iron, steel, glucose, glass. 

agricultural implements and a hundred 
other industries have brought producers 
and consumers face to f_.ce. Iowa is 
working out for itself the solution of a 
multitude of questions that in their several 
relations affect the man who raised the 
corn and the man who found a market | 
for it. 

Iowa feeds its own people luxuriously: 
it spreads a table groaning with the best 
products of the farm to its own inhabi- 
tants, and when they are all fed. it sends 
its surplus to the markets of the worid. 
Industry, application and inte ligent en- 
deavor are sure to win a gratifying reward. 
Its soil is fitted for the proclucti n of 
grasses and cereals that will feed thirty 
millions of people. Its coal will warm 
and make comfortable all those who may 
seek its borders. It will furnish fuel for 
railroad locomotives and an unnumbered 
series of machinery that will convert the 
raw material of the field inte the goods 
and merchandise that find their way into 
all lands. Its people are wise and thought- 
ful. 

Iowa has the best breeds of cattle, and 
hogs and sheep and horses. Iowa 
stretches forth her hand for something 
b.-tter than that which is now esteemed I 
best. Iowa s'ands first in rank as t> 
healthfulnes . I' promises to produce a 
race of men Mid women that shall have 
no superi r f »r physical perfection on the 
face of the earth. It is showing that the 
past is scarcely an index of what the 
future shah lie in what is mo-t excellent 
and desirab.e. It di es not owe anyihing 
which it cannot pay on demand. The 
municipality, the eoun'y, the State have 
been exceptionally clear of the incubus of 
debt. There is no land under the sun 



that has a better soil, a better people and 
a better prospect. 

There are 23,000 teachers in our schools ; 
there are 600,000 children enrolled ; there 
are 13.000 school-houses: there are in 
these, libraries with 30,000 volumes; and 
the ratio of increase in this direction keeps 
pace with the march of the growth of the 
State. 

Think of these 13,000 school-houses and 
23.000 teachers. That statement alone is 
the best warrant that Iowa is a good coun- 
try in which to live. Nearly every city 
and town of prominence has is literary 
and academy of science and its lyceum 
for the cultivation of that which is best in 
human character. Consider the newspa- 
per press, and its mighty influence for 
gooh Iowa circulated during ten years 
nearly 12,000.000 daily papers and nearly 
5,000,000 weeklies. These are supported 
by Iowa p.ople, because they are an intel- 
ligent and thoughtful people. 

The school-house, lyceum and library 
are supplemented by the church. One 
special denomination builds a church for 
every week in the year. These moral 
advantages are hardly behind the material 
progress which can now be seen on every 
nand. Iowa has a mighty reason to be 
thankful for her heritage. Her people 
have a reason no less mighty for thank- 
fulness, that their lives have fallen in 
pleasant places. Come, from all lands, 
and find in soil, climate and product, in 
all the condition of the highest in human 
life, that which will not fail in realizing 
the grandest hepes. Come, if you would 
tind health, and the blessings of church 
and school. Com 3 , with a will to work, 
and a determination to earn the proud 
title of a citizen of the best State in the 
Union. Come, being assured that indus- 
try and careful effort will bless you and 
your posterity. Cune. thankful for the 
magnificent stream of life in which we 
are living, and add to its excellence by 
the cultivation of the noblest and purest 
in life. Come, and no one will fail lo find 
more than has ever been promised. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND I sDUSTRIE: 



169 



THE FUTURE IOWA. 

BY C. F. CLAUKSOX. AGRICULTURAL EDITOR 

Of STATE REGISTER. 



11 The best place on earth we know of 
now to put surplus money, is in Iowa land. 
The arable domain of the United States 
is nearly all taken up. Soon there will 

be no more West to go to — to take up 
homesteads or find cheap farming lands. 
So it will not be long until the reaction 
sweeps in, and in the rebound, Iowa, with 
its unequaled soil, and its millions of idle 
acres, will catch the best buyers. This 
will come in five years. Indeed, it is ap- 
pearing now. Iowa need not worry over 
foreign emigration, or about not getting 
enough of it. Just ahead, not very many 
years off at the longest, it is destined to be 
flooded with the people of its own nation, 
who want to buy farms in a rich soil . 

"When all the arable part of the public 
domain shall have been taken up, and the 
wave of settlement shall begin to return 
to find unoccupied lands in settled states. 
Iowa will have no competition then, for 
there is no s^ate that has the land of deep 
soil and sure crops and good health., and 
ready access to market it has. It can have 
no rival because there is no State that pre- 
sents to agriculturalist the many superior 
virtues it can. At the furthest this tim; 
is not ten years away. Indeed, it is 
practically here now, for, while a year ago 
Iowa had millions of acres of idle land for 
which there was no purchasers, it does not 
contain an acre now that will no: find a 
ready buyer at cash. With the increased 
demand prices have gone up. But even the 
lands in Iowa which are for sale are the 
•cheaoest things and greatest bargains in 
the United States just now to buy. Un- 
improved iand sells now at $4 and $5 per 
acre, and cultivated farms that sell from 
$10 to $15 per acre, are not selling at half 
their retail value. After the public do- 
main shall have been exhausted of all its 
farminz lands, the land of Iowa will very 
quickly go up to an average value of $100 
per acre. Even now. what is $100 for an 



acre of Iowa land, wilh the hundred i irn 
crops that lie in it only waiting to be taken. 
year by year v Apply the closer and in- 
telligent cultivation of Holland or Ger- 
many or of France to an acre of Iowa 
land, and what would it not produce 9 

"Jay Gould, the longest headed Amer- 
ican who ever lived, s lid to the writer of 
this once, in speaking of Iowa, its extra- 
ordinary soil, and no waste land, and its 

inevitable imperial future, that •'the man 
who owns 160 acres of Iowa land, has a 
fortune for his children if not for him- 
self." There is no possible doubt of this- 
There is nothing more certain. So it is 
wisdom to invest surplus money in Iowa 
land. Any man who puts mor.ey into it 
for inves'ment will be profited by it. The 
young man who will get hold of SO or 160 
acres of it, even if he buys it on time and 
then works to pay for it as he soon can do, 
is assured of certain good living all his 
life and very possible fortune. 

'•We are coming to the second Iowa. 
The present state and people are rich, and 
have their riches created as if by magic. 
The average farm entered as a homestead, 
or bought at $1.25 an acre, is now worth 
$40 an acre, and has in the meantime made 
a good living for i.s owner, and perhaps a 
second family likewise. Here is an ap- 
preciation of many millions of dollar- — 
hundreds of millions of dollars, indeed. 
This is a rich harvest of great fortune that 
the first Iowa has gained But the second 
I :wa will reap even more richly. For the 
oast advance from $2 t:> $-10 an acre in 
he part of the State now improved will 
go on from $40 lo $100 in twelve or fif- 
teen years, while in the new part it will 
go from the $4 or $5 as now selling to $75 
and $100 in the same lime. 

'•Why dream of gold mines, railroad 
stocks and speculation in Iowa, wnen 
there lies right at everyone's hands a 

chance just as golden and a hundred 

times more certain." 



170 



IOWA RESOURCES AXD INDUSTRIES. 



IOWA NEWSPAPER DIREC- 
TORY. 



A COMPLETE LIST OP THE XEWSPAPERS 
AXD PERIODICALS OF THE STATE, GIVING 
COUNTY, TOWN, XAME OF PAPER, AXD 
WHEX PUBLISHED . 

ADAIR COUXTY. 

Adair — News, weekly. 
Fontanelle— Observer, weekly. 
Greenfield — Adair Co. Reporter, week- 
ly; Review, weekly ; Transcript, weekly. 

ADAMS COUXTY. 

Corning — Adams Co. Free Press, week- 
ly; Adams Co. G- lzette, weekly ; Adams 
Co. Union, Weekly. 

ALLAMAKEE COUXTY . 

Lansing — Allamakee Journal, weekly; 

Mirror, weekly. 

Postville— District Post, weekly; Re- 
view, weekly. 

Waukon — Democrat, weekly; Standard, 
weekly. 

APPAXOOSE COUXTY. 

Centerviile — Citizen, weekly ; Industrial 
Iowegian, weekly; Journal. weekly. 

AUDUBOX COUXTY. 

Audubon — Advocate, weekly; Audub">u 
Co. Sentinel, weekly; Times, weekly. 
Exira — AuduboaCo. Defender, weekly; 

lie, weekly. 

BEXTOX COUNTY. 

Belle Plaine — Independent, weekly: 
Union, weekly. 

B'airs'own — Iowa Loyalist, weekly. 

Mount Auburn— Star, weekly. 

Van Home — Comet, weekly. 

Yin'on — Eagle, semi-weekly; Ben'on 
Co. Deutsche Zeitung, weekly; Benton 
Co. Herald, weekly. 

BLACK HAWK COUXTY. 

Cedar Falls — Gazette, weekly ; Journal. 
weekly. 

La porte City — Progress, weekly; Re- 
view, weekly. 

Waterloo — Tribune, semi-weeklv ; Cour- 
ier, weekly: Deutch-Amcrikaner, weekly; 
Iowa State Reporter, weekly. 



BOOXE COUXTY . 

Angus — Black Diamond, weekly. 

Boone — Boone Co. Democrat, weekly, 
Boone Co. Republican, weekly; Standard, 
weekly. 

Boonsboro — Herald, weekly. 

Madrid — Register, weekly. 

Ogden— Reporter, weekly. 

BREMER COUXTY. 

Sumner — Gazette, weekly. 

TVaverly — Bremer Co. Independent, 
weekly; Democrat, weekly; Iowa Volks- 
blatt, weekly; Republican, Weekly. 

EUCHAXAX COUNTY. 

Independence — Buchanan County Bulle- 
tin, weekly; Buchanan County Journal, 
weekly; Conservative, weekly; National 
Advocate, weekly. 

Jesup — Times, weekly. 

BUEXA YISTA COUXTY. 

Aha — Advertiser, weekly. 
Newell — Mirror, weekly. 
Sioux Rapids — Press, weekly. 
Stoim Lake— Pilot, weekly; Tribune, 
weekly. 

BUTLER COUNTY. 

Clarksv lie— Star, weekly. 
Givene— Butler County Press, weekly. 
Parkersburgh — Eclipse, weekly. 
Shell Rock — Xews, weekly. 

CALHOUN COUXTY. 

Lake City— Blade, weekly. 

Lohrvillc — Leader, weekly. 

Mason — -Calhoun County Journal, 
weekly. 

Rockwell City— Calhoun County Re- 
publican, weekly. 

CARROLL COUXTY. 

Carroll City — Carroll Herald, weekly; 
C-irro'l Sentinel, weekly; Der Carroll 
Dcmokrat, weekly. 

Coon Rapids — Enterprise, weekly. 

Glidden — Record, weekly. 

Manning — -Monitor, weekly; News, 
weekly. 

CASS COUXTY. 

Anita — The Times, weekly; Tribune* 

weekly. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIE-. 



171 



Atlantic — Telegraph, daily and weekly ; 
~}ass County Democrat, weekly; Messen- 
ger, weekly; People's Advocate, weekly; 
Saturday Herald, weekly. 

Griswold — Advocate, weekly. 

Lewis — Independent, weekly. 

CEDAR COUNTY. 

Mechanicsville — Press, weekly. 
Tipton — Advertiser, weekly; Conserva- 
tive, weekly. 
West Branch — Local Record, weekly. 

CEKRO GORDO COUNTY. 

Clear Lake— Mirror, weekly. 

Mason City — Expiess, weekly; Repub- 
lican, weekly ; Times, weekly ; Iowa Work- '' 
man, monthly. 

Rockwell — Phonograph, weekly. 

CHEROKEE COUNTY. 

Aurelia — Sentinel, weekly. 
Cherokee — Courier, weekly ; Iowa Free 
Press, weekly. 
Meriden — Ledger, weekly. 

CHICKASAW COUNTY. 

Lawler — Independent, weekly. 

Nashua — Post, weekly. 

New Hampton — Courier, weekly; Die 
Nord Iowa Freie Presse, weekly ; Tribune. 
weekly. 

CLARKE COUNTY. 

Murray— News, weekly. 
Osceola — Democrat, weekly; Sentinel. 
Weekly. 

CLAY COUNTY. 

Paterson— Patriot, weekly. 
Spencer— Clay County News, weekly; 
Reporter, weekly. 

CLAYTON COUNTY. 

Elkader — Clayton County Journal 
weekly; Der Nord Iowa Herold, weekly; 
Register, weekly. 

McGregor — News, weekly; North Iowa j 
Times, weekly. 

Strawberry Point — Democrat, weekly: 
Press, weekly. 

CLTNTON COUNTY. 

Calamus — Free Press, weekly. 

Clinton — Herald, daily and weekly: 
News, daily; Age, weekly; Die Iowa 
Volks-Zeitung weekly ; Bugle, bi-weekly. 



DeWitt— Observer, weekly. 
Lyons — Clinton County Advertiser, 
weekly; Mirror, weekly. 
Wheatland— Spectator, weekly. 

CRAWFORD COUNTY. 

Denison— Crawford County Bulletin, 

weekly; Review, weekly ; Review, week- 
ly, German. 

Yail — Observer, weekly. 

West Side— Dispatch and Enterprise, 
weekly. 

DALLAS COUNTY. 

Adel — Dallas County Democrat, weekly; 

Dallas County News, weekly; New Era, 
weekly. 

Dallas Centre— Globe, weekly. 

Perry— Chief, weekly: Pilot, weekly. 

Redfield — Record, weekly. 

Woodward — Times, weekly. 

DAVIS COUNTY. 

Bloomfield— Davis County Republican, 

weekly; Democrat, weekly; Legal Ten- 
der, Greenback, weekly. 

DECATUR COUNTY. 

Davis City — Commercial. weekly. 
Garden Grove— Express, weekly. 
Lamoni— Saint's Herald, weekly; Zion's 

Hope, semi-monthly. 

Leon — Decatur Co unty Journal , weekly ; 
Democrat-Reporter, weekly. 

DELAWARE COUNTY. 

Delhi— Monitor, weekly. 
Earlville — Graphic, weekly. 
Hopkinton — Commercial Advertiser, 

weekly. 

Manchester — Democrat, weekly; Press, 
weekly. 

DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Burlington— Gazette, daily and weekly; 
Hawk-Eye. daily and weekly; Iowa Tri- 
bune, daily and weekly; Railroad Report- 
er, weekly; Saturday Evening Post, 
weekly. 

Danville — News, weekly. 

Mediapolis — New Era, weekly. 

DICKINSON COUNT T. 

Spirit Lake — Beacon, weekly; Dickin 
son County Journal, weekly. 



172 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



DUBUQUE COUNTY. 

Cascade— Pioneer, weekly. 

Dubuque— Democrat, daily and weekly; 
Herald, daily and weekly; Telegraph, 
daily and weekly; Times, daily, Sunday 
and weekly. Der National Demokrat, 
weekly ; Independent, weekly ; Iowa, week- 
ly; Luxernburger G-azette, weekly; Der 
Presbyterianer, bi-weekly; Iowa Normal 
Monthly; Mid-Continent, monthly; Mt. 
St. Joseph's Messenger, monthly; Prohi- 
bitionist, monthly; Trade Journal, monthly. 

Dyersville — Commercial, weekly. 

EMMET COUNTY. 

Estherville — Mercury, weekly; Nation- 
al Bro id-Axe, weekly ; Northern Vindica- 
tor, weekly. 

FAYETTE COUNTY. 

Brush Creek — N ws, weekly, 

Fayette — Iowa Postal Card, weekly; 
Collegian, monthly. 

Oelwein — Register, weekly. 

Waucoma — Free Press, weekly. 

West Unioa — Republican-Gazette, semi- 
weekly; Argo, weekly; Fayette County 
Union, weekly. 

FLOYD COUNTY. 

Charles City— Floyd County Advoca+e, 
weekly; Floyd County Standard, weekly; 
Intelligencer, weekly. 

Marble Rock— Weekly. 

Nora Springs — Advertiser, weekly; 
Floyd Couny Press, weekly; Odd Fel- 
lows' Monitor, weekly. 

Rockford — Reveille, weekly. 

FRANKLIN COUNTY. 

Hampton— Chronicle,weekly ; Franklin 
County Recorder, weekly. 
Sheffield— Press, weekly, 

FREMONT COUNTY. 

Farragut — News, weekly. 

Hamburg— Fremont Democratic News, 
weekly; Times, weekly. 

Sidney— Union, semi-weekly. 

Tabor— Union, weekly; Mu Omicron- 
icle, monthly. 

GREENE COUNTY. 

Grand Junction — Head-Light, weekly. 
Jefferson — Bee, weekly. 



Scranton — Journal, weekly; Christian 
Helper, monthly; One Plan Herald, 
monthly, 

GRUNDY COUNTY. 

Conrad Grove — Conrad Journal, weekly 
Grundy Cen'er — Argus, weekly; Grun- 
dy County Courier, waekly; Grundy Coun- 
ty Republican, weekly; Der Bruderbote, 
monthly. 
Reinbeck — Times, weekly. 

GUTHRI E ' COUNT Y. 

Bagley — Banner, weekly. 
Bayard — Reflector, weekly. 
Casey — Vindicator, weekly. 
Guthrie Center — Guthrian, weekly 
Iowa Star, weekly. 
Panora — Guthrie Vedette, weekly. 
Stuart — Locomotive, weekly. 

HAMILTON COUNTY. 

Stratford— Register, weekly. 
Webster City — Advertiser, weekly; Ar- 
gus, weekly; Hamilton Freeman, weekly. 

HANCOCK COUNTY. 

Britt — Hancock County Tribune,weekly. 
Garner — Hancock Signal, weekly. 

HARDIN COUNTY. 

Ackley — Enterprise, weekly; Tribune, 
weekly. 

Alden — Times, weekly. 

Eiclora— Herald, weekly; Ledger, week- 
ly ; Telephone, weekly. 

Hubbard — Times, weekly. 

Iowa Falls — Hardin County Citizen, 
weekly; Sentinel, weekly. 

Union — Star, weekly. 

HARRISON COUNTY. 

Dunlap — Reporter, weekly. 

Logan — Harrison County Courier, week- 
ly ; Harrison County News, weekly. 

Missouri Valley — People's Defender, 
weekly; Times, weekly. 

Mondamin — Independent, weekly, 

Persia — Post, weekly. 

Woodbine — Twiner, weekly. 

HENRY COUNTY. 

Mt. Pleasant — Free Press, weekly; Her- 
ald, weekly; Journal, weekly. 
Salem— News, weekly. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



173 



Winfield — Beacon, weekly; Transcript, 
weekly. 

HOWARD COUNTY. 

Cresco — Howard County Times, weekly ; 
Iowa Plaindealer, weekly. 

HUMBOLDT COUNTY. 

Dakota City — Independent, weekly. 
Humboldt— Kosuios, weekly. 
Livermore — Gazette, weekly. 

IDA COUNTY. 

Battle Creek — Times, weekly. 
Holstein — Bulletin, weekly. 
Ida Grove — Ida County Pioneer, weekly ; 
Maple Valley Era, weekly. 

IOWA COUNTY. 

Marengo — Democrat, weekly ; Repub- 
lican, weekly. 

Millersburgh — Iowa County News, 
weekly. 

Victor — Herald, weekly. 

JACKSON COUNTY. 

Andrew — Blaetter aus den Waisenhaus- 
en, monthly. 

Bellevue — Leader, weekly. 

Maquoketa — Excelsior, weekly; Jack- 
son Journal, weekly; Jackson Sentinel, 
weekly; Record, weekly. 

Preston — Monitor, weekly. 

Sabula — Gazette, weekly. 

JASPER COUNTY. 

Colfax— Clipper, weekly. 

Kellogg — Enterprise, weekly; Post, 
weekly. 

Lynnville — Times, weekly. 

Monroe— Mirror, weekly. 

Newton — Herald, weekly; Iowa State 
Democrat, weekly; Journal, weekly. 

Prairie City — News, weekly. 

JEFFERSON COUNTY, 

Fairfield — Evening Journal, daily and 
7eekly ; Ledger, weekly ; Tribune, weekly. 

JOHNSON COUNTY. 

Iowa City — Republican, daily and 
Weekly; Iowa State Press, weekly; Post, 
weekly; Blovan Americky, weekly; Vi- 
de^te Report' r, weekly. 

Oxford — J ournal , weekly . 

Solon — Reaper, weekly. 



JONES COUNTY. 

Anamosa — Eureka, weekly; Journal, 
weekly; Hornet, semi-monthly. 

Momicello — Expiess, weekly. 

Olin — Recorder, weekly. 

Oxford Junction (Garfield P. O.)— Qx. 
ford Mirror, weekly. 

Wyomi g — Journal, weekly. 

KEOKUK COUNTY. 

Hedrick — Enterprise, weekly. 

K ota— Eagle, weekly. 

Ri inland — Clarion, weekly. 

Sigourney — Courier, weekly; News, 
weekly; Review, weekly. 

South English — Herald, weekly. 

What Cheer — Patriot, weekly; Report- 
er, weekly. 

KOSSUTH COUNTY. 

Algona — Republican, weekly ; Upper 
Des Moines, weekly. 
Bancroft — Register, weekly. 

LEE COUNTY. 

Fort Madison— Democrat, weekly; Plain 
Dealer, weekly; Knight's Sword and 
Helmet, monthly. 

Keokuk — Constitution, daily and week- 
ly; Democrat, daily and weekly; Gate 
City, daily and weekly ; Die Post, weekly ; 
News, weekly; Central School Journal, 
monthly. 

West Point— Post, weekly. 

LINN COUNTY. 

Cedar Rapid? — Evening Gazette, daily; 
Republican, daily and weekly; Dem- 
ocrat, weekly; Iowa Free Press, week- 
ly; People, weekly; Post and Presse, 
weekly; Standard, weekly ; Times, 
weekly; Trade Review, weekly; Farm 
and Journal, monthly; Iowa Farmer, 
monthly. 

Centre Point — Courier Journal, weekly. 

Lisbon — Sun, weekly. 

Marion — Advent and Sabbath Advocate, 
weekly ; Pilot, weekly ; Register, weekly. 

Mount Vernon — Hawk-Eye, weekly; 
Cornellian, monthly. 

Springville— Independent, weekly ; New 
Era, weekly. 

Walker— News, weekly. 



174 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



LOUISA COUNTY. 

Columbus Junction— Columbus Safe- 
guard, weekly. 

Morning Sun— Herald, weekly. 

Wapello — Louisa County Record, week- 
ly; Republican, weekly; Times, weekly. 

LUCAS COUNTY. 

Chariton — Democrat-Leader, weekly ; 
Patriot, weekly ; Dairy Farmer, monthly. 
Lucas— Ledger, weekly. 

LYON COUNTY. 

Rock Rapids — Lyon County Reporter, 
weekly; Review, weekly. 

MADISON COUNTY. 

St. Charles — Watchman, weekly. 
Winterset— Madisonian and Chrojical, 
weekly; News, weekly. 

MAHASKA COUNTY. 

New Sharon— Star, weekly. 

Oskaloosa — Herald, Weekly; Messen- 
ger, weekly; Standard, Meekly; Tele- 
phone, weekly. 

MARION COUNTY. 

Knoxville— Journal, weekly ; Marlon 
County Express, weekly; Mirion County 
Reporter, weekly. 

Marysville — Miner, weekly. 

Pella — Blade, weekly; De Christelyke 
Heraut, weekly; Week Blad, weekly. 

MARSHALL COUNTY. 

Edenville — Gazette, weekly. 

Gilman — Dispatch, weekly. 

M^rshalltown — Times-Repablican, daily 
and' weekly; Beobachter, weekly; Mar- 
shall Statesman, weekly; Sunday Reflec- 
tor, weekly; Iowa Teacher, monthly. 

State Centre — Enterprise, weekly. 

MILLS COUNTY. 

Emerson — Chronical, weekly. 

Glenwood — Independent Gazette, week- 
ly; Mills County ournil, weekly ; Opin- 
ion, weekly. 

Hastings — Plaindealer, weekly. 

Malvern — Leader, weekly. 

MITCHELL COUNTY. 

Osage — Mitchell County News, weekly; 
Mitchell County Press, weekly. 
St. Ansgar — Enterprise, weekly. 



MONONA COUNTY. 



Mapleton — People's Press, weekly. 
Onawa — Monona County Gazette, week- 
ly • 
Whiting — Sentinel, weekly. 

MONROE COUNTY. 

Albia — Democrat, weekly ; Era, weekly ; 
Union, weekly. 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 

Elliott — Reporter, weekly. 
Red Oak — Express, weekly; People's 
Telephone, weekly; Record, weekly. 
Stanton — Call, weekly. 
Villisca — Review, weekly. 

MUSCATINE COUNTY. 

Muscatine — Journal, daily, tri-weekly 
and weekly; Tribune, daily and weekly; 
Die Wacht am Mississippi, weekly; News, 
weekly ; Reporter, monthly. 

Nicliol — Iowa Watchman, weekly. 

West Liberty — Enterprise, weekly ; 
Wapsie ludex, weekly; Dairy and Farm 
Journal, monthly. 

Wilton — Review, weekly. 

O'BRIEN COUNTY. 

Paullina — Times, weekly. 
Sanborn — Pioneer, weekly. 
Sheldon, Mail, weekly; News, weekly; 
Iselins' Land Journal, m n.hly. 
Sutherland — Courier, weekly. 

OSCEOLA COUNTY. 

Ashton — O=ceola County Review, week- 
ly. 

Sibley — Gazette, weekly; Osceola Coun- 
ty Tribune, weekly. 

PAGE COUNTY. 

Blanchard — Record, weekly ; State-Line 
Leader, weekly. 

Clarinda — Herald, weekly; Journal, 
weekly ; Page County Democrat, weekly. 

Coin — Eagle, weekly. 

College Springs — Amily Index, monthly. 

Essex — Index, weekly. 

Shenandoah — Post, weekly; Reporter, 
weekly; Republican, weekly. 

PALO ALTO COUNTY, 

Emmettsburg — Palo Alto Pilot, weekly ; 
Palo Alto Reporter, weekly. 
Ruthven — Free Press, weekly. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



175 



PLYMOUTH COUNTY. 

Akron — Western Delta, weekly. 
Kingsley— Times, weekly. 
Lemars — Sentinel, daily and semi-week- 
ly; Democrat, weekly ; Dispatch, weekly. 

POCAHONTAS COUNTY. 

Fonda — Pocahontas Times, weekly. 
Rolfe — Reporter, weekly. 

POLK COUNTY. 

Des Moines — Iowa Capital, daily and 
weekly; Iowa State Leader, daily and 
weekly; Iowa State Register, daily and 
weekly ; News, Daily and weekly ; Grand 
Army Advocate, weekly; Iowa Home- 
stead, weekly; Iowa Journal of Com- 
merce, weekly; Iowa Staats Anzeiger, 
weekly; Iowa Tribune, weekly; Persin- 
ger's Times, weekly; Plain Talk, weekly ; 
Saturday Evening Mail, weekly; Hawk- 
Eye Blade, weekly; Million, weekly; 
JSvithiod, weekly ; Christian Oracle, 
weekly; Western Farm Journal, semi- 
monthly ; Drake Index, monthly ; 
Iowa Advance, monthly; Iowa Review, 
monthly; Iowa State Medical Reporter, 
monthly; New Broom, monthly; Trade 
Journal, monthly; Railway Times, month - 

Mitchellville — Index, weekly. 

POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY. 

Avoca— Delta, weekly; Herald, weekly. 

Carson — Criterion, weekly. 

Council Bluffs— Globe, daily and week- 
ly; Herald, daily and weekly ; Nonpareil, 
•daily and weekly; Deaf Mute Hawk- 
Eye, weekly; Freie Presse, weekly. 

Macedonia — Macedonian, weekly. 

Neola— Reporter, weekly. 

Oakland— Acorn, weekly. 

Walnut— Bureau, weekly. 

POWESHIEK COUNTY. 

Brooklyn — Chronical, weekly. 

Grinnell— Herald, semi-weekly; Inde- 
pendent, semi-weekly; Signal, weekly; 
News Letter, every three weeks. ' 

Malcolm — Gazette, weekly. 

Montezuma — Poweshiek County Demo- 
crat, weekly; Republican, weekly. 



RINGGOLD COUTTY. 

Kellerton — Independent, weekly. 
Mount Ayr — Journal, weekly; Onward, 
weekly; Ringgold Record, weekly. 

SAC COUNTY. 

Odebolt — Observer, weekly; Reporter, 
weekly. 

Sac City— Sac County Democrat, weekly ; 
Sac Sun, weekly. 

Wall Lake — Journal, weekly. 

SCOTT COUNTY. 

Davenport — Democrat, daily, Sunday 
and weekly; Der Democrat, daily, semi- 
weekly and weekly; Gazette, daily and 
weekly ; Herald, daily and weekly ; Dan- 
nebrog, weekly; Iowa Messenger, week- 
ly; Northwestern News, weekly; Sternen 
Banner, weekly; Der Nordwestern, month- 
ly; Familien-Journal, monthly; Inter- 
State Press, monthly; Iowa Churchman, 
monthly. 

SHELBY COUNTY. 

Defiance — Argus, weekly. 
Harlan — Shelbv County Republican, 
weekly; Tribune, weekly. 
Shelby— News, weekly. 

SIOUX COUNTY. 

Alton— Review, weekly. 

Calliope— Independent, weekly. 

Hawarden — Commercial, weekly. 
1 Orange City — De Volksvriend, weekly; 
Sioux County Herald, weekly. 

Pattersonville — Iowa Index, weekly. 

STORY COUNTY. 

Ames— Intelligencer, weekly. 
Cambridge— Reporter, weekly. 

Nevada — Highway, weekly; Represen- 
tative, weekly ; Story County Watchman, 
weekly. 

TAMA COUNTY. 

Dysart— Reporter, weekly. 

Gladbrook — Courier, weekly; Tama 
Northern, weekly. 

Tama City — Free Press, semi- weekly ; 
Tama Herald, weekly. 

Toledo — Chronicle, weekly; Tama Co. 
Democrat, weekly; Reader's Friend, 
monthly ; Teacher and Student, monthly. 

Traer— Star-Clipper, weekly. 



176 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES, 



TAYLOR COUNTY. 

Bedford— Iowa Southwest, weekly; 
Taylor County Democrat, weekly ; Taylor 
County Republican, weekly. 

Clearfield— Enterprise, weekly. 

Gravity — Express, weekly. 

Lenox— Independent, weekly ; Time 
Table, weekly. 

UNION COUNTY. 

Afton— Enterprise, weekly ; Tribune- 
News, weekly. 

Creston — Gazette, daily and weekly; 
Commonwealth, weekly; Every Sunday 
Morning, weekly; Independent Ameri- 
can, weekly; Monitor, weekly; Union 
County Democrat, weekly. 

VAN BUREN COUNTY. 

Bentonsport— County Paper, weekly. 

Birmingham — Enterprise, weekly. 

Bonaparte — Van Buren County Journal, 
weekly. 

Farmington — Bee, weekly. 

Keosauqua — Republican, weekly; Yan 
Buren Democrat, weekly, 

Milton — Herald, weekly. 

WAPELLO COUNTY. 

Eddyville — Advertiser, weekly. 

Eldon — Review, weekly. 

Ottumwa — Courier, daily and weekly ; 
Democrat, daily and weekly; Industrial 
Appeal, weekly ; Journal und Freie Presse, 
weekly ; Saturday Press, weekly ; Chords, 
monthly ; Western Scientist, monthly. 

WARREN COUNTY. 

Indianola — Advocate-Tribune, weekly ; 
Herald, weekly; Simpsonian, monthly. 
Milo— Motor, weekly. 

WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

Ainsworth — Clipper, weekly; Sentinel, 
weekly ; Floral Instructor, monthly ; West- 
ern Horticulturist, monthly; Conference 
Quarterly. 

Brighton — Enterprise, weekly; News, 
weekly. 

Riverside— Leader, weekly. 

Washington— Democrat, weekly; Ga- 



zette, weekly ; Washington County Press,, 
weekly. 

WAYNE COUNTY. 

Allerton — News, weekly; Wayne Coun- 
ty Republican, weekly. 

Corydon — Democrat, weekly; Times, 
weekly. 

Humeston — New Era, weekly. 

Lineville— Tribune, weekly. 

WEBSTER COUNTY. 

Dayton — Review, weekly. 

Fort Dodge — Times, daily and weekly ; 
Messenger, weekly ; Webster county Ga- 
zette, weekly. 

Gowrie — Register, weekly. 

Lehigh — Lehigh Valley Echo, weekly. 

WINNEBAGO COUNTY. 

Forest City — Winnebago Review, week- 
ly; Winnebago Summit, weekly. 

Lake Mills — Independent Herald, 
weekly. 

WINNESHIEK COUNTY. 

Calmar — Clarion, weekly. 

Decorah — Journal and Press, weekly; 
Pobten, weekly; Republican, weekly; For 
Hj emmet, monthly. 

Ossian — Beacon, weekly. 

WOODBURY COUNTY. 

Correctionville —Sioux Valley News, 
weekly. 

Danbury — Maple Valley Scoop, weekly 

Sioux Ciiy — Journal, daily and weekly; 
Times, daily and weekly ; Courier, weekly ; 
Nya Nordvestern, weekly; Tribune, 
weekly. 

Sloan— Star, weekly. 

WORTH COUNTY. 

Northwood — Worth County Eagle, 
weekly; Worth County Index, weekly. 

WRIGHT COUNTY. 

Belmond — Herald, weekly. 

Clarion — -Wright County Monitor, 
weekly; Wright County Republican, 
weekly. 

Eagle Grove — Boone Valley Gazette, 
weekly ; Times, weekly. 



IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY 



A Complete List of all the Post-Offices in the State, with the 
Money-Order Offices and County Seats. 

County Beats are indicated by italics. An asterisk (*) after a name indicates a money or^er office, 
and a dagger (t) after a name indicates an international money-order office. 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Abbett Hardin 

Abingdon Jefferson 

Acklev*t Hardin 

Ackwbrth Warren 

Adair* Adair 

Adams Muscatine 

Addison Humboldt 

Adei* Dallas 

Adelpnia Polk 

Ufton*t Union 

Agency City*. . .Wapello 
Ain swo rth* . W as bin gton 

Akron* Plymouth 

Albany. Davis 

Albaton Monona 

Albia*+ Monroe 

Albion* Marshall 

Alden* Hardin 

Aidrich Wright 

Alexander Franklin 

Algona*f Kossuth 

Allen's GroTO Scott 

AUerton* Wavne 

Allison* Butler 

Almont Clinton 

Almoral Delaware 

Alta* Buena Vista 

Alta Vista. ...Chickasaw 

Alton* Sioux 

Altoona* Polk 

Amador Wapello 

Amana i Iowa 

Ajnber Jones 

Ames*t Story 

A.mish ..Johnson 

Amity Scott 

Anamosa*.. Jones 

Anderson Fremont 

Andrew* Jackson 

Angus* Boone 

Anita* Cass 

Ankeny Polk 

Annieville Clay 

Arlington Butler 

Arbor Hill. Adair 

Arcadia* Carroll 

Areola Monona 

Argand Jones 

Armour ..Pottawattamie 

Armstrong Fmmett 

Arrow -..Grundy 

Arthur Ida 



TOWN. JOTTNTY. 

Ashewa Polk 

Ash Grove Davis 

Ashton „ Osceola 

Aspinwall Crawford 

_Astor Crawford 

Atalissa* Muscatine 

Athol Sioux 

Atkins Benton 



Atlantic*... 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Belknap Davis 

Belle Plaine*t. • .Benton 

Belleville Jefferson 

Bellevue*t Jackson 

Bellmond* .Wright 

Beloit* Lyon 

Belvidere Monroe 

Bentonsport*.Van Buren 



Attica Marion 

Audubon* Audubon 

Augusta Des Moines 

Aurelia* Cherokee 

Avery Monroe 

Avoca*t. Pottawattamie 

Avon Polk 

Ayrshire Palo Alto 

Avres' Grove Polk 

Badger Webster 

Bagley Guthrie 

Baker — Jefferson 

Baldwin Jackson 

Balluff . .Scott 

Balltown Dubuque 

Ballyclongh — Dubuque 

Bancroft* Kossuth 

Bangor Marshall 

Banketon Dubuque 

Barclay . . .Black Hawk 

Bard Louisa 

Barnes City Mahaska 

Barnum Webster 

Barryvil'e Delaware 

Barrwood Scott 

Bartlett Fremont 

Bassett Chickasaw 

Batavia* Jefferson 

Battle Creek* Ida 

Bauer Marion 

Baxter Jasper 

Bayard -..Guthrie 

Beacon* Mahaska 

Beaconsfield.. . . Ringgold 

Beaman Grundy 

Bear Grove Guthrie, 

Beaver Boone 

Beckwith Jefferson 

Bedford*^ Taylor 

Beebeetown Harrison 

Beetrace Appanoose 

Belfast Lte 

Belinda. Lucas 



CassiBergen Allamakee 



Berkley Boone 

Berlin -....Tama 

Bernard Dubuque 

Berry Marion 

Bertram ,.... Linn 

Berwick.... Polk 

Bethlehem. ......Wayne 

Beulah ..Clayton 

Bevington. ...... Madison 

Big Mound Lee 

Big Rock Scott 

Big Spring Wayne 

Bingham Page 

Birmingham* . VanBuren 

Bismarck Clayton 

Blackmore. . . . .Ringgold 
Bladensburgh . . .Wapello 

Blaine Buena Vista 

Blairsburgn.... Hamilton 

Blairstown*t Benton 

Blakesburgh Wapello 

Blakeviile... Black Hawk 

Blanchard* Page 

Blencoe - . . . . Monona 

Blockiey Decatur 

Bloomfield*f Davis 

Bl ooming Prairie 

Pocahontas 

Blue Grass Scott 

Bluff ton Winneshiek 

Bode Humboldt 

Bon Accord Johnson 

Bon Air Howard! 

Bonaparte*... Van Buren 

Bondarant Polk 

Boone* Boone 

Boonesborough*f. . .Boone 

Booneville Dallas 

Border Plains. . .Webster 

Bowen Jones 

Boyden Sioux 

Boyleston Henry 

Braddyville Page 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Bradford. ...Chickasaw 

Bradgate Humboldt 

Brainard Fayette 

Brandon Buchanan 

Brayton*. . . ... .Audubon 

Brazil Appanoose 

Breda Carroll 

Brighton* ..Washington 

Briscoe Adams 

Bristol.. Worth 

Bristow* - — Butler 

Britt* .... .Hancock 

Bromley.... .^Marshall 
Brooklyn*t ..Poweshiek 

Brooks ...Adams 

BrookviUe Jefferson 

Brough Dallas 

Browning C arroll 

Brown Clinton 

Brownville Mitchell 

Bruce Wright 

Brush Creek*.... Fayette 
Bryan tburgh . . Buchanan 

Bryant Clinton 

Buck Creek Bremer 

Buena Vista. ...Clinton 

Buffalo Scott 

Buffalo Fork Kossuth 

Buffalo Grove. Buchanan 

Buncombe Dubuque 

Burgess Clinton 

Burk Benton 

Burlington*i.JDeB Moines 

Burnside Webster 

Burr Oak... Winneshiek 

Burt Kossuth 

Bussey Marion 

Busti Howard 

Butler Keokuk 

Butler Centre* Butler 

Butlerville Tama 

Cairo Louisa 

Calamus* Clinton 

Caledonia Ringgold 

Calhoi n Appanoose 

California .Harrison 

Callan Iowa 

Callender Webster 

Calliope Sioux 

Calmar* Winneshiek 

Caloma Marion 

Camanche* Clinton 



J78 



IOWA POST OFFICE DIRECTORY. 



TOW. COUNTY 

Cambria Wayne 

Cambridge. Story 

Camp ••• Po , 1 k 

Campbell. Polk 

Campton ..... Delaware 

Canton Jackson 

Cantril Van Buren 

Capr on Marshall 

Carbon Adams 

Carl Adams 

Carlisle* Warren 

Carnf orth Poweshiek 

Carpenter* Mitchell 

Carroll* Carroll 

Carrollton Carroll 

Carson* . . Pottawattamie 

Carter Iowa 

C assady Webster 

/Cascade* J)ubuque 

(Casey* Guthrie 

Castalia Winneshiek 

Castana. Monona 

[Castle Grove Jones 

(Castleville .... .Buchanan 

Cecilia Howard 

Cedar Mahaska 

CJedar Bluff Cedar 

Jedar Falls* Black Hawk 
Jedar Mines. .Monroe 

?edar Rapids*t Linn 

lenterville*. ..Appanoose 

(Central City Linn 

">ntralia Dubuque 

)enterdaie Cedar 

Center Grove .Dubuque 
)enter Junction. . .Jones 
Jenter Point*.. Linn 

[Ceres Clayton 

Chancy Clinton 

khapin Franklin 

]Chariton*f Lucas 

Charles City*f... .Floyd 

(Charleston Lee 

C harlotte* Clinton 

Charter Oak... Crawford 

Chase Johnson 

Chelsea* . .* Tama 

vherokee*\ Cherokee 

[Chester Howard 

Chester Center . 

) Poweshiek 

Chesterfield Polk 

Chickasaw. . . Chickasaw 

Chilicothe Wapello 

lOhisholm Monroe 

Churdan Greene 

(Cincinnati . .Appanoose 

(Civil Point Audubon 

Olanton Madison 

Clare Webster 

[Clarence* Cedar 

Clarendon ... .Ida 

illarinda* Page 

Clarion* Wright 

Clark Clav 

Clarkson Warren 

Clarksville. Butler 

Clay Washington 

Cla\ford Jones 

Clay Mills . . .... .Jones 

Clay's Grove Lee 

Clayton* Clayton 

Clearfield* Taylor 

Clear Lake* . CerroGordo 

Clemons Marshall 

Clermont* Fayette 

Cleveland* Lucas 

Cleves.... Hardin 

Clifton Louisa 

Climax . . . .Montgomerv 
ClimbingHill, Woodbury 

Clinton*^ Clinton 

Clio ..\\ ayne 

.Clipper Ringgold 



TOWN. county. 

Olive Polk 

Clyde Jasper 

Coal Creek Keokuk 

Coalfield Monroe 

Coalville Webster 

Coburgh .... Montgomery 

Coin* Page 

Coldwater ...Franklin 
Colesburgh*... Delaware 

Colfax* Jasper 

College Springs* . . .Page 
Collins Story- 
Colo* Story 

Col umbia Marion 

Columbus City*t- Louisa 

Columbus Junction* . . . 

Louisa 

Commerce Polk 

Communia Clayton 

Competine Wapello 

Concord* Hancock 

Conesville Muscatine 

Confidence Wayne 

Conklin ...Audubon 

Conover Winneshiek 
Conrad Crove .... Grundy 

Conroy Iowa 

Conway* Taylor 

Cool ..Warren 

Coon Rapids Carroll 

Cooper Greene 

Cope Polk 

Coppock Henry 

Coralville Johnson 

Corley Shelby 

Corning*f Adams 

Correctionville 

Woodbury 

Cor with Hancock 

Coryaon*f Wayne 

Cottage Hardin 

Cottage Hill. . . . Dubuque 
Cortonville ....Jackson 

Cottonwood .Lee 

Council Bluffs* f 

Pottawattamie 
Council Hill . ..Clayton 
County Line... Jefferson 

Crabb Jackson 

Crawf ordville* 

Washington 
Crescent. .Pottawattamie 

Cresco* Howard 

Creston*t Union 

Creswell Keokuk 

Crocker Polk 

Cromwell* Union 

Cromwell Center. ..Clay 

Croton Lee 

Crown Decatur 

Crozier Buena Vista 

Crystal Tama 

Cumberland Cass 

' urley Palo Alto 

Dahlo'nega Wapello 

Dakctah* Humboldt 

Dalby Allamakee 

Dale Guthrie 

Dallas Marion 

Dallas Center* Dallas 

Dana Greene 

Danbury* Woodbury 

Danforth Johnson 

Danville* Des Moines 

Dauenport*% Scott 

Davis City Decatur 

Davis Corners . . Howard 

Dayton* Webster 

Dean Appanoose 

Decatur Decatur 

Decorah*f. ...Winneshiek 
Dedham . . ..Carroll 
Deep River*.. Poweshiek 
Deerfield — ..Chickasaw 



TOVM. COUNTY 

Deerli._ . Vinnebago 
De Etta .. ..r'uweshiek 

Defiance Shelby 

DeKaib Decatur 

Delaware Delaware 

De Leon Cherokee 

Delhi* Delaware 

Delmar* Clinton 

Deloit Crawford 

Delphos Ringgold 

Delta Keokuk 

Denison*f Crawford 

Denmark* Lee 

Dennis Appanoose 

Denver Bremer 

Denby Lucas 

Des MoiNES*t .folk 

" " East Side Polk 

De Soto* Dallas 

De Witt* Clinton 

Dexter* Dallas 

Dickey Bremer 

Dillon M arshal I 

Dixon* Scott 

Dodds Woodbury 

Dodge ville... Des Moines 

Donahue Scott 

Donnellson. ... Lee 

Doon Lyon 

Doran Mitchell 

Dorchester ..Allamakee 
Doud'sStation VanBuren 

Douglas Fayette 

Dover ....Lee 

Dow City* Crawford 

Downey Cedar 

Downsville 

Pottawattamie 

Dows* Wright 

Drakesville* Davis 

Draper Jasper 

Dublin . . Washington 

Dubuque* t Dubuque 

Dudley Wapello 

Duke Dubuque 

Dumont Butler 

Dunbar .Marshall 

Duncombe Webster 

Dunlap*t Harrison 

Dunreath Marion 

Durango^ Dubuque 

Durant* Cedar 

Durham Marion 

Dyersville* Dubuque 

Dysart* ..Tama 

EagleCenter.BlackHawk 

Eagle Grove Wright 

Earlham* Madison 

Earling &helby 

Ear Iville* Delaware 

Early Sac 

Easr/Elkport ...Clayton 
East Nodaway.... A dams 

Eastport Fremont 

JEast Side.. Polk 

K ddy ville* Wapello 

Eden Fayette 

Edgewood Clayton 

Elberon Tama 

Eldon Wapello 

Eldora* Hardin 

El Dorado Fayette 

Eld ridge Scott 

Elgin* Fayette 

Elkader* Clayton 

Elkhart . Polk 

Elk Horn Shelby 

Elkport* Clayton 

Ellington Hancock 

Elliott* ....Montgomery 
Ellis Hardin 



^station of Des Moines 
Post Office. 



TOWN. COTTNTTV 

Ellsworth Hamilton' 

Elon Allamakee 

Elrick Louisa 

Elvira .Clinton 

Elwell Story 

Elwood Clinton 

Ely Linn 

Emeline Jackson 

Emerson Mills- 
Emmets burgh*. Palo Alto 

Epworth* Dubuque- 

Erastue Guthrie 

Essex* Page 

Estherville.. Emmett : 

Eugene Ringgold- 

Eureka Adams 

Evans Mahaska 

Eveland Mahaska 

Evergreen Tama 

E wart Poweshiek 

Excelsior Mahaska- 

Exira* Audubon 

Exline Appanoose- 

Fairbank Buchanan 

Fairfax* Linn 

Fairfield* Jefferson 

Fairhaven Tama- 

Fairland Dallas 

Fairmount Jasper 

Fair port Muscatine 

Fairview Jones- 

Fam?iers Guthrie 

Farley* Dubuque 

Farmer City. ..Fremont 

Farmers Sioux 

Farmersburgh. . .Clayton 
Farmington*.Van Buren 
Farnhamville*.. Calhoun 

Farragut* Fremont 

Faulkner Franklin 

Fayette; Fayette 

Fenton Kossuth 

Ferguson Marshall 

Ferry Mahaska. 

Fertile.... Worth 

Festina ... .Winneshiek 

Fierce Decatur 

Fifield Marion 

Fifteen Mile Tama 

Fillmore Dubuque- 

Finchford... Black Hawk 

Fine Kossuth 

Fisk Adair 

Flagler's Marion 

Flemmgville Linn 

Fletcher* Sao 

Flint Mahaska- 

Florenceville... .Howard 

Floris* Davis 

Floyd Floyd 

Fonda Pocahontas 

Fontanelle* Adair 

Foote Iowa- 
Ford Warren 

Forest City*.. Winnebago 
Forest Home. Poweshiek 
Forest Mills.. Allamakee 
Forestville... .Delaware 
Fort Atkinson 

Winneshiek. 
Fort Dodge* t . . . Webeter 

Fort Madison* t Lee 

Four Corners.. Jefferson 

Franklin Lee 

Franklin Mills 

Des Moines 
Frank Pierce . . .Johnson 
Frankville . . Winneshiek 

Frederics Bremer 

Fredericksburcr'* 

C i okas aw 

Fredonia Louisa. 

Fredrio Monroe 

Freeport. , . , Winneshiek. 



IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY. 



179 



^POWN. COUNTY. 

Fremont Mahaska 

French Creek. Allamakee 

Froelich Clayton 

Fruitland Muscatine 

Fry eburgh Wright 

Fulton Jackson 

Gale Woodbury 

Ga'esburgh Jasper 

Galion .Cass 

Galland Lee 

Galtville Wright 

Galvin Marshall 

Gambiil .Scott 

Garden Grove*.. Decatur 

Garfield .Appanoose 

Garnaville* Clayton 

Garner* Hancock 

-Garrison* ........ Benton 

Garry Owen Jackson 

Garwin* Tama 

Gear Madison 

Gem Clayton 

Geneva* Franklin 

•Genoa. Wayne 

Genoa Bluff Iowa 

Georgetown Monro e 

Germanville. . . Jefferson 

Giard Clayton 

Giflord Hardin 

Gilbert Scott 

Gilbert's Stal ion... Story 
Gilbertville. Black Hawk 

Gillett Clay 

Gilman^ .Marshall 

Gilmore City Pocahontas 

Givin. . ., ; Mahaska 

■Gladbrook* Tama 

Gladstone Tama 

Glasgow Jefierson 

Glendale....... Jefferson 

Glendon Gutbrie 

Glenwood*i .. Mills 

Glidden* • Carrol; 

Golden Delaware 

Goldfield Wright 

Goose Lake Clinton 

Gopher Osceo 1 ^ 

Gordon's Ferry. Jackson 

Goshen Ringgold 

Gosport Marion 

Gowrie Webster 

Qraceville Guthrie 

Graettinger....Palo Alto 

Grafton Worth 

Grand J unction*. Greene 
Grand Mound.... Clinton 
Grand Ri\ «r*. . . .Decatur 

Grandview Louisa 

Grant* Montgomery 

Grant Center.. .Monona 

Grant City .Sac 

Granville Sioux 

Gravity* Taylor 

Gray Audubon 

Greeley* Delawar- 

Greencastle Jasper 

Greene* Butler 

Greenfield* Adair 

Green Island ...Jackson 

Green Mountain 

Marshal] 

Green Tree Scott 

Greenvale Dallas 

Greenville Clay 

Greenwood Polk 

Gregg Johnson 

Oresham.... Black Hawk 
Grtfflnaville., Appanoose 

Grimes Polk 

Grinnell*t. .Poweshiek 

Griswold* Cass 

Grove . - Audubon 

Grove Hill Bremer 

vgroveland Adair 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Grundy Centre*. . . Grundy 

Guernsey Poweshiek 

Guss Taylor 

Guthrie Centre*.. Guthrie 
Guttenburg*?.. ..Clayton 

llaibur Carroll 

Hale Jones 

Hall Davis 

Hamburg* Fremont 

Hamilton Marion 

Hampton* Franklin 

Hancock. Pottawattamie 

Hanover A 1 lamakee 

Hansell Franklin 

Harcourt Webster 

Hardin Clayton 

Hardy Humboldt 

Harlan* Shelby 

Harper* Keokuk 

Harper's Ferry 

Allamakee 

Hartford Warren 

Hartley O'Brien 

Hartwick. ...Poweshiek 

Harvard Wayne 

Harveyville Marion 

Hastie Polk 

Hastings* .Mill6 

Hatton Polk 

Havelock. . . .Pocahontas 

Haverhill Marshall 

Haven Tama 

Havre Washington 

Hawarden Sioux 

Hawk Eye Fayette 

Hawleyville Page 

Hawthorn. .Montgomery 

Hayes Adams 

Hayesville Keokuk 

Hazel Dubuque 

Hazleton Buchanan 

Haze Green... Delaware 

Hebron Adair 

Hedge Iowa 

Hedrick Keokuk 

Helena, Tama 

Henderson Mills 

Henness Mahaska 

Hentonville Mills 

Hepburn — Page 

Herdland Clay 

Herndon Guthrie 

Hesper* ....Winneshiek 

Hiawatha . . Monona 

Hibbsville.. ..Appanoose 

Hickory Monroe 

Higginsport Jackson 

High Creek Fremont 

High Lake Emmett 

Highland Clayton 

Highland Centre 

Wapello 

Highlandville 

Winneshiek 

High Point Decatur 

Hillsborough Henry 

Hillsdale* Mills 

Hilton Monroe 

Hinton Plymouth 

Hirondelle Worth 

Hitesville Butler 

Hodge Wayne 

HoJaday's , Adair 

Holbrook Iowa 

Holland* Grundy 

Holley Plymouth 

ttol ley Springs 

Woodbury 

Holstein — , Ida 

Holt Taylor 

ciomer Hamilton 

Homestead** Iowa 

Honey Creek 

Pottawattamie 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Hopeville* Clarke 

Hopkinton* . . ..De aware 

Hoprig Emmett 

Horace , ..Aubudon 

Horn Jasper 

H orton Bremer 

Hosidns Woodbury 

Hosper Sioux 

Houghton.. Lee 

Howard Howard 

Hubbard* Hardin 

Hudson .Black Hawk 

Humboldt*.. .Humboldt 

Humeston Wayne 

Hummaconna. . .Monroe 

Hunters Dickinson 

Huron — . . .Des Moines 

Huxley Story 

Iconium App anoose 

Ida Grove*f...., Ida 

Iilyria Fayette 

Imogene*.. ...Fremont 
/ndependence*-fBuc~h.a,na,n. 
Indianapolis. . . Mahaska 

Indianola* Warren 

Ingart Einggold 

Inland Cedar 

loka Keokuk 

I oka Station .... Keokuk 

Ion Allamakee 

Ionia* Chickasaw 

Iowa Center Story 

Iowa Citu*f... .Johnson 

Iowa Falls* Hardin 

Iowa Lake Emmet 

Ira Jasper 

Ireton Sioux 

Iron Hills Jackson 

Irving Tama 

Irvington Kossuth 

Irwin* ^.iielby 

Ivey ville Adams 

Ivy Polk 

Jackson ...Adair 

Jackson Center Webster 

Jackson Junction 

Winneshiek 
Jacksonville .Chickasaw 

Jamaica Guthrie 

James Plymouth 

Jamison Clarke 

Janesville* Breme' 

Jehu Boont 

Jefferson*^ Greene 

Jessup* Buchanan 

Jewell Hamilton 

Jobes Audubon 

Jolley Calhour 

Jubilee Black Hawl 

Judd Webstei 

Kalo Webstei 

Kalona Washington 

Kamrar Hamilton 

Kasson Madison 

Keller Ringgold 

Kelley story 

Kellogg* Jasper 

Kendall ville Winneshiek 

Kennedy Dallas 

Kensett* Worth 

Kent Union 

Keokuk*+ Lee 

Keosauqua* . . . Tan Buren 

Keota* ...Keokul 

Keswick... Keokuk 

Kew .Ringgold 

Key Bremer 

Keystone Benton 

Key West. Dubuque 

Kier Buchanan 

Kilburn Van Buret 

KilldufE Jasper 

Kimballton ....Audubon 
King — ,.«... Dubuque 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Kingsbury Grundy 

Kingsley Plymouth 

Kingston — Des Moines 

Kinross Keokuk 

Kirkruan Shelby 

Kirkville* Wapello 

Kirkwood. . ..Appanoose 

Kiron Crawford 

Kniffen Wayne 

Knox Fremont 

Knox ville* . Marion 

Kossuth... .Des Moines 

Koszta Iowa 

Lacelie Clarke 

Lacey ....... Mahaska 

Lacona Warren 

La Crew Lee 

Laddsdale Davis 

Ladoga Taylor 

Ladora* Iowa 

La Fayette Linn 

LaHoyt... Henry 

Lake City* Calhoun 

Lake Mills*. .Winnebago 

Lake Park Dickinson 

Lake Side Emmet 

Lamoille Marshall 

Lamoni* Decatur 

Lamont Buchanan 

La Motte Jackson 

Lancaster Keokuk 

Langwor thy Jones 

Lansing*t — Allamakee 
LaporteCity*Blackflawk 

Larchwood Lyon 

Lark Wo*rth 

Last Chance .Lucas 

Latimer Franklin 

Lattner's Dubuque 

Latty Des Moines 

Laurel .Marshall 

Laurens Pocahontas 

Lawler* Chickasaw 

Lawn Hill Hardin 

Leando Van Buren 

Lebanon Van Buren 

Le Claire* Scott 

Lee Union 

Le Grand* Marshall 

Lehigh Webster 

Leighton Mahaska 

Lelandsburg. Winnebago 

Z.e/wars*t Plymouth 

Lena Wright 

Lenox* Taylor 

Leon*t Decatur 

Leonard Taylor 

Le Roy Decatur 

Lesan Ringgold 

Leslie Clarke 

Lester Black Hawk 

Letts* Louisa 

Levy Polk 

Lewis* Cass 

Lewisbr f ;h Wayne 

Lexington.. Washington 

Liberty Clarke 

LibertyCenter*.. Warren 
Libertyville.... Jefferson 

Likens Benton 

Lima Fayette 

Lime Springs*.. Howard 

Lincoln .....Polk 

Linden Dallas 

Lineville Wayne 

Linn Grove. Buena Vista 

Linton Des Moines 

Linnwood ....Scott 

Lisbon* Linn 

Liscomb* Marshall 

Littl e Cedar ... . Mitchell 

Little Port Clayton 

Little River Decatur 

Little Sioux*. .Harriao» 



180 



IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY. 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Littleton ...... BuGhanan 

Livermor e Humboldt 

Living Spring 

Pottawattamie 
Livingston. .Appanoose 

Lockridge Jefferson 

Locust Winneshiek 

Logan* Harrison 

Lohrville C alhoun 

Lone Tree Johnson 

Long Grove Scott 

Longview. ..Van Bur en 

Lorah Cass 

Lore Dubuque 

Lossing Monona 

Lost Nation* ...Clinton 

Lothrop Warren 

Lourdes Howard 

Loveland. Pottawattamie 

Lovilla Monroe 

Lowden*t Cedar 

Lowell Henry 

Low Moor Clinton 

Luana* Clayton 

Lucas Lucas 

Lucky Valley.. Woodbury 

Luni Wright 

Tmther Boone 

Luverne Kossuth 

Luxemburg.... Dubaque 

Luzernes Benton 

Lycurgus Allamakee 

Lyman Cass 

Lynnville* Jasper 

Lyons*t Clinton 

Lytle City Iowa 

McCallsburg Story 

McCants Dubuque 

McOausland Scott 

McGregor Clayton 

Mclunkin.. Washington 

McKnight Humboldt 

McPaul Fremont 

McPherson Madison 

McVeigh Van Buren 

Macedonia 

Pottawattamie 

Mackey Boone 

Macksburgh*.. .Madison 

M adrid* Boone 

Magno]ia*t.. ..Harrison 

Maine Appanoose 

Malcom* Poweshiek 

Mallard Palo Alto 

Malone Clinton 

Maloy Kinggold 

Malvern* Mills 

Manchester*!. .Delaware 

Manhattan Keokuk 

Manly Worth 

Manning Carrol! 

Manson* Cal houn 

Manteno Shelby 

Maple Grove.. .Madison 
Maple Landing.. Monona 
Maple River. .. Carroil 

Mapleton* Monroe 

Maquoketa* Jackson 

Marathon . . . Buena Vista 

Marble Rock Floyd 

Marcus Cherokee 

Marena Ringgold 

MarengoH Iowa 

Marietta Marshall 

Marion*\ Linn 

Mark Davis 

Marne* Cass 

Marsh Louisa 

Marshalltown*f. Marshall 

Martelle Jones 

Martinsburgh* . . Keokuk 

Mar> sville Marion 

Mason C%*tCerro Gordo 
Masonville Delaware 



TOWN. COUNTT. 

Massillon Cedar 

Mauch Chunk.. Mahaska 

Maurice Sioux 

Maxfield Bremer 

Maxwell Story 

May Bell Sioux 

Maynard Fayette 

Maysvilie Franklin 

Mechanicsville* . . . Cedar 

Mederville .Clayton 

Mediapolis*.Des Moines 

Medora Warren 

Melbourne Marshall 

Melleray .Dubuque 

Melrose* Monroe 

Melville Audubon 

Menlo* Guthrie 

Menoti Buena Vista 

Mentor Bremer 

Meriden Cherokee 

Meroa Mitchell 

Merrill Plymouth 

Merrimac Jefferson 

Metz Jasper 

Middlefield Buchanan 

Middle River .Madison 
vi iddletown. . Des Moines 

Miles* Jackson 

Miiford* Dickinson 

Mill Fayette 

Mil edgeville. Appanoose 

Miller Hancock 

Millersburg* Iowa 



TOWN. COUNTT. 

Mount Pisgah.. Harrison 
Mount Pleasant* . . . Henry 

Mount Sterling 

Van Buren 

Mount Union Henry 

MountV alley Winnebago 
Mount Vernon* — Linn 
Mount Zion..Van Buren 
Moville ...Woodbury 
Muchachinock. .Mahaska 

Munn Cedai 

Munterville.. Wapello 

Murray* Clarke 

Muscatine*f.. .Muscatine 

Musquaka Iowa 

Myron Allamakee 

Nashua*t Chickasaw 

Nashville Jackson 

Nassau Keokuk 

National Clayton 

Navan Winneshiek 

Nelson Guthrie 

Neoga Pottawattamie 

Neola.. ..Pottawattamie 

Neptune Plymouth 

Nevada* t Story 

Ne vinville Adams 

New Albin* . . Allamakee 

Newark .Webster 

Newbern Marion 

New Boston Lee 

Newburg Jaspe 

Xe we il*+... Buena Vi«ta 



Millville Clayton New Hall Benton 

Milo Warren[/Vew Wa/wpro/7*Ohickasaw 

Milton* Van BurenlNew Hartford*. Butler 

Minburn*.. ... . .Dallas New Haven Mitchell 



Minden . . . Po ttawattamie 

Mineola Mills 

Mineral Ridge Boone 

Minerva Marshall 

Mingo Jasper 

Minnie Dickinson 

Missouri \' alley* ... 

Harrison 

Mitchell* Mitchell 

Mitchellville* Polk 

Modale* Harrison 

Moingona* Boone 

Mona Mitche 1 

Mondamin Harrison 

Monmouth* Jackson 

Monona* Clayton 

Monroe* Jasper 

Monteith Guthrie 

Monterey Davis 

Montezuma*.. .Poweshiek 

Monti .Buchanan 

Monticello Jones 

Montour* Tama 

Montpelier.. .Muscatine 

Montrose* Lee 

Mooreville Tama 

Moorhead Monona 

Moorland Webster 

Moravia Appanoose 

Morf ordsville . . .Johnson 

Morgan Crawford 

Mormontown Taylor 

Morning Sun Louisa 

Morrison Grundy 

Morse Johnson 

Morsman Page 

Mortimer. Ringgold 

Morton's Mills 

Montgomery 
Moscow . . . Muscatine 

Moulton* Appanoose 

Mount Auburn . . . Benton 

Mount Ayr* Ringgold 

Mount Uarmel.. .Carroll 

Mount Etna* Adams 

Mount Hamill Lee 

Mount Joy Scott 



New Liberty Scott 

New London* Henry 

New Market* Taylor 

Newport Louisa 

New Providence. Hardin 
New Sharon*.. Mahaska 

Newton* . ..Jasper 

Newtonville. . .Buchanan 
New Vienna ...Dubuque 
New Virginia. . . Warren 

N e vv York , Wayne 

Nichol* Muscatine 

Niles Floyd 

iMira Washington 

Noble . Washington 

Noel Scott 

Nora Springs*.. .Floyd 

Nordland Worth 

Norman Winnebago 

Northbor ough Page 

North Branch .Guthrie 
North Buena Vista . . 

Clayton 

North English Iowa 

Northfield . . Des Moines 
North Libertv.. Johnson 
NorthMcGregor*Clayton 

North Washington 

Chickasaw 

Northwood* Worth 

Norwalk Warren 

Norway*t Benton 

Norwich Page 

Norwood Lucas 

Nugent Linn 

Nurna Appanoose 

Oak Grove.. .Poweshiek 
Oakland .Pott awattamie 
Oakland Mills ...Henry 
Oakland Valley. Franklin 

Oakley Lucas 

Oak Spring.... Davis 

Oakville Louisa 

Oakwood Polk 

Oasis Johnson 

Ocheyedan Osceola 

Odebolt* Sac 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Oelwein* Fayette 

Ogden* Boone 

Ohio Madison 

Okoboji Dickinson 

Ola Lucas 

Olaf... Wright 

Oldfield.... Polk 

Olds Henry 

Olin* Jones 

Olivet Mahaska 

Ollie Keokuk 

Olymphus Harrison 

Owana* Monona 

Onslow* Jones 

Ontario Story 

Oran Fayette 

Oranqe City* Sioux 

Orchard* Mitchell 

Orient* Adair 

Orleans Appanoose 

Ormanville Wapello 

Ortonville Dallas 

Osage* . Mitchell 

Osborne Clayton 

Osceola* Clarke 

Oskaloosa*i M ahaska 

Ossian* Winneshiek 

Osterdock Clayton 

Otho Webster 

Otley Marion 

Oto Woodbury 

Otranto Mitchell 

Otranto Station . Mitchell 
Otter Creek... .Jackson 

Otterville Buchanan 

0(tuwwa*f Wapello 

Owasa Hardin 

Oxlord* Johnson 

Oxford Junction*. .Jones 

Oxford Mills Jones 

Oyens Plymouth 

Osark.. Jackson 

Pacific City M ills 

Pacific J unction — Mills 

Packwood Jefferson 

Page Page 

Palmer Polk 

Palmyra Warren 

Palo Linn 

Panama Shelby 

Panora* Guthrie 

Panther Dallas 

Paris Linn 

Parkersburg* Butler 

Parrish . . Des Moines 

Pass Jackson 

Paten* Greene 

Patterson Madison 

Pattersonville* Sioux 

Pauline O'Brien 

Payne Fremont 

Peach Buena Vista 

Pedee Cedar 

Peiro Woodbury 

Pella*t Marion 

Pennington Lyon 

Peoria Mahaska 

Peosta.... Dubuque 

Percival Fremont 

Percy Marion 

Periee Jefferson 

Perry* Dallas 

Persia Harrison 

Peru Madison 

Petersburgh.. .Delaware 

Peterson * Clay 

Pierson Woodbury 

Pilot Grove Lee 

Pilot Mound Boone 

Pilot Rock — Cherokee 

Pin Oak Dubuque 

Pittsburgh... Van Buren 

Pioneer Humboldt 

Plainfield* Bremer 



IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY. 



181 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Plain View Scott 

Piano Appanoose 

Plato ... Cedar 

Plattville Taylor 

Pleasant Grove 

Des Moines 
Pleasanton ... Decatur 
Pleasant Plain* Jefferson 

Pleasant Prairie 

Muscatine 
Pleasant Valley.. .Scott 
Pleasantville*.\. Marion 

Plover Pocahontas 

Plum Hollow*. Fremont 
Plymouth* .Cerro Gordo 
Plymouth Rock 

Winneshiek 
Pocahontas . . .Pocahonta 
Point Pleasant . . . Hardin 

Polk e Polk 

Pom roy*t.... . Calhoun 

Pony Bremer 

Port Allen Muscatine 

Portland.. .Cerro Gordo 

Portsmouth Shelby 

Postville* Allamakee 

Potter Tama 

Prairieburgh Linn 

Prairie City* Jasper 

Prairie Creek .Dubuque 

Prairie Grove Clarke 

Prairie Hill Boone 

Preparation Monona 

Prescotr, Adams 

Preston* Jackson 

Primghar O'Brien 

Primrose Lee 

Princeton* ..Scott 

Prole Warren 

Promise City Wayne 

Protivin ' ...Howard 

Pulaski* Davis 

Putnam Fayette 

Qnandahl Allamakee 

Quarry Marshall 

Quasqueton*. Buchanan 
•Quick.. ..Pottawattamie 

Quigley Clinton 

Quincy ...Adams 

Racine Buena Vista 

Radcliffe Hardin 

Jlamsey Kossuth 

Randalia Fayette 

Randall Hamilton 

Randolph* . . . ..Fremont 

Rathton Hardin 

Raymond. . .Black Hawk 

Read Clayton 

Reasnor Jasper 

Redding Ringgold 

Redfield* Dallas 

Red Oak*f.. Montgomery 

Red Rock Marion 

Reeder"s Mills. Harrison 

Reel's Pottawattamie 

Reinbeck* Grundy 

Remssen Plymouth 

.Reno Cass 

Renwick Humboldt 

Rhodes* Marshal 1 

Riceville* Mitchell 

Richfield Fayette 

Richland* Keokuk 

Richmond* Washington 
Richardsville . . Dubuque 

Ridgedaie... Polk 

Ridgeway* . .Winneshiek 

Piiggs .." Clinton 

Ringgold Ringgold 

Ringsted Emmet 

Jfcippey Greene 

Rising Sun Polk 

Paver Junction. Johnson 
jRiverside* ..Washington 



TOWX. COUNTY 

River Sioux Harrison 

ttiverton* Fremont 

River View Lyon 

Robertson Hardin 

Rochester Cedar 

Rock Cerro Gordo 

Rock Branch. Woodbury 

Rock Creek Mitchell 

Rock Dale Dubuque 

Rock Falls*. CerroGordo 

Rockford Floyd 

Rock Rapids* Lyon 

Rock Valley Sioux 

Rockville. Delaware 

Rockwell . Cerro Gordo 

Rockwell City Calhoun 

Rodman Palo Alto 

Roland Story 

Rolfe Pocahontas 

Rome Henry 

Roscoe .. ..Des Moines 

Kosedale Wrisht 

Rose Hill*..... Mahaska 

Roselle Carroll 

Koslea Aubudon 

Ross Emmet 

Rossville .Allamakee 

Round Grove Scott 

Rousseau Marion 

Rowan Wright 

Rowley Buchanan 

Rudd Flovd 

Runnells Polk 

Runyan Osceola 

Rush Lake ..... Osceola 

Russell* lmcas 

Ruthven* Palo Alto 

Rutland Humboldt 

Ryan Delaware 

Sabula* Jackson 

Sac Cityi Sac 

Sageville Dubuque 

^aint Ansgar*.. Mitchell 
Saint Anthony. Marshall 
Saint Charles*. .Madison 
Saint Donatus.. Jackson 
Saint Joseph... .Kossuth 

Saint Lucas Fayett- 

Saint Mary's Warren 

Saint Olaf Clayton 

Saint Paul Lee 

Saint Sebald ...Clayton 

Salem* Henry 

Salina Jefferson 

Salix Woodbury 

Sanborn* O'Brien 

Sand Spring. . .Delaware 

Sandusky , Lee 

Sandyville Warren 

Santiago Polk 

Saratoga Howard 

Sargent Floyd 

Saude Chickasaw 

Savannah Davis 

Saylorville Polk 

Schaller Sac 

Sciola.. . Montgomery 

Scotch Grove Tones 

Scott Floyd 

Scottswood 

Pottawattamie 
Scranton City*... Greene 

Searsborough* 

.foweshiek 

Secor Hardin 

election Monroe 

Selma Van Buren 

Seneca Kossuth 

Seney Plvmouth 

Sergeant Bluffs..". 

Woodbury 

Sevastopol Polk 

Seymour* Wayne 

Shambaugh Page 



TOWN. COUNTY 

Sharon Warren 

Sharon Center. Johnson 



Sharps Taylor 

Sheffield* Frank 1 -"- 



Shelby* Shelby 

Sheldahl* Story 

Sheldon* O'Brien 

Shellrock* Butl 

Shel Is burgh* ... Benton 
Shenandoah* .. Page 
Sheridan... .Poweshiek 

Sherman Poweshiet 

Shefrill Dubuqiu 

Shiloh Cedar 

Shirley Pocahontas 

Shoo Fly Johnson 

Shueyviile Johnson 

Siam Taylor 

Sibley* Osceola 

Sidney** Fremont 

Sigourney*i Keokuk 

Silver City*t Mill* 

Silver Lake Worth 

oux Center Sioux 

Sioux City* . . . Woodbury 

Sioux Rapids* 

Buena Vista 

Slagle Keokuk 

Sloan" Woodbury 

smithland... Woodbury 

Smyrna Clarke 

Snapp Pottawattamie 

Soldier Monona 

Solomon Mills 

Solon* Johnson 

Sonora Poweshiek 

South Amana ..Iowa 
South English*. .Keokuk 
Southerland. O'Brien 
South Flint. .Des Moine 

Spaulding Union 

Spencer Clay 

Sperry Des Moines 

Spillville* . ..Winneshiek 
Spirit Lake* . . . Dickinson 
Spragueville ...Jackson 
Spring Brook. . . Jackson 

Springdal e* Cedar 

Springfield Keokuk 

Spring Hill Warren 

Spring Valley. . .Decatur 

Springville* Linn 

Springwater Winneshiek 
Stacyville*.. .. Mitchel 

Stanhope Hamilton 

Stanton* . . .Montgomery 

Stanwood* Cedar 

Star Marion 

State Center*f. Marshall 
Steamboat Rock* Hardin 
Stennett — Montgomery 

Sterling Jackson 

Stiles Davis 

Stillwater Mitchell 

Stockton Muscatine 

Stone City Jones 

Storm Z.er/fe*tBuena Vista 

Story City* Story 

Strahan Mill- 
Stratford* . .Hamilton 
Strawberry Point*. 

Clayton 

Stuart* Guthrie 

Sugar Creek.. . Cedar 

Sully Jasper 

Sulphur Springs 

Buena Vista 

Summerset Warren 

ummitville Lee 

Sumner Bremer 

Superior. Dickinson 

Surry Greene 

Sutherland* O'Brien 

vr- ,, Marion 



TOWN. COUNTY. 

Swan Lake Emmett 

Swanton Butler 

Swea Kossuth 

Swedesburgh Henry 

Sweetland ...Muscatine 

Tabor* Fremont 

Tainton Mahaska 

Tallyrand Keokuk 

Tama City *f Tama 

Tara Webster 

Taylor .... Pottawattamie 

Teed Clinton 

Tempieton * Carroll 

Tenold... Worth 

Terry Benton 

Thayer Union 

Thomas Ringgold 

Tbor Humboldt 

Thornburg * Keokuk 

Thoten Winneskiek 

Thrall Wright 

Ticonic Monona 

Tiffin Johnson 

Tilton Poweshiek 

Tmgley Union 

Tipton* Cedar 

Tiyoli .......... Dubuque 

Toddville Linn 

Toledo* Tama 

Toolsborough.. . Louisa 

Toronto Clinton 

Tower Hill ..Delaware 

Towner p lk 

Tracy Marion 

Traer*t Tama 

Trent p ik 

Trenton Henry 

Trimello . Clay 

Tripoli* Bremer 

Troy D avig 

Troy Mills Linn 

Truro Madison 

Tunnel Hamilton 

Turkey River. . ..Clayton 

Tuskeega .Decatur 

Tyner p lk 

Tyrone Monroe 

Udell Appanoose 

Underwood 

Pottawattamie 

Union* Hardin 

Unionburgh. . . Harrison 
Union Center. . .Jackson 
Union Mills . . . Mahaska 
Uniontown . . . Delaware 
Unionville* . .Appanoose 
Unique ..... . .Humboldt 

Updegraff Glavton 

Upland Linn 

Upper Grove.... Hancock 

Upton Van Buren 

Urbanna. Benton 

Ute Monona 

Utica .Van Buren 

Vail* Crawford 

Valeria Jasper 

Valley Washington 

Valley View — Harrison 

Van Buren Jackson 

Vancleve* Marshall 

Vandalia Jasper 

Van Horn* Benton 

Van Meter* ... ... Dallas 

Van Wert.. .Decatur 

Vega Jefferson 

Veo Jefferson 

Vernon .... ..Van Buren 

Verona Poweshiek 

Victor* Iowa 

Viele Lee 

VillageCreek. Allamakee 

Villanova Clinton 

Villisca . . .Montgomery 
Vincennes ...Lee 



182 



IOWA POST-OFFICE DIRECTORY. 



TOWN. COUNTY 

Vining Tarn 

'VintonH Benton 

Viola Linn 

Viola Center. . .Audubon 

Yiroqua ..Jones 

Volga* Clayton 

Volney . . Allamakee 

Wadena Fayette 

Wagner Clayton 

Waldon Keokuk 

Walker* Linn 

Walkervilla Page 

Wallingf ord Emmet 

Wall Lake* . Sac 

Walnut* .Pottawattamie 
Walnut City. .Appanoose 

Waltham Tama 

Wapello* Louisa 

Wapsie Mitchell 

Warren Lee 

Warsaw Wayne 

Washburn . .Black Hawk 
Washington*i 

Washington 

Washington Mills 

Dubuque 
Washington Prairie 

Winneshiek 

Washta Cherokee 

Wat erloo*\ . . Black Hawk 

Waterman Wright 

Waterville . . . .Allamakee 
Watkins Benton 



TOWN. 

Watson 

Waubeck 

Waucom* 



COUNTY 

. . Clayton 

Linn 

...Favette 



Waukee* Dallas 

Waukon* ...... Allamakee 

Waukon Junction 

Allamakee 

Wauerly* Bremer 

WayJand Henry 

Wayne Henry 

Webster Keokuk 

Webster City*.. Hamilton 

Weldon Decatur 

Weller Monroe 

Wellman* . ..Washington 

Wells Madison 

Wellsburg Grundy 

Welton* Clinton 

Wendell Cherokee 

Wentworth Mitchell 

Wesley Kossuth 

West Bend .... Palo Alto 

West Brauch* Cedar 

WestChester 

Washington 
Western College.. Linn 

Westerville Decatur 

Westfteld Plymouth 

West Grove ....Davis 
West Liberty* Muscatine 
West Mitchell* .Mitchell 
Weston . . . Pottawattamie 
Westphalia ... Shelby 



TOWN. COUNTY 

West Pilot Iowa 

West Point* Lee 

West Prairie Linn 

West Scott.. Buena Vista 

Westside* Crawford 

West Union*-f Fayette 

Wever Lee 

what Cheer*t... Keokuk 
Wheatland*t ...Clinton 
Wheeler.. Pottawattamie 
Whipple . Pottawattamie 
White Ash. .Washington 

White Cloud Mills 

White Oak Mahaska 

White Pigeon.. Keokuk 

Whiting Monona 

Whitneyville Cass 

Whitternore Kossuth 

W T hitten Hardin 

Wichita Guthrie 

Williams*... .Hamilton 

Williamsburg Iowa 

WilliamstownChicka-aw 

Willi! s Van Buren 

Willoughby Butler 

Willow Creek.. Clay 
Wilsonville.. Van Buren 

Wilton Junction* 

Muscatine 
Winchester .Van Buren 

Wind ham Johnson 

Windsor Favette 

Winfield Henrv 



TOWN. , COUNTY. 

Winslow....B'ack Hawk 

Winterset*f Madison 

Winthrop* Buchanan 

Wiota Cass 

Wirt Ringgold 

Wolcott Scott 

Wolf Dale Woodbury 

Wood Clayton 

Woodbine* Harrison 

Woodburn Clarke 

Woodland Decatur 

Woodside. .Winneshiek 
Woodville.. Winntshiek 

Woodward Dallas 

Woolson Jefferson 

Woolstock Wright 

Wooster Jefferson 

Worthington.. .Dubuque 

Wright Mahaska 

Wyman Louisa 

WyomiDg* Jones 

Y»le Guthrie 

Yankee Clay 

Yarmouth . . .Dee Moines 

York Center Iowa 

Yorktown Page 

Zalia Union 

Zearing Story 

Zenorsville Boone 

Zero Lucas 

Zwingle Dubuque 



DISTRICT AND CIRCUIT COURTS OF IOWA. 



DISTRICT COURTS. 

JUDICIAL DISTRICTS. JUDGES. 

1st.— Abraham H. Stutsman, Burlington, Des 
Moines county, 

2d —Edward L. Burton, Ottumwa, Wapello 
county. 

3d.— John W. Harvey, Leon, Decatur county. 

4th.— Charles H. Lewis, Cherokee, Cherokee 
county. 

5th.— William H. McHenry, Des Moines, Polk 
county. 

6th.— J. Kelley Johnson, Oskaloosa, Mahaska 
county. 

7th.— Walter 1. Hayes, Clinton, Clinton county. 

8th.— James D. Giffen, Marion, Linn county. 

9th. -Carl F. Couch, Waterloo, Black Hawk 
county. 

10th.— L. O. Hatch, Waukon, Allamakee county. 

11th.— H. C. Henderson, Marshalltown, Marshall 
county. 

12th. — George W. Ruddick, Waverly, Bremer 
county 

13th. — C. F. Loofbourow, Atlantic, Cass county. 

14th. — Lot Thomas, Storm Lake, Buena Vista 
county. 

The terms of office of all the Judges of the Dis- 
trct Court, except those for the 12th, 13th, and 
14th Districts, expire on the 31st of December, 
1886. Those for the 12th. 13th, and 14th expire on 
the 31st of December, 1885. 

DISTRICT ATTORNEYS. 

1st.— D. N. Sprague, Keokuk, Lee county. 

2d.— Samuel Jones, Bloomfield, Davis county. 

3d. — James P. Flick, Bedford, Taylor county. 

4th.— Stephen M. Marsh, Sioux City, Woodbury 
county. 

5th. — A. W. Wilkinson, W T interset, Madison 
county. 

6th.— John A. Donnell, Sigourney, Keokuk 
county. 

7th— M. V. Gannon, Davenport, Scott county. 

8th.— J. H. Preston, Cedar Rapids, Linn county. 

9th.— Jas.H. Shields, Dubuque, Dubuque county. 

10th.— Cyrus Wellington, Decorah, Winneshie'k 
county. 

11th.— John L. Stevens, Ames, Story county. 



12th.— J. C. Sherwin, Mason City, Cerro Gordo 
county. 

13th.— A. B. Thornell, Sidney, Fremont county. 

14th.— J. W. Cory, Spirit Lake, Dickinson county. 

The terms of office of all the District Attorneys, 
except those of the 12th, 13th. and 14th Districts, 
expire on the 2d of January, 1887 'J hose of the 
12th, 13th, and 14th expire January 4, 1889. 

CIRCUIT COURTS. 

JUDICIAL DISTRICTS. JUDGES. 

1st.— 1st Circuit, William J. Jeffries, Mt. Pleas- 
ant, Henry county; 2d Circuit, Charles H. Phelps, 
Burlington, Des Moines county. 

2d.— 1st Circuit, H. C. Traverse, Bloomfield, 
Davis county; 2 J Circuit, Dell Stuart, Chariton, 
Lucas county. 

3d.— JohnChaney, Osceola, Clarke county. 

4th.— 1st Circuit, Daniel D. McCallum, Sibley, 
Osceola county; 2d Circuit, George W. Wakefield, 
Sioux City, Woodbury county. 

5th.— 1st Circuit, Josiah Given and William 
Connor, Des Moines, Polk county; 2d Circuit, 
Stephen A. Callvert, Adel, Dallas county. 

6th.— 1st Circuit, W. R. Lewis, Montezuma, 
Poweshiek county; 2d Circuit, George W. Crozier, 
Knoxyille, Marion county, 

7th.— 1st Circuit, A. J. Leffingwell. Lyons. Clin- 
ton county; 2d Circuit, Nathaniel French, Daven- 
port, Scott county. 

8th.— Christian Hedgas, Marengo, Iowa county. 

9th.— W. H. TJtt, Dubuque, Dubuque county. 

10th.— Charles T. Granger, Waukon, Allamakee 
county. 

11th.— D. D. Miracle, Webster City, Hamilton 
countj r . 

12th.— John B. Cleland, Osage, Mitchell county. 

13th.— J. P Connor, Denison, Crawford county. 

14th.— J. H. Macomber, Ida Grove, Ida county. 

The terms of the office of all the Circuit Judges 
expires on the 31st of December, 1888, except 
Judge Connor, whose term expires January 2, 1887. 

The boundaries of the Circuits are the same as 
the boundaries of the Judicial Districts, except 
the 1st, 2d, 5th, 6th, and 7th Districts, which are 
respectively divided into two Circuits. 



IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 



18£ 



TIMES OF HOLDING THE DISTRICT AND CIRCUIT COURTS OF IOWA 

FOR THE YEAR 1885. 



X 

C 

- 


COUNTIES. 


COUNTY SEATS. 


DISTRICT COURT. 


CIRCUIT COURT. 


X 

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Greenfield 

Corning 






3 
10 


Adams 

Allamakee ... 
Appanoose . .. 

Audubon 

Benton , 

Black Hawk... 




2 

13 

S 
9 

11 








2 

*9 


'6 
*6 






26 






Vinton 




Boonsboro 




9 






12 

9 
14 
12 
14 
13 
13 

8 
12 

4 


Bremer 

Buchanan 

Buena Yista. .. 

Butler 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Cass 




Independence 

Storm Lake 


'is 




16 




Rockwell City 




3 




20 

27 

20 
6 

'6 
27 

i3 








9 


in 

2 




Tipton 






Cerro Gordo. 

Cherokee 

Chickasaw — 


Mason City 








Cherokee 








10 
3 


New Hampton 

Osceola 








1 i 


Clay 


Spencer 








R 


10 


Clayton 

Clinton 

Crawford 

Dallas 


Elkader 


19 




'3 




13 


Clinton 

Denison 




5 
9 


Adel 






23 

*2 

24 
30 
*2 
19 




Bloomfield 

Leon 


5 


16 


14 


3 

9 
1 

14 
9 

1 1 


Decatur 

Delaware 

Des Moines.... 

Dickinson , 

Dubuque 

Emmet 

Favette 

Flovd 




Burlington 

Spirit Lake 

Dubuque 

Estherville 


6 
5 




' 


in 


West Fnion 




16 


■-■■ 


19 


Charles Citv . . 






11 
13 

V 3 


Franklin — . 

Fremont 

Greene 

Grundy 

Guthrie 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Harrison 

Henry 

Howard .. 

Humboldt 

Ida 

Iowa 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Johnson 


Hampton 

Sidney 

Jefferson 






i 


9 

5 
11 

V 


Grundy Center. . 

Guibrie Center 

Webster L ity 

Concord 




16 


*9 
16 


20 

27 

i3 


21 

8 


11 
4 
1 


Eldora 

Logan .. 

Mt. Pleasant 


6 




*9 




10 


Cresco 








14 
14 
8 


Dakota 

Ida Grove 

Marengo 




'2 
'9 


io 

31 

23 


16 


6 

6 

8 
8 


Maquoketa 

Newton 

Fairfield 

Iowa City 

An&mosa 







6 Keokuk 


Siuournev 










14 Kossuth 

lXee 

lLfift 


Algona 

Ft. ^Madison 

Keokuk 




9 


30 

30 


V) 




8 




Marion 

Wapello — 

Chariton 

Rock Rapids.. .. 

Winter set 

Oskaloosa 






1 
2 
4 
5 


Louisa 

Lucas 

Lyon 

Madison 

Mahaska 

Marion 

Marshall 

Mills 

Mitchell 

Monona 

Monroe 

Montgomery .. 
Muscatine 




6 

11 

13 

12 

4 

3 
7 


Knoxville. ..•. 

Marshalltown 

Glenwood 

Osage 

Onawa 

Albia 

Red Oak 

Muscatine 


IS 
*6 


'9 

3 


'3 
2 

30 


13 


7 



184 IOWA RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 

TIMES OF HOLDING DISTRICT AND CIRCUIT COURTS— Continued. 



oc 


COUNTIES 


COUNTY SEATS. 


DISTRICT COURT. 


CIRCUIT COURT. 


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Osceola 

Page 

Palo Alto 

Plymouth 

Pocahontas 

Polk 

Pottawattamie. 

Poweshiek 

Ringgold 

Sac 

Scott 


Primghar 






4 

3 

14 


Sibley 

Claiinda 




23 


' 28 
6 .. 




4 


Le Mars 




1 


7 


14 


Pocahontas Center 
Des Moines 


20 






5 




20 


18 '. 
26:' 

'4 ' 




13 


Council Bluffs 








6 


Montezuma 






2 . 


-•'■' 


3 
14 


Mt. Ayr 

Sac City 


26 


16 ! 
3 . 




7 


Davenport. ... ... 

Harlan 

Orange City. .... 


12 

26 


7 


r- 


Shelby 




4 

11 


Sioux 

Story 

Tama 

Taylor 


J6 ' 

it . 


27 




8 
R 


Toledo 

Bedford 




3 


Union 

Van Buren 

Wap ello 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Winnebago 

Winneshiek... . 

Woodbury 

Worth 

Wright 


Afton 






2 
2 


Keosauqua 

Ottumwa 

Indianola 

Washington 


5 
5 


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5 
6 




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2 


Oorydon 




. 1 


6 . 
2 . 

97 




11 


Port Dodge 










28 
21 

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12 


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10 


Decorah 

Sioux City 

Northwood 

Clarion 




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31 

24 


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4 
12 


.. 










11 


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*Avoca. 



